Review Board. Dropoval is bascd on the scientific facts and om the art of ! 1 PROPOS, Ohietve Introduction Background Review of literature Methodology Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements © References RESEARCH METHODOLOGY An easy way to systemically solve the research problem Jimay be understood a8 0 science of studying how research is done scientifically lomponen Study population Sample size needed Instrumentation Specific procedures of Re ch Stu Research refers to n search for knowledge: 3 me eu research ‘Descriptive researc © Diagnostic research $ Fopotiesis testing research ‘fesearchans summary and précis writing remst useful skills you can acquire fF, Prieis writing involves summarizing 9 Précis writing is one of Tarmnatfon, then conveying this informat fastudent and as a professional. P ‘tract the maximum amount of in ‘reader in minimum words. oA qrcis clay, compact logieal summary oF passe essential or important ideas of the original. UALITIES OFA GOOD PRECIS ks ‘A good présis shows the writing skills ofa person, It must have the following qualities. 1. Clarity Clarity means geting your message across so that the receiver can understand what ihe writer is rsing i-convey, Tis te basie and essenial nevd of a prévis. The ideas should be “There should not be ay ambiguity in your writing, The Woler qleae and understandabl Gan achieve clarity by using simple ze and simple structure. If your pré the reader. understandable to the reader it will lose its importance and meanings Tor Grane “deument t0 In preserves only the 2. Correctness Mistakes in your writings always irritate the reader, Of course mistakes are mevcr intentional; even so there is no excuse for them. At the time of writing or composing a précis the writer must ensure that the facts and figures are correct. Structure of sentences and paves of words must be correct because a single mistake in structure and spelling, may spoil the message, We may consider the mistakes under the followit i Misspelled words a Mistakes in figures and dates Mistakes in punctuation Mistakes of grammar and structure 3. Objectivity Objectivity means the ability t0 prese nei eto bow, While Faking a pred, Wa writer haatT alone ae ope minioNs and Frid nan give and add hig personal opinion ond ideas in'a prio wen ene He purely a summary of the original text without any additi précis. A précis should be 4. Coherence aa Coherence means the logical and clear interconnection of ideas i . nection of ides “ a A good précis should be coherent, The ideas which ore cee Mritten piece of work, Josical conucction and they all shoul! be ntenvlated. tn short we may esas Have a ‘should be well knitted so thatthe writer may,not be confused and may say that the ideas 5, Completeness , ma sce und lose his interest, ‘Another striking feature of a good précis is completeness. A précis st “I respeets. Completeness means thatthe writer should include all 1 euauld be complete in aia’ o makeit shor he shoul ostomithe impotent eas, Th important facts ina verter wil spol the importance rN meaning of the pris S mistake on the par of© CCancleness sable quality ofa good préts. Concieness means tosay all tht nce i ore. The wii Id write what is necessary and avoid writing to be said and no more. The writer shou! eee a i i e} ge in the fewest ibl fails, A concise piece of work conveys the m« fewest pe eon must be kept in mind that the writer should not omit ae basic and coe facts Ht ‘achieve conciseness. To achieve conciseness, notice the following suggestions: , . Omitting unnecessary details 3 © Eliminate wordy expressions * Include only relevant material . Avoid unnecessary repetition ae RULES OF MAKING A PRI a 3 Awell written précis should be a serviceable substitute for the ore ae ake ee a précis isto preserve the core essence of the work in a manner that is both cl e * While writing a précis, the writer should follow the below given rules to make it an effective piece of work. Read Carefully Underlining Outline Omission Don’t Omit Sire Indirect Speech Tense and Person Own Words Précis of a Dialogue ‘Objective Approach One Paragraph Rough Draft Final Draft SOLVED EXCERCISE Passage Rend the following passage and answer the question given at the end: Alife of action and danger moderates the dread of death. It not only gives us fortimde to bear pain, but tcaches us at every step the precarious tenure on which we hold our present being. Sedentary and studious men are the most apprehensive on this score. Dr. Johnson ‘was an instance in point. A few years seemed to him soon over, compared with those sweeping contemplations on time and infinity with which he had been used to pose himself. In the still life of a man of letters there was no obvious reason fora change. He might sit in an ann chair and pour out cups of tea to all eternity would it had been possible for him to do $0. The most rational cure after all for the inordinate fear of death is to set a just value on life. If we mere wish to continue on the scene to indulge our head-strong humour and tormenting passions, we had better be gone at once,; and if we only cherish a fondness for existence according to the ood we desire from jt, the pang we feel at parting whieh it will nat he very server.0 Laie ‘death? Gpporean seu got et of the fear oF é a iia idea do you form about Dr, Johnson from this passage? ; Explain the incanings of the words written in bold types. Make a précis of the passage. SOLUTION |) Suitoble Title: The fear ifdeath. ich time sitting and studyin fi) People who spend mu they lead a peaceful life ancl want no chan, } f the fear if death is to fii) The most sensible way of getting rid of should know that our hold upon life is very risky iv) From this passage we lear that Dr. Johnson was anil wanted nto change. He was fond of tea. y) Explanation of the meanings of word: Precarious Tenure — Uncertain period, life Inordinate fear — Unreasonable fear, fear of death. vi) Summary of préci ifvwe lead an active lite facing dangers, we will less fear death, People, who Jeada lazy and re Jie, are the most afraid of death, Tie most sensi le way of getting rid of the fear of death is to value life properly. If we do not give unnecessary importance to our life, we will not feel the pang of death, ig are the most afraid of death. Becau value life properly. We and that we may die any moment, afraid of death. He led a peaceful life Sample t I is physically impossible for a well-educated, i nysical J-educated, intel ie the chicf object of his thoughts just as it is for him a Stee re eno nals ae them. All healihy people like their dinners, but their dinner is a lives. So all healthy minded people liks making money aught to like it and chiles of nae sensation of winning it; itis something beiter than money ike it and enjoy the A good sles fr instance, mainly wishes to dois hing wel. He passe propa oad sy guns when you ken He i led ot Be pais ee te ‘is to win batiles, not to be paid for WicHiAE be urs Without it—til] Thecieay mas ject seen baptize andpreach nett headless of clensymen, 5: 3 no doubt—ought to like thems yet if geen So of st fees 0 aes So of wales te ae objet thrives is ot fee, waren le we ate brave and «the sick good doctors and the choice were fa hole, desise to tp nd lee shan il him and get I Ad ceo em ould rather cure rightly trained men: their work is first, their fee second—very Thy the other brave and ant always; but sti 5; but still second. The Main Points: |. Money making is a came attraction in life, 2, But it cannot be the principal aim of well-educated, i intellectual brave Persons. Precis Summary: Money-making i# a common atmae » Bur it cannot be the principal aim of well velae re or e point. A group fener eed oe ni developing one © Atopic sentence Three supporting sentences fh Ti consists of several sentences andis ‘An essay consists of several paragpraphs ie covering the main idea short__ Tt is a formal writing sample of a given It cmses ‘oF expected part of formal ic writing ——— Tt involves more preparation work Itinvolves less preparation work Tt consists of Five paragraphs Tt consists of five sentences How to Write a Good Paragraph Writing well composed academic paragraphs can be tricky. The following isa guideon how to draft, expand, refine, and explain your ideas so that you write clear, well-developed paragraphs and discussion posts: Step 1: Decide the Toplc of Your Paragraph Before you can begin writing, you nced to know what you are writing about, First, look at the writing prompt or assignment topic. As you look at the prompt, note any key terms or repeated phrases because you will want to use those words in your response. Then ask yourself: * On what topic am I supposed to be writing? * What do I know about this topic already? * If Idon’t know how to respond to this assignment, where can I go to find some answers? + What does this assignment mean to me? How do I relate to it? After looking at the prompt and doing some additional reading and tesearch, you should better understand your topic and what you need to discuss. Step 2: Develop a Topic Sentence 7 Before writing a paragraph, it is important to think first about the topic and then what you Nant to say about the topic. Most often, the topic is easy, but the question then tums to what you want to say about the topic. This concept is sometimestalled the controlling idea. oerHe pours contain a clearly fated tole sentence suc as one pf the following, eader will know v4 Pxamples of tople sentences: ; : + People ean avail plagiarizing by taking certain precautions. J advantages to online education. + There are several i + Eftenive leadership requires specific qualities that anyone can develop. Step 3: Demonstrate Your Point ‘After siating your topic sentence, you need to provide information to prove, illustrate, clanfy, and/or exemplify your point. hhat to expect and, therefore, understand your ideas better. Step 4: Give Your Paragraph Meaning Aier you have given the reader enough information to see and understand your point, you need to explain why this information is relevant, meaningful, or interesting. Step 5: Conclude ‘After illustrating your point with relevant information, add a concluding sentence. Concluding sentences link one paragraph to the next and provide another device for helping you ensure your paragraph is unified. While not all paragraphs include a concluding sentence, you should always consider whether one is appropriate, Step 6: Look Over und Proofread ‘The last step i pe paragraph writing is proofreading and revision. Before you submit your writing, look over your work at least one more time. Try readii . eee miles sens. ry reading your paragraph out COMPONENTS OF AGOOD PARAGRAPIL ® Unity © Onder Coherence © Completeness Element #1; Unity. Unit; 1 it 4 paragraph begins wit i has onesingle, eontrulling ide ph begins with the topic senter y parag the firstsentence of he ee, at expressed in its topic sentence, which ee Supporting semences poesia AeemeaDN is Ue aoa ths main ideas with the . isc - ? sents think boul your themeund alti cen) onder to write a good topic ves the rest, and then write tus your wpie sere? Make: Decide which : senten #2: Order, Onder refers tot A 1 WAY You Organ you choose chronological onferaeperee es aT Eee Your supporting sentences. . ero unpertaney, OF another. logic cal‘One of the best ways te achieve eoherency create brid «lM cladhypammietan ce) i ‘(iret seconid, third; spatial relationships (above, below), U Tu ablvon, in fac, Alger wine a poraeranh, using a consistent tense and point of view are important ingredients for coherency. ; Element #4: Completeness. Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed, Ifa sentences Clearly and sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragrap! compete i. Ifthere are not enough sentences oF enough information to prove: c aE paragraph is incomplete. Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to a jp. 2 sentence and concluding sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete, Ae concluding sentence or last sentence ofthe paragraph should summarize your main iden by reinforcing your topic sentence. a KNOWLEDGE IS POWER Man is gifted with brain by God. As he has brain he can ereate knowledge. Man is superior to animals due to this knowledge. Civilization was created through knowledge only. By this knowledge is making [Link] and arms to fight enemies. y this knowledge, he is playing an important role in the science and in the field of information technology. It enables man to invent different modes of travelling, E RGY CRI Ss An energy crisis is any significant bottle neck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. How a days, Pakistan is facing worst electricity problems as energy crisis, In [Link] often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, ia particular those that supply the nationa! electricity grids, Energy crisis is mainly enused by localized shortages, wars and market manipulations, ESSAY WRIT! COMPONENTS OF A GOOD ESSAY © Introduction © Body ofan essay © Conclusion XEES essay(convince me) ssaysGust the facts)xd probiblion of Terrorism : a SLAM: derived from word. “Salam” meaning: peace +[Link] x ‘[Link] from Islamic History = of Islam 1 False media projection 6 How lo remove filse misperception «= Mass awareness ‘Terrorism past & Present Secnario 1. Terrorism as Religious Imperative 2. Trends in Terorism 3. The Funue Terrorist Threat Pakistan's role in the war on Terror J. Wazinstan 2. Actions 3, Fifleci of Pakistan role in war + On international level + Within Pakistan + Wester involvement in terorism in Pakistan 4, Future concem ‘Causes of Terrorism J. Social and political injustice 2 Psychological Causes of Terrorism, Violence and Extremism 3, Educational Causes of Terrorism and Extremism 4, Rapid modernization and urbanization ‘5 Discrimination on the basis of ethnic or religious 6. Repression by forcign occupation or colonial powers 7. Historical antecedents of political violence 8. Poveny & Economic deprivation 9, Undemocratic Governmentsto rid the world of Terrorism 1. keer: ‘on extremist Clerics J jp to low of terorist funds 3, Need tobe focused on the solutions to social problems i" 3. Xefretofeciitat and provide the omertniy for yout 4. Serlop new programmes to Ramess the energy of youth 6 Securing Defense’ Fr Remove misunderstanding of Islam , Media should pay a positive role § Mablshment of High caliber Intelligence network 10. of federal agency 11. Intelligence ‘wing should ‘nave strong leadership Conetuston IMPORTANT ESSAYS TO DONE: © Democracy VS Dictatorship @¢ Kashmir Issue ype f ¢ Of Medical Education(DFT) © Elections In Pakistan” + Commonly Confused Words Practice Exercises ., For each of the following sentences, circle the correct word choice: ‘ed the multiple literary (illusions/allusions) within metas 1. Wediscuss 2. (Amor me and you, | think Kallie won th 3, She had te (marf/much) sweaters in her closet. ae 4 Alex was (toto excited ts 5. (Their/They’¥e/There) goin o the armusement park tomorrow, és ie sugar had a negative (Cffecvatfect) on the science experim Nicole has (few'r/less) shoes than Sara. aml §. The gas prices continus to (rnise’rise), 9. Michacl (haoged/huitg) the picture for his mother. 10. Cindy, (Iay/lie) the book on the table. :il ‘ofthe event. rene al i ‘you think he is guilty. cn a : )ks,are on the bottom shelf. 2 ‘parler leas ise) the ice cream parlor. ig prison (hung/hany last night. 4 oe Perec scattered ( ea the Ane 25. The orjered her lunch, and (the@/than) she went bac : cc Ted (fo rigelto rise) the flag of the assembly today. ae Mess Whoa) did you ask tthe party? 39, There was 10 (mibfvmany) chlorine in the pool. COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS Sekanmar soverning the composition of clauses, phrases and words in a ‘The set of siructural rules governing | natural language. ROLE OF GRAMMAR IN LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION In language, grammar plays an iaportant role rhrough which one ig sbletovexpress. iettoo that other people can understand the language. ca Tacommunication, grammatical competence. was a part of communicative competence to ‘biain effective communication, People should pay attentidn to grammar, It helps ———" READING [Link] cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning, [tis a form of language processing. a ees MPORTANCE OF READING COMPRE ENSION IN LEARNING Reading comprehension skills increase the ple cli s i pleasure and effectiveness of readin, n iy 10 comprehend new information ‘aceritical concept in Gnatine Bates crucial for scademic,professional and personal lifehich is careful as in depth reaing. ae detail with specific lea en tacks. main benefits/advantages: evel readers —* build vocabulary i ~~ Examp! - Papertsyllabus NSIVE READING {tis used for reading any topic of interest for enjoyment or pleasure and to develop general reading skills. BENEFITS Gains in reading ‘Writing competence Oral and aural skills seers det Increases in motivation Sates, novels, newspaper INCREMENTAL READING: Reading material ot Jong term: ‘memorization SLOW READ! Thentional reading in the speed of reading SO3R Railing comprehension method areski reading 1g skill $ Decoding Seiudse in reading process Nese and background knewlelBe spROVE SPEAKING SKILLS conversation partner Find english speaking cell as speak ‘Make sure to listen as w‘ Record your conversation practice Read around Talkto yourself F Surround yourself with English language MARMS OF SPEED READING Fillspeople with faise sense of competence ‘The comprehension gocs out the window [vis en effective way to take in information Lowers comprehension rate in a learning process Reduces leamers power skills Decreases understanding ability SKIMMING SCANNING © ‘The process of reading the main idea, | @ ltisthe reading tec neg ig lechinique to be withia a passage to get an overall when we want to find : ere Ee impression is called skimming information quickly. ; ae poe idea Tis used to get specific idea ary or last paragraph Selectively read and skip through Itis used to read title and intro of 1™ meets ae ae 1 isuused to read a passage only vo find vers, Itis'a way of iat APPLIC se) ‘ay ol informa ation anit Teens. h ier which can be formal informal or casual fo spolying jobs or a professional iInability to remember a pre meditated outline of your story “athis case you finish the writing j © ltereates incomsistensy fe wring i hatry nie yearns © itresults in lots of vocabulary errors and spell ing errors: A this case forgerts some important facts related to writing @ The writer in __ OW-TRANSLATION SKILL 1PIN LANGUAGE Fe HEAR a S CAN HELIPIN LANG) ae © Can help student to improve readi i iting ski ae SE reat P [Link] and writing skills in language learning @ To improve vocabulary © Can be used os an effective translation skill in the foreign language learning f Canbe used in university ‘lassroom to improve knowledge in English language learning APPLICATION. WRITING ‘The Principal, is Sargodha Medical Colles® Sargodha. Respected Sir,Objective: ea Tam secking a competitive and challenging environment,where [Link] raise ‘organization and establish a carcer for myself. I want to succeed in this environn growth and excellence to meet personal and organizational goals by using my: ‘education. | want to excel in this field with hard work and dedication. EDUCATION: YEAR QUALIFICATION | INSTITUTION GRADE 2017 DPT College XYZ [GPA39 2012 [Link] College A.B.C. At [2010 | Matriculation School X.Y.Z. At SKILLS AND EXPERTISE: Proficient in Microsoft Office Window Intemet Active english with IELTS Certification Communication skills PARTS OF SPEECH Noun ( name of acommon place or a thing ¢.g: table) Pronoun (used in place of a noun e.g: you,we) Verb (shows an action e.g: speak,cat cic) Adyerb (modifies a verb e.g: slowly,quickly) Adjective ( describes a noun) Preposition (shows relationship b/w noun and pronoun c.g:at, with) Conjunction (join two words e.g: because,but) oma (a word or a phrase that expresses a strong emotion e.g: Oh!) _