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Software Engineering

The document discusses the characteristics of systems, defining a system as interdependent components working together to achieve specific objectives. It contrasts open and closed systems in software engineering, highlighting their definitions, characteristics, and examples. Additionally, it outlines the roles and responsibilities of system analysts and the phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC), including planning, analysis, design, and maintenance.

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8 views34 pages

Software Engineering

The document discusses the characteristics of systems, defining a system as interdependent components working together to achieve specific objectives. It contrasts open and closed systems in software engineering, highlighting their definitions, characteristics, and examples. Additionally, it outlines the roles and responsibilities of system analysts and the phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC), including planning, analysis, design, and maintenance.

Uploaded by

tijadal791
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Conversion» “om Le: \nahat x weit Explain Semel _ ot shar Coe on the end of shee) = ADM chon - _# = nr Deskeibe He concept oF system ithe tks el ment d Sa Aiea ‘As syghem Explain desnent's at sy dhem | Cry torn. on. ofa. end oF hogy) ADeLicthon - — \ system \ an orderly, app . ot , bh co «Td a cording, tsa plan ty achieve “oa specific obyeckwe wy oT maybe Sia \e computer eatth a keyboard, ___memenry cand pang oa series intelli gent Levminals_Videed to a meat ntvame- A Etemnets A system: — - — © chad and Ridguts 3 . = tb ngades- ant Ane \nbwreton — het ar _entey § we See syskem fen _precessins i ’ + Qukpuk As result at pyscessing ta mdysr etyective &t system is te emdace — an ough Beek hes wale be ths taser. —s We mest determine ehat the akiyechues ow — gos Ore. ewok ore te achieve , Ince we Krew our aiken, ove can hy, Je acbliew 2 aie lest __po ssibhe _woay- eo = + exam@e - in system analysis, bs ogee cinder stand the expected _ pi akg’. according, te casew's _vequivements os ee posed ~ Comeey Syshern . __ & Processer = : sis —_ pau ARs clement “rowalves tive kl 4 oo Anquk into opal 2 t Racesser “1s Ane operational component at a _ pnt ge os __t Pincessoxs one modify Mre impat -beta Wy eo ____eerhally 1 -chependivg on the specifications «t_ oo ea Tl —B Cortes = A + Cotol & Abe system is the decision= maleer Soe canes Me aches. of accepting. \nest, races Sin, icined, Qradscing. outkpet ees ot, a _schuities Ape Prates. aa and orlpat. 2 “Whe npc and popreSsars ave checked a ed mnanaged and administer: boxy Ghee Aa = . = ae + Feedloade “ys Aine measurement of aslpwts ages some get of Stsockond benchmark, ie Ae weak ye ce Ree Moacle weicbocee Are penetvma net at Ake . wie bead aah us te Amp *rnve “the ow tuk ce Me achat i : & wre wh = , +E avirwninest 1s Whe ave cohere he Aeration Operates : + Ra enuvivonment may consist of Comnpeliteys © Boundawves gad ‘whendice - i, tBondomes - Ah syshem shoul be deMned = ‘ys Woundanes _ : s[nterfice ib is an element hid is ore \n_interactian between: dhe system Veoamenk.! ent Sere ene eee - = |} | Reedlenct Ceompare Gal a ee TmsReters | Be _ ST Expecked Ae 1 t aaa] Te a ara Tae 1} < a SS ns inst pyacessev ool =e pai _ aa 7 1 Note on open and closed system Here's a detailed explanation of open and closed systems in scftware engineering, tailored for an 8-mark answer: # Open System (4 marks) 1. *Definition*: An open system is a software system that can interact with its environment, allowing for the exchange of data, resources, or services. (1 mark) 2. *Characteristics*: 1. *Interoperability*: Open systems can integrate with other systems, enabling seamless data exchange and functionality extension. (1 mark) 2. *Adaptability*: Open systems are designed to accommodate changing requirements, making them more flexible and maintainable. (1 mark) 3. *Scalability*: Open systems can scale horizontally or vertically to handle increased workload or demand. (1 mark) 3. *Example*: A web application that integrates with third-party services, such as payment gateways or social media platforms. # Closed System (4 marks) 1. *Defini *: A closed system is a self-contained software system that does not interact with its environment, relying solely on internal resources and data. (1 mark) 2. *Characteristics*: 1. *Limited Interoperability*: Closed systems have restricted integration with other systems, making it difficult to exchange data or extend functionality. (1 mark) 2. *Fixed Functionality*: Closed systems have predefined functionality that cannot be easily modified or extended. (1 mark) 3. *Limited Scalability*: Closed systems often have limited scalability, making it challenging to handle increased workload or demand. (1 mark) 3. *Example*: A standalone desktop application, such as a calculator or a text editor, that operates independently without external interactions. This explanation provides a comprehensive understanding of open and closed systems in software engineering, covering their definitions, characteristics, and examples. 4 ay = q Eeeplan the WOU 1 1+ What “is__sysleon_anali oP s4s on ayS ADM ation System kadssh - — “A Person who conduct a. erica ky and evaluctisn ole achvthy is aso business ty denhh irs ches ed aby ectwes| lta embey dy decide “brapodure mich t ; . ~) pye chive. an be Ta\ned 9 Ae Syetem Analyst + wot nas oe fee esponsib < ck grave and Sh crkg ine ays ote - @ Main “#5 ad _ sy shen oolyst Uy provick | ——__ these e excl Bate AN & “ehvenation Ane $e. annty + a xa Mone do tne manogeme st sy the ” @ hy she shad The cau 4 = DNRANY STS ane _ehuvyon an (Ormblems —pergerizarhan ty ecide : a new why oe Aalron —omelhed an Pariicle alucion te We j eblem, @ \ syster analyst isa exSSO ho & analy is and design bel 1e as selue Inasiness _frololems _ casins interne in —teshnaly @_b systems we xe = Notes ——seet poke sslond(. 22 WO _ re cili 2ey _anelyaing designing os a a 4 su tems. 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PAAY Serve a Paw idedh, anizarttena ee needed, Assign mote Amplement Anos. chan , an tain and natvale : doo se Ane sy sles, motion ORM Arey ray be Ramiliow cit a very at programe lanepnged ' operate - —ayshens and Sam pes rrdcuarre fhe | ® Whey may Ibe vesponsiole fix developing _cosh ___ analysis, estan “shaft aenpact and aoe imple merthefon Y melines: 2 @\ sugkem anayst a Aten eucliate a 7 = nods ¥y code as cell_as -vevie —_scieting Sie eR Byker inalgak a teahne | ® Analust as MNeetibect = Soe ed 2 Nee architect's. pramary_ Qaadhen cs conneckian oo ehseen tre Vevts abstract desi Yyeque See aeae ee ee a design oc. inky mation _ system _ = oi actor dies fy the sey’s requirements, a ewhick ack as a Y Tolceparat fae Prgpenmentes_ nek Rr Arecd Aey need ty Know exactly —euhet Sem rank ond fo) ancley shin theiy Hehe webareen dake ge — wf Bs _amekiheck the analyst also creoder a As ( : Agent = — —— 7 aoe) e analyst toes viewed as an agent & ck ane . ka De : i te Aah thee ee aaa — in the inle ot a chanse am ne Sede —analush imag ase different “ hreaches L =, jkrodeace changes dete Rasen ovanizction. —O Analyst asus haat Nile he aoe i — E = say ee ers Me | prcesent. systen clos ns o res excl ond tabs changes esill comin the sna OS adel y a : ane Con ve eSOXS Awe. te. en te €SSa° Kon _velabet -fo the “system ier wtohhe\hen there any fast = minude peqdire men. ~t This_prncess “16 ‘ympordant because analysts [Link] eS eels ho Ae velop system Drnayd as Madhe ond Psyclalopist - + Analyst plasys ool a_psycho of e Aa_th toasy he | she retaches_ ene en dora: s—conclas sons. a or “interact ie Asc — & Mi * ee of ig ia ortant in_ev. O© Qaaificahon & Responsibilities - + Thrush education, expenence 7 Personality the anclyst arcqeive skills. = + Most, at today's analysts are colege racked with maisrs ia account), manase me ov trmation system. a Explain SDL 40 detail. Qesenbe He — 2 _ S phases oP SOLE aS Planning feo = = v — Analysis} al = eocae y 2 2 : “2 Design} > = oi ieee ch wv : es Piesting 6 lntegration | Ss Ys = pe per zo Lmplementsdion| - _ : X __%® Plan siggy — see Sa 2 = ee tai Debine” aie prablem_and scape ct existing system. © Decide we objectives ot peer sysken 9 -® LonBen = Pye yeck Feasibility — inch cece _priyect sch a As. store _phase ft te spk Process _ AP Rnalycis = a SS © Gekhrer Rnaly ze and validate the iafsrmation, tO Babine | requirements ob end Usey, —9_Exarine the abramation neeatsaend-eser &_ —— Lin. pre. ve sa stem goal. ss * De a ® An Wis" phase _stevelopment teacn eurite Je , [i grduchon ash ation unre : as nece SONY, a | | __ Fe Teshas ® =e ——___ensure _Cashmer AE Anglementabion © Biter — Assking ik As. Soossk: ‘ath _pnduction in Avon Ament ars ® < yesh s_veleased Bin is plese the: omy ae 43 KO Proumtarnonce = © FH _enseres He syhtem Fema getevent YW usobly wep ecg — ol howdesomre (oe pore ang. Mx se ranma! gexfermeonce ope ly 4 wD Updakts +e makesove (t meets oth Necey oma tondocdS and (ncludisthe Llorsst fechaologies AW Explain Waterfall Medel a st Wekerbll model is the basic ssthaeve -elevlope 7 _cyce rode. eee __* Ves very svnele_bt | deolistic + VAs vey impoknt because a ce Spc __: models are based on _wedertall medel, tt Waleral model divides life “We \e_inte set of | a2] proces: : ee dis enodel one phase can be stark) afer’ completion cL. oreviaus phase. + The oudpat 7s one Phase cull he Yhe snot to —_the_ned Space _t Develop ment process_can he_ considered, aS sepa ww walerbal : wale od wedpe —s a —Feasitlity Stay ee : Requivement ae ne ee ec — Design Ley ley X Tesh Ln eres See “pls en — oe Mainkenance_ O Feasibility Shade # “1% en é ste decide Speadall ip_deuliop _setant. > —4 < \nvolves Mee em_<& eee Nowiost (b\ 4c te solve Ane Problem ds Bead net ondysis and specification : r 4 a a Daron —_tausbernen ‘ent then. anal = + Wese analyzed —xtqauirements art documenta! _ na soPheare requivement spedfication (5 docarmnent ® Vesian = c specificabion Ram Pivat phase exe studied — i ce | design \s__prepared. & Re ieee SWS 5 2 Se oe gy gee tage @Coding 4 re alts > VWs se are destin converted ~ Ante ae 0 ar su ny ee propanning Asnauege.— ~ eanit_ esting 6 hase Us_tr_check 4 —nitslner each. anadule Ti iS _ecorki tb develapes - the a dum —_ 4 mackel according ty user reqetl cement nok oP he ace phd Viner send fey desi: — Mneuse Vb As oer n and ee shetty "| —dewelep_profetype. eof + Geek By Acehwi col end” sagetrement _ sks RN \ngcrease incest a Repartment. ® Requirements Coattnerny and Analysis = fo medd® stands suit vtguivemens. + + An wi "ak e Boece eof shen Art Aedined an detail. at. erry Wes 5. thes Casevs. Te are ee ee cha thease Sa Aes is. . ¥ a a Des) Kyo = atte stad 9 IN Mie cetond phase ts tf Taam la _ oe aicle design . —. zz | ~ * An Mais stays a _sieple desian Xt sem ja kel. + Wo. 5 ot esi 1 ss aut a loviek ‘idea ob the system b i Mae ease : i 2 We qaiek A —. ‘\n___develops oa cumeas ® Bd a Probate eee + An Ras Foy An acual Pelee | is 7s designed based aa rrmahay a won _Qeicle desi go + 4% Vso small soko pase ne vegatvred “system nitiel Usev Ey varlerction = s (a Ws stage Awe wopsged” system Aickm & As pre se et Ertl AY an \artial eval a Hon. os wee _ = . 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Level 1 DED depicts basic modules in the system and flow of data among various modules, Leve| 1 DFD also mentions'basic processes and sources of information. Accounts Finance | Verification —> — Customer Data 4 | ae Verity YaST issue Order + Level 2 - DFD shows how data flows inside the modules mentioned in L evel 1, Higher level DFDs can be transformed into more specific lower level DFDs with deeper level of understanding unless the desired level of specification is achieved, ee dake dtidmng fase 5 ae a aa - - SePhwat trgrnceninyg bo + Daa _Dichonary ra ceahelixed collection at — _ichsemelt ea about dba + stores smearing ond oxi and det —__wdadhenship cat Netiner dete — +t BW debe —dichsnasy. contains metadata ie deta dona Ane deka. —p - Stee usnne 1 We dada _dichonary sve porta as th _eanshcins ipdormdicn ao Such as chal is ia _ the dechobase esha 1s obloased te acess it there As tre database _playstcally shred. ¢ ___+ Deka Dictionary 1 s_ only -Wendled by database, a dmnstredes So se th ys created alongs with DED mode ot ____scilevere _preyram and is _expectel to be __| updated _osheneveor DED 15 changed or updoded _| ~-__~ Data __-gnteqre aho ~The Haka Steer -__accusraty_4.Cons ~___fransfexing the — 4 Sources ~——— — he Paka Malidatian ~___ data _aqainst ~peeaefined &, _ pretomposed — 1 aA T= Pata 7 Transformaton: a - ~The data transformation — assuyes that ~The arene changes_and data _skays—- ~ Sarne__ chile transformt ing k from “one __ Format = - a = = Dako _ Analysts: a “Data Analysis ensiyves “ane data _undeustonding_ *OMhEaROS helps — tn effective decisi0n— enatsing — —pesiqa: _~ 4 ee 0 fs a_collecHon of pro _perly ___aegined ata vrelokons & data— Shree Wes. _ - 7 Vestn = he toby ensures Le chesy 0 doe Sheedy, cf dokm & hake oucheres ond dato | gefapash ys: i = “Moun fanance = Dh meantemence has tract a _ muon OHA doko } a * oO we _ aa L Bock a eran =e Beck on ae Shelves pt zz “Fact BE =a ie — tas hi \_ 7 a (ESTE acee eh Seno Qumaded | 4. > Boole Bek is Nospite\ Manogerent Sy stem ee Lost SS CRED HestGhS CHP Gites? — — ) as ora N [owl aepalt — aS qa es dines

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