Cells require chemical energy to function.

Energy cannot be recycled, so organisms

require a constant input of energy, which

Cellular is why humans need to eat.

Respiration
The process that requires oxygen and
converts food into chemical energy (in the
form of ATP) is cellular respiration.

Cellular respiration can be summarized

by:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP

It is a catabolic reaction
The general order of the processes is:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
4. ATP Synthase
Realize that in general, the outputs of one
process are the inputs of following processes.
Knowing the inputs and outputs of each step
is key to understanding cellular respiration!
Glycolysis

The first step in cellular

respiration is glycolysis, an
anaerobic process.
Glycolysis occurs in several steps to
split glucose and make pyruvate,
ATP, and NADH in the cytosol of
the cytoplasm.
Pyruvate is used for the Krebs cycle
while NADH is collected for the
electron transport chain.
Questions based on Anaerobic respiration

1. Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration take place?

2. What happens to pyruvate during anaerobic respiration? How does yeast differ
from other organisms regarding the fate of pyruvate?
3. How can glycolysis participate in anaerobic repiration?
4. How much ATP is produced by the breakdown of pyruvate? How much ATP is
produced overall by fermentation? Where does this ATP come from?
5. What is the difference between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation?
6. If an organism could make ATP from sugars with or without the presence of
oxygen, which would be preferred and why?
 Resource for reference and clarity

An explanation of how
during anaerobic cell
respiration, pyruvate
can be converted in the
cytoplasm into lactate,
or ethanol and carbon
dioxide, with no further
yield of ATP.
 ●What is the
significance of this
element in
Research and Plan photosynthesis?

in groups of 3
●Suggest an experiment
by which you can show
● Carbon dioxide the
● Water requirement/production
● Starch of this element in
● Oxygen photosynthesis?
● Sunlight ●Cite your sources.
● Chlorophyll
 Factors of photosynthesis- Formative
Monday 26-09-2022

Lesson objectives

- To show that sunlight, carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis

- To show that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis

This lesson looks at 3 different practicals that you should know.

So please do watch the video carefully and answer the questions that follows.
( hint: answers to questions are inside the video, so pause while watching)

[Link]
Sunlight is Essential For Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is necessary for Photosynthesis
The carbon dioxide is used to make
sugar molecules and oxygen.

Insert a part of the leaf of a

destarched plant(plant which
doesn’t contain starch)into a
conical flask containing potassium
hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide
solution absorbs the carbon dioxide
gas from the air present in the
glass bottle. Leave the plant
sunlight. After few hours, perform
a starch test to this and another
leaf of the same plant.
Oxygen is produced during Photosynthesis
The significance of
Oxygen in photosynthesis
is that it is a by-
product of it. After
photosynthesis plays a
role in the cellular
respiration process too,
as it used to break down
the glucose converted
from photosynthesis.
 An experiment that proves oxygen is present in
photosynthesis

A water plant, such as the hydrilla shown in

the diagram, placed into a beaker containing
pond water. The experiment is then exposed to
sunlight. After a few hours, gas bubbles form
and collect in the test-tube. Hence, we can
conclude that oxygen is produced as the gas
bubbles are created by the presence of oxygen
in the water the plant was in when it
photosynthesized. We can confirm these gas
bubbles are oxygen bubbles by taking the test-
tube, exposing it momentarily, then putting a
lit matchstick over it, which will turn into
fumes as oxygen is known to support
combustion. This confirms that the gas bubbles
are indeed oxygen as it produces a reaction
with another gas that is typically exclusive
to oxygen.
 Quick
Formative
Work on the blank sheets
provided to you-
Refer the task on the Google
classroom
Glucose & STARCH
During photosynthesis, plants traps light, carbon dioxide and energy in their leaves. In order
to do so, they need energy which is derived from glucose. Glucose is also related to starch
as it basically helps in further production of starch and cellulose. The primary job/need of
glucose in plants is providing energy and acting as the fuel of a plant.

The leaf starch test;

[Link] a black paper strip on the leaf
[Link] bath- put the leaf in the test
tube with ethanol. (alcohol- it takes
the chlorophyll) A candle below. (we
heat it up because it enhances the
iodine solution step)
[Link] solution- this is the starch
test
[Link] see the results!
Structure of Leaf- assignment on Google Classroom

Take a journey inside a leaf of a redwood tree! Enter the stoma and view
the inside of a plant cell, translucent enough to capture light from the sun.
Fly by familiar structures like the nucleus and mitochondria, and settle into
the chloroplast to watch photosynthesis at work. Reflect on the change in
scale as you travel down to the molecular level!
 Does
Cellular Respiration take
place in Plants?
 Where does respiration occur in plant?

Respiration occurs in the Mitochondria of plant cells, and it is a

process that does not require light.
While energy from the sun fuels parts of the process of
photosynthesis, the energy needed for respiration comes from
sugars, which are the products of photosynthesis.
When does Cellular Respiration occur in plants?

Respiration in plants occurs all the time – both day

and night, as respiration in plants is like breathing in
humans.
However, there is technically a distinction between respiration that
occurs during the day and plant respiration that happens in the
dark. Respiration that occurs at night is simply called respiration,
while plant respiration that happens during the day is referred to as
photorespiration.
Work in pairs:

Explore the
simulation to
understand about
Light dependent and
Light independent
reaction in
Photosynthesis
Edpuzzle
assigned
on Google
Classroom
Internal Structure of Leaf Image for reference
Respiration, photosynthesis and transpiration are the
three main processes involved in plant growth and
development

● During respiration, plants release water through a process called transpiration. Plants
exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen with the atmosphere through cellular structures
called stomata. Located on the surfaces of leaves, stomata are like pores that are regulated
by 'guard cells' to open and close when a plant needs to take in carbon dioxide or release
oxygen or water.
● Essential and interconnected, all three of these processes are concerned with the production
or consumption of sugars and the conversion and exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Take 5 mins to research and find about the following

Xylem
Phloem
Quick review :)
● Light Dependent Reaction
● Light Independent Reaction(Calvin
cycle)
Sunlight enters
Chloroplast
Water enters through vein
Airspace
Water diffuses into chloroplast
Air space
Carbon dioxide diffuse through
stomata
Task assigned on Google Classroom:

Explore the [Link]

simulation [Link]/cell-energy-sim
as per the
task sheet
assign and
complete the
assignment: Virtual Lab
 Students reference
Metabolism

Metabolism is a biochemical process that allows an organism to live, grow, reproduce,

heal, and adapt to its environment.

Anabolism Catabolism

Anabolism refers to the process Catabolism refers to the process that

which builds molecules the body breaks down complex molecules into
needs; it usually requires energy smaller molecules; it usually releases
for completion. energy for the organism to use
Eg: Photosynthesis in plants and Eg : Digestion process
Protein synthesis in human
Enzymes
● Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that
significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical
reactions that take place within cells.
● Some enzymes help break large molecules into smaller
pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body.
● Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to
produce a new molecule.
● Enzymes are highly selective catalysts, meaning that each
enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction
● State, the composition of enzymes. (1 mark)
● State, the suffix used for most enzymes. (1 mark)
● Outline, the major function of enzymes. (3 mark)
● Justify, all enzymes cannot work on all substrates.
(2 mark)
 Student Reference
● Characteristics of an Enzyme :
○ Speed up chemical reactions.
○ They are required in minute
amounts.
○ They are highly specific in their
action.
○ They are affected by
temperature.
○ They are affected by pH.
○ Some catalyze reversible
reactions.
○ Some require coenzymes.
○ They are inhibited by
[Link] net/[Link]?picture=2018%2F8%2Fshutterstock_760624435.jpg inhibitors.
 Student Reference: Important Terminologies
Term Definition
Enzyme: A protein that acts as a catalyst, a material that speeds up chemical reactions in the
bodies of plants and animals without itself taking part in, or being consumed by, these
reactions.

Substrate: A reactant that typically is paired with a particular enzyme. Enzymes often are named
after their respective substrates by adding the suffix ase (e.g., the enzyme lactase is
paired with the substrate lactose).

Coenzyme A non protein component sometimes required to allow an enzyme to set in motion a
catalytic reaction.

Active Site: Folds and clefts on the surface of an enzyme that enable attachment to its particular
substrate.

Product: The substance formed at the end of a reaction between enzyme and substrate.

Lock and Key The lock and key model assumes that the active site of the enzyme and the substrate are
model: equal shaped. It supposes that the substrate fits perfectly into the active site of the
enzyme.
Enzymes In our Body:

● State, the form in which food is

broken down to and in the form it
is stored in the body. (2 mark)
● Outline the enzymes function
and the type of substrate they act
on. (3 mark)
● Comment, “One digestive
enzyme can work on multiple
types of substrates.” (2 mark)
 Student Reference: Important
Term
Terminologies Definition

Amylase: This enzyme breaks down carbohydrates, or starches, into sugar molecules. Insufficient amylase can lead to
diarrhea.

Protease: This enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids. It also helps keep bacteria, yeast, and protozoa out of the
intestines. A shortage of protease can lead to allergies or toxicity in the intestines.

Lipase: This works with liver bile to break down fats. If you don’t have enough lipase, you’ll be lacking in fat-soluble vitamins
such as A, D, E, and K

Anabolism: Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. These chemical reactions require energy. E.g.
cell division, growth of the body

Catabolism: Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones. These reactions release energy. E.g. digestion

Metabolism: The lock and key model assumes that the active site of the enzyme and the substrate are equal shaped. It supposes
that the substrate fits perfectly into the active site of the enzyme.
For the musical
learners :)
 Students reference
Factors affecting the rate of enzyme activity
1. Temperature:
● Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction. However, extreme high temperatures
can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working.
● At low temperatures, the number of successful collisions between the enzyme and substrate
is reduced because their molecular movement decreases. The reaction is slow.
1. pH: Each enzyme has an optimum pH range. Changing the pH outside of this range will slow
enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature.
2. Enzyme concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long
as there is substrate available to bind to. Once all of the substrate is bound, the reaction will
no longer speed up, since there will be nothing for additional enzymes to bind to.

3. Substrate concentration: Increasing substrate concentration also increases the rate of

reaction to a certain point. Once all of the enzymes have bound, any substrate increase will
have no effect on the rate of reaction, as the available enzymes will be saturated and working
at their maximum rate.
Subject Objectives
B
Inquiring and designing
● Outline an appropriate problem or research question to be tested by a scientific investigation
● Outline a testable prediction using scientific reasoning
● Outline how to manipulate the variables, and outline how data will be collected
● Design scientific investigations

C
Processing and evaluating
● Present collected and transformed data
● Interpret data and outline results using scientific reasoning
● Discuss the validity of a prediction based on the outcome of the scientific investigation
● Discuss the validity of the method
● Describe improvements or extensions to the method
How To Write A Research Question?

A research question is the question around which you center your research. It
should be:
● clear: it provides enough specifics that one’s audience can easily understand
its purpose without needing additional explanation.
● focused: it is narrow enough that it can be answered thoroughly in the space
the writing task allows.
● concise: it is expressed in the fewest possible words.
● complex: it is not answerable with a simple “yes” or “no,” but rather requires
synthesis and analysis of ideas and sources prior to composition of an answer.
● arguable: its potential answers are open to debate rather than accepted facts.
Types

Unfocused: What is the effect on the environment from global

warming?
The unfocused research question is so broad that it couldn’t be adequately
answered in a book-length piece, let alone a standard college-level paper.
Focused: What is the most significant effect of glacial melting on the lives of penguins in
Antarctica?
The focused version narrows down to a specific effect of global warming (glacial melting), a
specific place (Antarctica), and a specific animal that is affected (penguins). It also requires the
writer to take a stance on which effect has the greatest impact on the affected animal. When in
doubt, make a research question as narrow and focused as possible.
Hypothesis
Your hypothesis can be one well-written sentence or an entire paragraph. It
should sound something like “If...then...because...”. IF you change your
independent variable, THEN you predict this change in your dependent variable,
BECAUSE of the scientific explanation that you offer. Your reasoning should be
based on scientific research from your background information. Your background
information should be relevant to your experiment and your predicted hypothesis.
A hypothesis will:
● State the purpose of the research/investigation
● Identify what variables that are used
● Be logical
● Use precise language
● Be testable with research or experimentation
Examples

Strong hypothesis: Aphid-infected plants that are exposed to ladybugs will have fewer aphids
after a week than aphid-infected plants which are left untreated.
This hypothesis gives a clear indication of what is to be tested (the ability of ladybugs to curb an
aphid infestation), is a manageable size for a single experiment, mentions the independent
variable (ladybugs) and the dependent variable (number of aphids), and predicts the effect
(exposure to ladybugs reduces the number of aphids)."

Poor hypothesis: Ladybugs are a good natural pesticide for treating aphid infected plants.
​This statement is not 'bite size.' Whether or not something is a 'good natural pesticide' is too
vague for a science fair project. There is no clear indication of what will be measured to evaluate
the prediction.
Choosing Variables

Independent variable: something that you change in the experiment.

For example, if you are conducting a lab on enzyme activity and how temperature affects the
enzymatic activity, the independent variable of the experiment would be temperature as you are
going to observe how different temperature could induce different effects on the enzyme activity.
Dependent variable: the data you are collecting (how will you measure if the IV is working.
For example, the rate of the enzymatic reaction would be the dependent variable, because the
enzyme activity is influenced by the different temperature.
Controlled variables: variable that needs to be kept constant throughout the experiment.
In the enzyme lab, the control variables would be pressure, the amount of the substrate, type of
the substrate and etc. It is recommended to list out the variables in the table form as it is easier
to see the variables.
Control Group: Negative and Positive controls for IV
Writing Your Method
What should a method always include?
● Describe what it is you are trying to do in this investigation. It is good to make a plan that is a step by step guide, so
that somebody else could follow it.

● Describe how you will make your experiment a fair test. How will you control your control variables and make sure
that they do do alter?
● Describe how you will make your experiment safe. Give details of how equipment, procedures and materials will be
handled safely.
● Explain how you will make your measurements precise
● Explain how you will make your measurements accurate

● State the number of changes in the independent variable that you will make, and explain why you choose these
values.

● State the number of times that you intend to repeat your measurements. Explain why you have repeated your
measurements.

● Explain how you plan to process you data. What calculations will you carry out that will allow you to know whether
your data supports your hypothesis and answers your research question.
Label the parts of leaf on the given link- Homework task

[Link]
Criterion B&C worksheet

Perform the experiment

to study the different
factors affecting rate
of reaction
Chemical reactions manipulation
outside cells- to meet our food and
fuel needs?- Genetic modification- use
of enzymes