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Java Class and Object Examples

The document provides a comprehensive overview of Java programming concepts including classes, objects, methods, method overloading, and method overriding. It contains multiple examples demonstrating the creation of classes such as 'Student', 'Matrix', 'Area', 'Complex', and 'Rectangle', along with methods for performing operations like addition, multiplication, and calculating areas. Additionally, it includes exercises for finding the smallest number, computing averages, and counting vowels and words in strings.

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Sachin Samriddh
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views53 pages

Java Class and Object Examples

The document provides a comprehensive overview of Java programming concepts including classes, objects, methods, method overloading, and method overriding. It contains multiple examples demonstrating the creation of classes such as 'Student', 'Matrix', 'Area', 'Complex', and 'Rectangle', along with methods for performing operations like addition, multiplication, and calculating areas. Additionally, it includes exercises for finding the smallest number, computing averages, and counting vowels and words in strings.

Uploaded by

Sachin Samriddh
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CLASS AND OBJECT

QS -1. Create a class named 'Student' with String variable 'name' and integer variable 'roll_no'.
Assign the value of roll_no as '2' and that of name as "John" by creating an object of the class
Student.

class Student{

String name;

int roll_no;

class Ans{

public static void main(String[] args){

Student s = new Student();

[Link] = "John";

s.roll_no = 2;

[Link]("Name is "+[Link]+" and roll number is "+s.roll_no);

QS- 2. The Matrix class has methods for each of the following:
1 - get the number of rows
2 - get the number of columns
3 - set the elements of the matrix at given position (i,j)
4 - adding two matrices. If the matrices are not addable, "Matrices cannot be added" will be
displayed.
5 - multiplying the two matrices

class Matrix{

int row;

int column;

int[][] a;

public Matrix(int r, int c){

row = r;

column = c;
a = new int[row][column];

public int getRows(){

return row;

public int getColumns(){

return column;

public int getElement(int r, int c){

return a[r][c];

public void setElement(int r, int c, int element){

a[r][c] = element;

public static Matrix add(Matrix x, Matrix y){

if(([Link] == [Link]) && ([Link] == [Link])){

Matrix m = new Matrix([Link],[Link]);

for(int i = 0;i<[Link];i++){

for(int j = 0;j<[Link];j++){

[Link](i,j,([Link](i,j)+[Link](i,j)));

return m;

else{

[Link]("Matrices can not be added");


return new Matrix(0,0);

public static Matrix product(Matrix x, Matrix y){

Matrix m = new Matrix([Link],[Link]);

for(int j = 0;j<[Link];j++){

for(int i = 0;i<[Link];i++){

int sum = 0;

for(int k = 0;k<[Link];k++){

sum = sum+([Link](j,k)*[Link](k,i));

[Link](j,i,sum);

return m;

public void printMatrix(){

[Link]("Matrix is :");

for(int i = 0;i<row;i++){

for(int j = 0;j<column;j++){

[Link](a[i][j]+"\t");
}

[Link]("");

class Ans{

public static void main(String[] args){

Matrix m = new Matrix(3,3);

Matrix n = new Matrix(3,3);

int k = 1;

for(int i = 0;i<3;i++){

for(int j = 0;j < 3;j++){

[Link](i,j,k);

k++;

[Link](i,j,k);

k++;

[Link]();

[Link]();

Matrix o = [Link](m,n);

[Link]();

Matrix p = [Link](m,n);
[Link]();

QS- 3. Write a program to print the area of a rectangle by creating a class named 'Area' taking
the values of its length and breadth as parameters of its constructor and having a method named
'returnArea' which returns the area of the rectangle. Length and breadth of rectangle are entered
through keyboard.

import [Link].*;

class Area{

int length;

int breadth;

public Area(int l, int b){

length = l;

breadth = b;

public int getArea(){

return length*breadth;

class Ans{

public static void main(String[] args){

Scanner s = new Scanner([Link]);

int l,b;

[Link]("Enter length");

l = [Link]();

[Link]("Enter breadth");

b = [Link]();
Area a = new Area(l,b);

[Link]("Area : "+[Link]());

QS 4. Print the sum, difference and product of two complex numbers by creating a class named
'Complex' with separate methods for each operation whose real and imaginary parts are entered
by user.

import [Link].*;

class Complex{

int real;

int imag;

public Complex(int r, int i){

real = r;

imag = i;

public static Complex add(Complex a, Complex b){

return new Complex(([Link]+[Link]),([Link]+[Link]));

public static Complex diff(Complex a, Complex b){

return new Complex(([Link]),([Link]));

public static Complex product(Complex a, Complex b){

return new Complex((([Link]*[Link])-([Link]*[Link])),(([Link]*[Link])+([Link]*[Link])));

}
public void printComplex(){

if(real == 0 && imag!=0){

[Link](imag+"i");

else if(imag == 0 && real!=0){

[Link](real);

else{

[Link](real+"+"+imag+"i");

class Ans{

public static void main(String[] args){

Complex c = new Complex(4,5);

Complex d = new Complex(9,4);

Complex e = [Link](c,d);

Complex f = [Link](c,d);

Complex g = [Link](c,d);

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

}
}

QS- 5-Write a program to print the area of two rectangles having sides (4,5) and (5,8)
respectively by creating a class named 'Rectangle' with a method named 'Area' which returns the
area and length and breadth passed as parameters to its constructor.

class Rectangle{

int length;

int breadth;

public Rectangle(int l, int b){

length = l;

breadth = b;

public int getArea(){

return length*breadth;

public int getPerimeter(){

return 2*(length+breadth);

class Ans{

public static void main(String[] args){

Rectangle a = new Rectangle(4,5);

Rectangle b = new Rectangle(5,8);

[Link]("Area : "+[Link]()+" Perimeter is "+[Link]());

[Link]("Area : "+[Link]()+" Perimeter is "+[Link]());

}
METHODS:-

QS-1 Write a Java method to find the smallest number among three numbers.

Test Data:
Input the first number: 25
Input the Second number: 37
Input the third number: 29

import [Link];

public class Exercise1 {

public static void main(String[] args)

Scanner in = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Input the first number: ");

double x = [Link]();

[Link]("Input the Second number: ");

double y = [Link]();

[Link]("Input the third number: ");

double z = [Link]();

[Link]("The smallest value is " + smallest(x, y, z)+"\n" );

public static double smallest(double x, double y, double z)

return [Link]([Link](x, y), z);

Sample Output:

Input the first number: 25


Input the Second number: 37

Input the third number: 29

The smallest value is 25.0

QS-2 Write a Java method to compute the average of three numbers. Go to the editor

Test Data:

Input the first number: 25

Input the second number: 45

Input the third number: 65

import [Link];

public class Exercise2 {

public static void main(String[] args)

Scanner in = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Input the first number: ");

double x = [Link]();

[Link]("Input the second number: ");

double y = [Link]();

[Link]("Input the third number: ");

double z = [Link]();

[Link]("The average value is " + average(x, y, z)+"\n" );

public static double average(double x, double y, double z)

return (x + y + z) / 3;

}
}

Sample Output:

Input the first number: 25

Input the second number: 45

Input the third number: 65

The average value is 45.0

QS-3. Write a Java method to display the middle character of a string. Go to the editor

Note: a) If the length of the string is odd there will be two middle characters.

b) If the length of the string is even there will be one middle character.

Test Data:

Input a string: 350

import [Link];

public class Exercise3 {

public static void main(String[] args)

Scanner in = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Input a string: ");

String str = [Link]();

[Link]("The middle character in the string: " + middle(str)+"\n");

public static String middle(String str)

int position;

int length;

if ([Link]() % 2 == 0)
{

position = [Link]() / 2 - 1;

length = 2;

else

position = [Link]() / 2;

length = 1;

return [Link](position, position + length);

QS-4. Write a Java method to count all vowels in a string

import [Link];

public class Exercise4 {

public static void main(String[] args)

Scanner in = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Input the string: ");

String str = [Link]();

[Link]("Number of Vowels in the string: " + count_Vowels(str)+"\n");

public static int count_Vowels(String str)

int count = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i++)


{

if ([Link](i) == 'a' || [Link](i) == 'e' || [Link](i) == 'i'

|| [Link](i) == 'o' || [Link](i) == 'u')

count++;

return count;

Sample Output:

Input the string:SRMSCETR

Number of Vowels in the string: 1

QS-5. Write a Java method to count all words in a string.

import [Link];

public class Exercise5 {

public static void main(String[] args)

Scanner in = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Input the string: ");

String str = [Link]();

[Link]("Number of words in the string: " + count_Words(str)+"\n");

public static int count_Words(String str)


{

int count = 0;

if (!(" ".equals([Link](0, 1))) || !(" ".equals([Link]([Link]() - 1))))

for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i++)

if ([Link](i) == ' ')

count++;

count = count + 1;

return count; // returns 0 if string starts or ends with space " ".

Sample Output:

Input the string: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

Number of words in the string: 9

METHOD OVERLOADING:-

1. public class MetodOverloadingExample1

// Normal main()

public static void main(String[] args)

[Link]("Hello Readers, Welcome to DataFlair");

}
// Overloaded main methods

public static void main(String arg1)

[Link]("Hi, " + arg1);

[Link]("DataFlair");

public static void main(String arg1, String arg2)

[Link]("Hi, " + arg1 + ", " + arg2);

2. public class Sum {

// Overloaded sum(). This sum takes two int parameters

public int sum(int x, int y)

return (x + y);
}

// Overloaded sum(). This sum takes three int parameters

public int sum(int x, int y, int z)

return (x + y + z);

// Overloaded sum(). This sum takes two double parameters

public double sum(double x, double y)

return (x + y);

// Driver code

public static void main(String args[])

Sum s = new Sum();

[Link]([Link](10, 20));

[Link]([Link](10, 20, 30));

[Link]([Link](10.5, 20.5));

Output :

30

60

31.0
3. class Multiply {

void mul(int a, int b) {

[Link]("Sum of two=" + (a * b));

void mul(int a, int b, int c) {

[Link]("Sum of three=" + (a * b * c));

public class Polymorphism {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Multiply m = new Multiply();

[Link](6, 10);

[Link](10, 6, 5);

output:-

Sum of two=60

Sum of three=300

Program to demonstrate method overloading based on number of parameter

4. class DispOvrload

public void show(char ch)

[Link] ("You have typed the letter: "+ch);

public void show(char ch, char ch1)


{

[Link]("You have typed the letter: "+ch+", and " + ch1);

class Main

public static void main (String args[] )

DispOvrload o1 = new DispOvrload();

[Link]('G');

[Link]( 'S', 'J' );

Output:-

You have typed the letter: G

You have typed the letter: S, and J

5. Program to demonstrate method overloading based sequence of data type in parameter

class DispOvrload

public void show(char ch, int numb)

[Link] ("The 'show method' is defined for the first time.");

public void show(int numb, char ch)

[Link] ("The 'show method' is defined for the second time." );

}
}

class Main

public static void main (String args[] )

DispOvrload o1 = new DispOvrload();

[Link]('G', 62);

[Link](46, 'S');

output:-

The 'show method' is defined for the first time.

The 'show method' is defined for the second time.

MRTHOD OVERRIDING:-

1. public class Findareas {

public static void main (String []agrs) {

Figure f = new Figure(10 , 10);

Rectangle r = new Rectangle(9 , 5);

Figure figref;

figref = f;

[Link]("Area is :"+[Link]());

figref = r;

[Link]("Area is :"+[Link]());

class Figure {

double dim1;
double dim2;

Figure(double a , double b) {

dim1 = a;

dim2 = b;

Double area() {

[Link]("Inside area for figure.");

return(dim1*dim2);

class Rectangle extends Figure {

Rectangle(double a, double b) {

super(a ,b);

Double area() {

[Link]("Inside area for rectangle.");

return(dim1*dim2);

output:-

Inside area for figure.

Area is :100.0

Inside area for rectangle.

Area is :45.0

2. class Animal{

public String move(){


return "Animals can move";

class Cow extends Animal{

@Override

public String move(){

return "Cow can walk and run";

public class OverridingMethods {

public static void main(String args[]){

Animal a = new Animal(); // Animal reference to an Animal object

Animal b = new Cow(); // Animal reference to a Cow object

[Link]([Link]()); // Runs the method in Animal class

[Link]([Link]()); // Runs the method in Cow class

Output:

Animals can move

Cow can walk and run

3. public class CollectionTest {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Runnable task = new Task();

[Link](); //call overridden method in Task


task = new PeriodicTask();

[Link](); //calls overridden method in PeriodicTas

class Task implements Runnable{

@Override

public void run() {

[Link]("Run method overridden in Task class");

class PeriodicTask extends Task{

@Override

public void run() {

[Link]("overridden method run() in PeriodicTask class");

Output:

Run method overridden in Task class

overridden method run() in PeriodicTask class

4. class IceCreamPricesWithOverriding
{

public static void main(String arg[])

IceCream ic = new IceCream();

[Link] = "Pista";

[Link] = 2;

[Link]([Link] + " scoops of " + [Link] + " flavor price is : " +


[Link]());

FruitSaladWithIceCream fs = new FruitSaladWithIceCream();

[Link] = "Chocolate";

[Link] = 1;

[Link] = 50;

[Link]([Link] + " grams of fruit salad and ");

[Link]([Link] + " scoops of " + [Link] + " flavor price is : " +


[Link]());

KhubaniKaMeetaWithIceCream kkm = new KhubaniKaMeetaWithIceCream();

[Link] = "Vanila";

[Link] = 1;

[Link] = 75;

[Link]([Link] + " grams of khubani ka meeta and ");

[Link]([Link] + " scoops of " + [Link] + " flavor price is : "


+ [Link]());
}

class IceCream

String flavor;

int numberOfScoops;

double getPrice()

double pricePerScoop = 35.0;

return numberOfScoops * pricePerScoop;

class FruitSaladWithIceCream extends IceCream

int gramsOfFruitSalad;

double getPrice()

double iceCreamPrice = [Link](); // LINE A

double pricePerGram = 0.75;

return gramsOfFruitSalad * pricePerGram + iceCreamPrice;

}
class KhubaniKaMeetaWithIceCream extends IceCream

int gramsOfKhubaniKaMeeta;

double getPrice()

double iceCreamPrice = [Link](); // LINE B

double pricePerGram = 1.25;

return gramsOfKhubaniKaMeeta * pricePerGram + iceCreamPrice;

OUTPUT

2 scoops of Pista flavor price is : 70.0

50 grams of fruit salad and 1 scoops of Chocolate flavor price is : 72.5

75 grams of khubani ka meeta and 1 scoops of Vanila flavor price is : 128.75

5. /**

* This program is used for simple method overriding example.

* @author CodesJava

*/

class Student {

/**

* This method is used to show details of a student.

* @author CodesJava

*/

public void show(){


[Link]("Student details.");

public class CollegeStudent extends Student {

/**

* This method is used to show details of a college student.

* @author CodesJava

*/

public void show(){

[Link]("College Student details.");

//main method

public static void main(String args[]){

CollegeStudent obj = new CollegeStudent();

//subclass overrides super class method

//hence method of CollegeStudent class will be called.

[Link]();

Output:

College Student details.

SINGLE LEVEL INHARITANCE:-

1. class Shape {

public void display() {

[Link]("Inside display");
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {

public void area() {

[Link]("Inside area");

public class Tester {

public static void main(String[] arguments) {

Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();

[Link]();

[Link]();

Output

Inside display

Inside area

2. public class Inherit_Single {

protected String str;

Inherit_Single() {

str = "Java ";

}
class SubClass extends Inherit_Single {

SubClass() {

str = [Link]("World !!!");

void display()

[Link](str);

class MainClass {

public static void main (String args[]){

SubClass obj = new SubClass();

[Link]();

Sample Output

Java World !!!

3. class Faculty
{

float salary=30000;

class Science extends Faculty

float bonous=2000;

public static void main(String args[])

Science obj=new Science();

[Link]("Salary is:"+[Link]);

[Link]("Bonous is:"+[Link]);

Output

Salary is: 30000.0

Bonous is: 2000.0

MULTILEVEL INHARITANCE:-

class Car{

public Car()

[Link]("Class Car");

public void vehicleType()

[Link]("Vehicle Type: Car");

}
class Maruti extends Car{

public Maruti()

[Link]("Class Maruti");

public void brand()

[Link]("Brand: Maruti");

public void speed()

[Link]("Max: 90Kmph");

public class Maruti800 extends Maruti{

public Maruti800()

[Link]("Maruti Model: 800");

public void speed()

[Link]("Max: 80Kmph");

public static void main(String args[])

Maruti800 obj=new Maruti800();


[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

Output:

Class Car

Class Maruti

Maruti Model: 800

Vehicle Type: Car

Brand: Maruti

Max: 80Kmph

2. class Person

Person()

[Link]("Person constructor");

void nationality()

{
[Link]("Indian");

void place()

[Link]("Mumbai");

class Emp extends Person

Emp()

[Link]("Emp constructor");

}
void organization()

[Link]("IBM");

void place()

[Link]("New York");

class Manager extends Emp

Manager()

[Link]("Manager constructor");
}

void subordinates()

[Link](12);

void place()

[Link]("London");

class Check

public static void main(String arg[])


{

Manager m=new Manager();

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

[Link]();

Output:

Person constructor

Emp constructor

Manager constructor

Indian

IBM

12

London

3. package management;

import [Link];

class teacher{
void tech(){

[Link]("!!!Subject!!!\t\t!!Empid!!\n1)java\t\t\t101\n2)php\t\t\t102\n3)Android\t\
t103\n\n");

class Admin extends teacher{

void admin(){

[Link]("!!!Salary!!!\t\t!!Shift!!\n1)rs25,000\t\t9:00 AM to 5:00PM\
n2)rs30,000\t\t9:00 AM to 5:30PM)\n3)rs45,000\t\t5:00 PM to 9:00AM\n\n");

class Manage extends Admin{

void manager(){

[Link]("!!!HR Salary!!!\t\t!!!FinanceSalary!!!\n

1)Rs35,000\t\t40,000\n2)Rs45,000\t\t47,000\n1)Rs55,000\t\t57,000\n");

public class Management {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// TODO code application logic here

Manage m=new Manage();

Scanner s=new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter your Department\n [Link]\[Link]\[Link]\n");

String dept=[Link]();

if([Link]("teacher"))

{ [Link]();

}
else if([Link]("admin"))

{ [Link]();

else if([Link]("manager"))

{ [Link]();

else

{ [Link]("Invalid Input again try");

4. class Student {

String name = "jai";

class CollegeStudent extends Student {

String className = "MCA";

class McaStudent extends CollegeStudent{


String semester = "3rd sem.";

/**

* This method is used to show details of a student.

* @author CodesJava

*/

public void showDetail(){

[Link]("Student name = " + name);

[Link]("Student class name = " + className);

[Link]("Student semester = " + semester);

public class StudentTest {

public static void main(String args[]){

//creating subclass object

McaStudent obj = new McaStudent();

//method call

[Link]();

Output:

Student name = jai

Student class name = MCA

Student semester = 3rd sem.


5. class name

String name="anu";

int age=20;

class mark extends name

int m1=30,m2=30,m3=30;

class student extends mark

int total;

void calc()

total=m1+m2+m3;

void show()

[Link]("NAME:" +name+"\nAGE:"+age+"\nMARK1="+m1+"\nMARK2="+m2+"\
nMARK3="+m3+"\nTOTAL:"+total);

class multilevel

public static void main(String args[])

student ob=new student();

[Link]();
[Link]();

MULTITHREADING:-

1. package [Link];

class NameMyThread

public static void main (String [] args)

MyThread mt;

if ([Link] == 0)

mt = new MyThread ();

else

mt = new MyThread (args [0]);

[Link] ();

class MyThread extends Thread

MyThread ()

// The compiler creates the byte code equivalent of super ();

MyThread (String name)

setName (name); // Pass name to Thread superclass

}
public void run ()

[Link] ("My name is: " + getName ());

Output.

Java NameMyThread

Output:

My name is: Thread-0

2. class ThreadTest extends Thread

private Thread thread;

private String threadName;

ThreadTest( String msg)

threadName = msg;

[Link]("Creating thread: " + threadName );

public void run()

[Link]("Running thread: " + threadName );

try

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

[Link]("Thread: " + threadName + ", " + i);


[Link](50);

catch (InterruptedException e)

[Link]("Exception in thread: " + threadName);

[Link]("Thread " + threadName + " continue...");

public void start ()

[Link]("Start method " + threadName );

if (thread == null)

thread = new Thread (this, threadName);

[Link] ();

public class MultipleThread

public static void main(String args[])

ThreadTest thread1 = new ThreadTest( "First Thread");

[Link]();

ThreadTest thread2 = new ThreadTest( "Second Thread");


[Link]();

3. public class ProducerConsumer

public static void main(String[] args)

Shop c = new Shop();

Producer p1 = new Producer(c, 1);

Consumer c1 = new Consumer(c, 1);

[Link]();

[Link]();

class Shop

private int materials;

private boolean available = false;


public synchronized int get()

while (available == false)

try

wait();

catch (InterruptedException ie)

available = false;

notifyAll();

return materials;

public synchronized void put(int value)

while (available == true)

try

wait();

catch (InterruptedException ie)

[Link]();
}

materials = value;

available = true;

notifyAll();

class Consumer extends Thread

private Shop Shop;

private int number;

public Consumer(Shop c, int number)

Shop = c;

[Link] = number;

public void run()

int value = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

value = [Link]();

[Link]("Consumed value " + [Link]+ " got: " + value);

class Producer extends Thread


{

private Shop Shop;

private int number;

public Producer(Shop c, int number)

Shop = c;

[Link] = number;

public void run()

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

[Link](i);

[Link]("Produced value " + [Link]+ " put: " + i);

try

sleep((int)([Link]() * 100));

catch (InterruptedException ie)

[Link]();

}
4. Write a program that creates 2 threads - each displaying a message (Pass the message as a
parameter to the constructor). The threads should display the messages continuously till the user
presses ctrl+c.

[Link]

class Thread1 extends Thread

String msg = "";

Thread1(String msg)

[Link] = msg;

public void run()

try

while (true)

[Link](msg);
[Link](300);

catch (Exception ex)

[Link]();

[Link]

class Thread2 extends Thread

String msg = "";

Thread2(String msg)

[Link] = msg;

public void run()

try

while (true)

[Link](msg);

[Link](400);
}

catch (Exception ex)

[Link]();

[Link]

class ThreadDemo

public static void main(String[] args)

Thread1 t1 = new Thread1("Running Thread1....");

Thread1 t2 = new Thread1("Running Thread2....");

[Link]();

[Link]();

Output:
5. Q. Write a JAVA program which will generate the threads:

- To display 10 terms of Fibonacci series.


- To display 1 to 10 in reverse order.

[Link]

import [Link].*;

class Fibonacci extends Thread

public void run()

try

int a=0, b=1, c=0;

BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader([Link]));

[Link]("Enter the Limit for fabonacci: ");

int n = [Link]([Link]());

[Link]("\n=================================");

[Link]("Fibonacci series:");

while (n>0)

[Link](c+" ");

a=b;

b=c;

c=a+b;

n=n-1;

}
}

catch (Exception ex)

[Link]();

[Link]

class Reverse extends Thread

public void run()

try

[Link]("\n=================================");

[Link]("\nReverse is: ");

[Link]("=================================");

for (int i=10; i >= 1 ;i-- )

[Link](i+" ");

[Link]("\n=================================\n\n");

catch (Exception ex)

{
[Link]();

[Link]

class MainThread

public static void main(String[] args)

try

Fibonacci fib = new Fibonacci();

[Link]();

[Link](4000);

Reverse rev = new Reverse();

[Link]();

catch (Exception ex)

[Link]();

}
Output:

Common questions

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Multithreading in Java is implemented by extending the Thread class and overriding its run method. For example, threads are created to perform functions such as showing status messages continuously or running producer-consumer scenarios where each thread handles specific tasks. The threads execute concurrently, allowing the program to perform multiple operations simultaneously, which is provided by Java's thread scheduling mechanisms. The start method is employed to initiate each thread, enabling parallel execution and resource optimization .

The process for creating and manipulating a Matrix in Java involves several steps: initializing the matrix with specific rows and columns, setting elements at given positions, and performing operations such as addition and multiplication. A Matrix is initialized using the constructor that defines the number of rows and columns. Elements are set using the setElement method. Addition is performed only if both matrices have the same dimensions, where each element of the new matrix is the sum of corresponding elements. Multiplication is performed through a nested loop, summing the products of corresponding elements across rows of the first matrix and columns of the second, resulting in a product matrix with appropriate dimensions .

Method overloading in Java is demonstrated by defining multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. The example given involves a class with overloaded main methods that accept different arguments (none, one string, two strings), each implementing different behaviors. Overloading allows the same method name to be used in different contexts, improving code clarity and flexibility by providing method variants for different inputs .

The concept of inheritance in the provided student class structure involves a hierarchy where each subclass inherits properties and methods from its parent class. The 'McaStudent' class extends 'CollegeStudent', which in turn extends 'Student'. Each class adds its specific attributes and methods, yet all can access inherited properties, such as the 'name' from 'Student'. Inheritance promotes code reusability and a clear structure whereby subclasses build upon the foundation provided by base classes .

The approach to finding the smallest value among three numbers uses the Math.min function consecutively to compare pairs of numbers, first determining the smaller of the first two, and then comparing the result with the third number. This technique is computationally efficient, executing in constant time O(1), as it only involves a fixed number of comparisons, regardless of input size. It simplifies the conditional logic required, reducing potential errors and improving readability .

Parameterized constructors, such as those used in the Rectangle class example, allow for the initial setting of object attributes when an instance is created. They ensure that objects are immediately valid and fully initialized, which prevents errors related to uninitialized data. The primary benefit is that it promotes cleaner and more robust code, as each Rectangle object is associated with defined dimensions upon instantiation, enhancing code readability and reducing potential for modification errors .

Synchronized methods in Java are crucial in solving producer-consumer problems by ensuring that only one thread accesses the critical section at a time to prevent data inconsistency. In the given example, the Shop class uses synchronized methods for put and get operations to handle the shared resource safely. This synchronization prevents race conditions where multiple threads try to read/write shared data simultaneously, thus maintaining data integrity during concurrent access .

The 'Area' class calculates the area of a rectangle by using a constructor to initialize its length and breadth, and a method named getArea that returns the product of these dimensions. Encapsulation is demonstrated as the length and breadth variables are kept private, and their access is controlled through methods. This encapsulation ensures that the internal representation of the object is hidden, providing a controlled interface for setting specific values and retrieving the computed area .

The methodology for counting words in a sentence uses a loop to traverse the string and count spaces to determine word boundaries. It handles edge cases by adjusting the count to account for sentences that begin or end with spaces by ensuring that spaces at the start or end do not contribute to the word count. This approach efficiently counts words by interpreting the whitespace between non-space segments as delimiters .

In Java, complex numbers are represented by a class 'Complex' that contains methods for arithmetic operations. The addition of two complex numbers is handled by the 'add' method, which creates a new Complex object with the sum of the real parts and the sum of the imaginary parts of the input Complex numbers. This operation is straightforward as it simply involves adding corresponding parts of the two numbers .

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