Q1 Define engineering drawing. Why drawing is called universal language of engineers?

A: - A drawing drawn by an engineer having engineering knowledge for the drawing purposes is an
engineering drawing. It is meant for communicating his ideas, thoughts and designs to others.
Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches such as Mechanical,
Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etc. It is spoken, read, and
written in its own way. Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of projections, its
idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of lines, its abbreviations, symbols
and its descriptions in the constructions.

Q2 Name different types of drawing instruments.

A:- Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or cello
tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc.

Q3 What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I.S.I. and which is suitable for
drawing work?
A:- The standard size of sheets according to I.S.I. are A0(1189 X 841), A1 (841 X 594), A2(594 X
420), A3(420 X 297), A4(297 X 210) and A5(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X 420 i.e.
A2 size is generally used by engineering students as it is very handy and easy for drawing work
inclass.(sizes in mm)

Q4 What is layout of drawing sheet?

A:- The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, parts list,
revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet.

Q5 Why is the layout of sheet is necessary?

A:- Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and
[Link] title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information.

Q6 List out the contents of title block and material list

A:- The title block should contain at least the following informations.
(i) Name of the institution
(ii) Name of title of drawing
(iii) Name, Class and Roll no. of the student
(iv) Scale
(v) Drawing number
(vi) Symbols denoting the method of projection

Q7 What do you mean by convention or code?

A:- The representation of any matter by some sign or mark on the drawing is known as convention or
code. The conventions make the drawing simple and easy to draw.

Q8 Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing?

A:- The section plane are generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane, to which it
is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the x-y
line. The cutting plane is drawn in a drawing to show the inner details of an object.

Q9 What is the necessity of convention breaks and convention of materials?

A:- Long members of uniform cross-section such as rods, shafts, pipes etc. are generally shown in the
middle by the conventional breaks so as to accommodate their view of whole length on the
 drawing sheet without reducing the scale. The exact length of the member is shown by the
dimension.

Q10 Why the conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing?
A:- The conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing to save the
unnecessary time or space on the drawing.

Q11 What are the main requirements of lettering?

A:- 1) The knowledge of shape and proportion of each letter.
2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the strokes used in making letters.
3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters.
4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences.

Q12 What do you mean by single stroke letters?

A:- Single stroke letters means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained
in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters are of two types.
1) Vertical
2) Inclined (75deg. With horizontal)

Q13 What do you mean by freehand lettering?

A:- The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called freehand lettering.
The freehand lettering is of the following types.
(a) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering.
(i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering.
(ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering.
(b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering.
(iii) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering.
(iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering.

Q14 What is the importance of dimensioning?

A:- 1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to define the object.
2) It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements.
3) The dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for the correct functioning of the
part given to be assembled.

Q15 What is dimensioning?

A:- The art of writing the various sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an object is
known as dimensioning.

Q16 What do you understand by the term notation of dimensioning?

A:- The notation of dimensioning consists of dimension lines, extension lines, arrow heads,
dimension figures, notes, symbols etc.

Q17 What is a leader or pointer line? How a leader should be drawn?

A:- A leader is a thin continuous line drawn from note of the figure to show where it applies. It is
terminated by an arrow head or a dot. The arrow head touches the outline, whereas the dot is
placed within the outline of the object.
The leader is generally drawn at any convenient angle, usually 30º, 45º, and 60º but not less than 30º.
Q18 Explain with the help of a simple sketch (i) size dimensions (ii) location dimensions.
A:- Size dimension – The dimensions which indicate the various sizes of the object such as length,
breadth, diameter etc. are known as size dimensions. These dimensions are represented by letter
‘S’.in figure below.
Location dimension – The dimensions which locate the position of one feature w.r.t. the other feature are
known as location dimensions. Distances between the centre lines of the holes from the edges are
given by location dimensions. These dimensions are marked by letter ‘L’in figure below.

Q19 What are the aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning?

Or
What are the different methods of dimensioning?
A:- 1) Aligned Method: - In aligned system, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and above the
dimension lines, preferably in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines. Here the
dimensions can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing.

2) Unidirectional Method: - In this system dimensions shall be horizontally placed so that they can be
read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted preferably
near the middle for the insertion of dimensions.

Q20 What are the general rules of dimensioning?

A:- 1) Every dimension must be given, but no single dimension should be repeated.
2) Dimensions should be placed outside the views.
3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever possible.
4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing.
5) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
6) Dimension line should be 5-8 mm away from visible edges/outlines and away from each other.

Q21 Explain with the help of sketches (i) chain dimensioning (ii) parallel dimensioning and (iii)
combined dimensioning.
A:- Chain(Continous) Dimensioning – In this system, dimensions are arranged in a straight line.

Parallel(Progressive) dimensioning – In this arrangement, all the dimensions are given from common
base line. The smaller dimensions are placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that
the extension lines do not cross dimensions lines.

Combined dimensioning – Combined dimensioning is the result of the simultaneous use of chain and
parallel dimensioning.

Q22 What is the difference between regular and irregular polygons?

A:- Regular polygon – A regular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are equal.
Irregular polygon – An irregular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are not
equal.

Q23 Name the principal planes of projections.

A:- There is two planes employed for projection and are known as reference planes or principle planes
of projections. These planes intersect at right angles to each other. These are
1) Vertical plane: - The plane which is vertical in position is called vertical plane and is denoted by V.P.
Vertical plane is also known as Frontal Plane as front view is projected on this plane.
2) Horizontal plane:-The plane which is horizontal in position and at right angle to the V.P is called
Horizontal Plane and it is denoted by H.P.

Q24 What is the principle of projection?

A39:- If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contours of an object to meet a plane, the
object is said to be projected on that plane. The figure formed by joining in correct sequence the
points at which these lines meet the planes is called the projection of the object.

Q25 What is ground line (G.L.) or intersection or reference line?

A:- The line of intersection of two principle planes of projections i.e. VP and HP is called reference or
intersection or ground line and is denoted by x-y line.

Q26 What is an auxiliary view?

A:- The view obtained on the auxiliary plane which is parallel to the inclined surface of an object is
called auxiliary view.

Q27 What do you understand by missing lines?

A:- The lines which are added in the given orthographic projection in order to complete the drawing
of an object are called missing lines.

Q28 What do you understand by missing views?

A:- The view which is added in the given orthographic projections in order to complete the drawing
of an object is called missing views.

Q29 What is a sectional view? Why sectional views are used in drawing?
A:- The view obtained after cutting the object in order to show the inner details by an imaginary
cutting plane is known as sectional view. Sectional views are used in drawing to show the interior
details of the object, which are not visible to the observer from outside.

Q30 What is a cutting plane or section plane?

A:- The imaginary plane by which the object is assumed to be cut is called the cutting plane or
sectional plane. They may be perpendicular or parallel to one of the principle planes and either
perpendicular or inclined to the other plane. These planes are represented by their traces.

Q31 What are section or hatching lines?

A:- The lines used to represent the material which has been cut by the cutting plane are called section
lines. They are also called hatchings or crosshatchings. These are equally spaced lines inclined at
45º to the horizontal.

Q32 What do you mean by sections of solids?

A:- The solids which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional details of the
invisible features are known as section of solids.

Q33 What is apparent section?

A:- The projection of the section on the plane to which it is inclined is called as apparent section.

Q34 What is true section?

A:- The projection of the section on a plane parallel to the plane will show the true shape of the
section.

Q35 How will you classify sections of solids?

Or
What are the different positions of a section plane w.r.t. two reference lines?
Or
What are the types of sections of solids?
A:- 1) Section of solids obtained by horizontal planes. (Parallel to HP perpendicular to VP).
2) Section of solids obtained by vertical planes. (Parallel to VP perpendicular to HP).
3) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary inclined planes (AIP) (Inclined to HP perpendicular to VP).
4) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary vertical planes.(AVP) (Inclined to VP perpendicular to HP).
5) Section of solids obtained by profile plane.

Q36 What do you understand by V.T. and H.T. of section plane?

A:- Horizontal trace (H.T) – H.T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the H.P.
Vertical trace (V.T.) – V.T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the V.P.

Q37 What do you mean by Frustum?

A:- When the section plane is parallel to the base plane of a cone or pyramid, it will form a frustum.

Q38 What do you mean by truncated Solid?

A:- When the section plane is inclined to the base plane of a solid, it will form a truncated.

Q39 What do you mean by development of surfaces?

A:- A layout of the complete surface of a three dimensional object on a plane surface is called its
development or pattern.

Q40 What is stretch out or girth line?

A:- The stretch out or girth line is the length of the pattern or development and is given by the
perimeter of the object measured in a plane at right angles to the axis. This term is used in patterns
of objects having a constant cross section for their full length. e.g. prisms and cylinders.

Q41 What is the principle of development?

A:- The development is based on the principle which indicates that every line on the development
must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object for which
development is required.

Q42 What are the different methods of development of surfaces?

A:- 1) Parallel line development
2) Radial line development
3) Triangulation development
4) Approximate method

Q43 Why the true lengths of slant edges are determined?

A:- The true length of slant edges are determined because every line on the development must show
the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object to be developed.

Q44 What are the applications of development of surfaces?

A:- It is used in the fabrication of simple to highly complicated shapes from flat surfaces in sheet
metal shops, in the construction of boilers, pattern making, tunnels, buckets, chimney etc.

Q45 What is a point?

A:- A point is that which has simply position but no magnitude. It is generally represented by a very
small circle or dot.

Q46 What do you mean by octants?

A:- When the three planes i.e. H.P., V.P. and P.P. divide the entire space into eight quadrants, then
these quadrants are known as octants.

Q47 What is the difference between first angle and third angle projection? Which angle projection is
recommended by B.I.S. now a days?
Or
What are the types of orthographic projections?
A:- First angle projection:-In this projection the object is assumed to be situated in first quadrant, i.e.
in front of V.P and above HP the projections obtained on these planes is called first angle
projection. The symbol for the first angle projection is in Figure below.
Third angle projection: - In this Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant that
is below HP and behind VP .The front view comes below the XY line and the top view above it.
The symbol for the third angle projection is in Figure below.

Now a day we are working with first angle projection because it is recommended by the B.I.S and it is
adopted by almost all the countries of the world since 1983.

Q48 Why the projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants?
A:- The projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the overlapping
of front and top views will take place and It will become very difficult to understand both the
views.

Q49 When the auxiliary planes are used?

A:- The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface. The projection
drawn on the auxiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true shape of the
inclined surface.

Q50 What are the types of auxiliary planes?

A:- The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane. Auxiliary planes
are of two types.
1) Auxiliary vertical plane (A.V.P.):-It is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP.
Projection on an AVP is called auxiliary front view.
2) Auxiliary inclined plane (A.I.P.):-It is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP.
Projection on AIP is called auxiliary top view.

Q51 Define a straight line.

A:- A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between the two points.

Q52 What is true length of a line?

A:- When a straight line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, its projections on the plane to
which it is parallel will show its true length.

Q53 What do you mean by projections of a straight line?

A:- To draw the front view, top view and side view of a straight line is called projection of a straight
line.

Q54 What is inclination of a straight line?

A:- It is defined as the angle which the line makes with the plane. As such a line has two inclinations
i.e. inclination with the HP is represented by an angle Ɵº and inclination of a line with VP is
represented by an angle ɸº.

Q55 What are the apparent angles of inclinations?

A:- The angle made by the front view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle
of inclination α0. The angle made by the top view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called
apparent angle of inclination β0.

Q56 Name the methods to determine the true length and true inclinations of a straight line.
A:- The following methods are used when the line is inclined to both the reference planes.
1) Rotation method
2) Auxiliary plane method
3) Trapezoid method.

Q57 What is the trace of a straight line?

A:- When a straight line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, produced if necessary. The
point in which the line or line produced meets the plane is called its trace.
1) Horizontal trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the HP is called the horizontal trace.
2) Vertical trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the VP is called the vertical trace.

Q58 Define a plane.

A:- A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called a plane. A plane fig. has only
two dimensions i.e. length and breadth.
Q59 What is the difference between a plane and a lamina?
A:- Plane:-A plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions.
Lamina:-The plane which has limited boundry is also known as lamina.

Q60 What are the types of planes?

A:- There are two types of planes.
1) Perpendicular planes:-The planes which are perpendicular to one or both the reference i.e. VP
and HP are called perpendicular planes.
2) Oblique planes:-The planes which are inclined to both the reference planes i.e. VP and HP are
called oblique planes.

Q61 What is the trace of a plane?

A:- The lines in which the planes meet the reference planes i.e. HP and VP are called the traces of
the planes. There are two types of traces of planes.
1) Horizontal trace:-The intersection of a plane with the horizontal plane is called the horizontal
trace.
2) Vertical trace:-The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane is called the vertical trace.

Q62 What is a solid?

A:- An object having three dimensions i.e. length, breadth and height is called a solid. E.g. Prisms,
Pyramids, cone, cylinder etc.

Q63 What are different types of solids?

A:- Solids may be divided into two main groups.
1) Polyhedra or polyhedron: - A polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces,
which meet in straight lines called edges.
2) Solids of revolution: - The solids which are formed by the revolution of plane figures are
known as solids of revolution. e.g. Cylinders, cones, sphere etc.
Q64 What are right solids?
A:- A solid is said to be a right solid if its axis is perpendicular to its base or its end faces.

Q65 What are oblique solids?

A81:- If the axis of a solid is inclined at an angle other than 90º to its base or end faces, it is called as an
oblique solid.

Q66 What are regular solids?

A:- If all the edges of the base or the end faces of a solid are equal in length and form regular plane
figures, it is said to be a regular solid.

Q67 What is the difference between prism and pyramid?

A:- 1) Prism:- A prism is a polygon having two equal and similar end faces, called bases, parallel to
each other and joined by other side faces which are rectangles or parallelograms.
2) Pyramid: - A pyramid is a polyhedron, having a polygon as its base and a number of triangular
faces, equal to the number of sides of the base polygon, meeting at a common point called the
apex or vertex.

Q68 What are the various positions which a solid can take w.r.t. the reference planes?
A:- The following are the different positions which a solid can take w.r.t. the reference planes.
(i) The solid resting on base on H.P., with its axis perpendicular to H.P., and parallel to V.P.
 (ii) The solid resting on face on H.P., with its axis perpendicular to V.P., and parallel to H.P.
(iii) The solids resting on face on H.P., with its axis parallel to H.P. and V.P.
(iv) The solid with its axis inclined to one plane and parallel to the other.
(v) The solid with its axis inclined to both the reference planes i.e., H.P. and V.P.

Q69 What is an isometric view?

A:- If the projection of an object is so drawn that all the three axis of the object are equally inclined
to the plane of projection then it is called an isometric view.

Q70 What is an isometric scale?

A:- The proportion by which the actual length is converted to isometric length is called as isometric
scale. Isometeric Length is equal to 0.8165 times actual length.

Q71 What are isometric axis?

A:- The three lines OA, OB and OC meeting at a point and making 120º angles with each other are
termed as isometric axis.

Q72 What are isometric and non isometric lines?

A88:- The lines which are parallel to isometric axis are called as isometric lines. The lines which are
not parallel to isometric axis are called non isometric lines.

Q73 What are iso-metric planes?

A:- The planes representing the faces of an isometric view of the cube as well as the other planes
parallel to these planes are called isometric planes.
Different types of Commonly Used prisms in Engineering drawing and Various Elements Associated with
Prisms

Different types of Commonly Used Pyramids in Engineering drawing and Various Elements Associated
with Pyramid

Various Elements Associated with Solids of Revolution