BASED ON

National Education Policy

Science
A Multi-Skill Course in Environmental Studies

Teacher Manual for

Class : 6 7 8
Written by : Dr. Sachin Bhola
 Contents...
CLASS – 6 5. Conversation of Plants and Animals 66
1. The Wonderful World of Science 4 6. Reproduction in Animals 68
2. Diversity in the Living World 6 7. Reaching the Age of Adolescence 70
3. Mindful Eating: A Path to a Healthy Body 8 8. Force and Pressure 72
4. Exploring Magnets 10 9. Friction 74
5. Measurement of Length and Motion 11 10. Sound 76
6. Materials Around Us 13 11. Chemical Effects of Electric Current 79
7. Temperature and Its Measurement 14 12. Some Natural Phenomena 81
8. A Journey Through States of Water 16 13. Light 83
9. Methods of Separation in Everyday Life 18
10. Living Creatures: Exploring Their
Characteristics 19
11. Nature’s Treasures 21
12. Beyond Earth 22
CLASS – 7
1. Nutrition in Plants 26
2. Nutrition in Animals 28
3. Heat 30
4. Acids, Bases and Salts 33
5. Physical and Chemical Changes 35
6. Respiration in Organisms 37
7. Transportation in Animals and Plants 40
8. Reproduction in Plants 42
9. Motion and Time 44
10. Electric Current and Its Effects 46
11. Light 48
12. Forests: Our Lifeline 50
13. Was Story 53
CLASS – 8
1. Principles of Crop Growth and Farming 57
2. Microorganisms: Friend and Foe 59
3. Coal and Petroleum 61
4. Combustion and Flame 63
Class :
6
 The Wonderful
1 World of Science
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (ii), (b) (iii) , (c) (iii) Physics, (d) (ii),
(e) (iii), (f) (iii), (g) (ii), (h) (iii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) question (b) Curiosity (c) Astronomy
(d) experiment (e) problems
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Two branches of science are biology and physics.
(b) A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon
based on prior knowledge.
(c) Curiosity drives people to ask questions and seek knowledge,
that is the foundation of science.
(d) In science, data refers to information collected through
observations and experiments.
(e) Science has improved our daily life by providing technology,
medicine, and modern conveniences.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Steps of the scientific method include asking questions,
conducting research, forming a hypothesis, performing
experiments, recording observations, analyzing data, drawing
conclusions, and sharing results.
(b) Science helps us understand the world by explaining
phenomena such as gravity, weather, ecosystems and
technology.
(c) Cooking involves science through chemical changes like
caramelization and boiling and also helps understand energy
transfer.
Science-6 4
 (d) An observation in science involves gathering data through the
senses, while a conclusion interprets this data to explain
findings.
6. Giving Reasons
(a) Recording observations ensures accuracy and helps scientists
analyze results. It provides a clear record of the experiment,
highlights patterns, and identifies any anomalies, ensuring
reliable conclusions. Without recorded data, verifying or
replicating findings would be challenging, hindering scientific
progress.
(b) Scientists work in teams to share ideas, divide tasks and pool
expertise. Collaboration fosters innovation, reduces errors,
and allows for diverse perspectives. Teamwork ensures
complex experiments are completed efficiently and results
are reviewed critically, improving overall scientific outcomes.
(c) Repeating experiments ensures consistency and reliability in
results. It reduces errors and confirms findings by eliminating
random variations. Repeated trials help validate hypotheses,
ensuring that conclusions are accurate and applicable across
different conditions.
(d) The scientific method provides a structured approach to
analyze and solve problems logically. By encouraging
observation, experimentation and reasoning, it helps address
challenges effectively. Its step-by-step process ensures
reliable solutions and promotes critical thinking.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) The scientific method can help determine the best study
techniques by testing different methods, like summarizing
notes, taking quizzes, or group discussions and analyzing their
effects on memory retention.
(b) To study climate change, a scientist might ask, “How do CO2
levels impact global temperatures?” and collect data on
greenhouse gas concentrations, temperature trends, and ice
melting rates.
(c) Space exploration discoveries, like GPS satellites or water
recycling methods, have practical applications on the Earth,

Science-6 5
 improving communication, navigation, and resource
sustainability.
(d) To design a safe playground, one could use the scientific
method to test materials for durability, analyze accident data,
and gather feedback from children for fun designs.

2 Diversity in The Living World

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (i),
(e) (iii), (f) (iii), (g) (iii), (h) (iii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Biodiversity (b) dicots (c) omnivores
(d) photosynthesis (e) habitat
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Reticulate venation forms a web-like pattern, while parallel
venation has veins running parallel.
(b) Herbs are small plants with tender stems, while trees are
large with woody stems and long lifespans.
(c) A kangaroo hops, and a snake crawls.
(d) Cotyledons are seed leaves that provide nutrition to the
embryo of a plant.
(e) The Bengal tiger is an endangered species in India.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation and
fibrous roots, while dicots have two cotyledons, reticulate
venation and taproots.

Science-6 6
 (b) Animals are grouped based on their eating habits as
herbivores (plant-eaters), carnivores (meat-eaters), and
omnivores (eat both).
(c) Amphibians are animals that live both on land and in water,
have moist skin, and lay eggs in water.
(d) Sacred groves conserve biodiversity by providing undisturbed
habitats for many species and preserving traditional
ecological knowledge.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Plants in hot climates have small, waxy leaves to minimize
water loss through transpiration. The waxy coating reduces
evaporation, conserving moisture. These adaptations help
plants to survive in arid environments.
(b) Fish have gills to extract dissolved oxygen from water. Gills
efficiently absorb oxygen while expelling carbon dioxide,
making them ideal for aquatic life where breathing air directly
isn't feasible.
(c) Endangered species maintain ecological balance and
biodiversity. Their loss disrupts ecosystems, affecting food
chains and natural habitats. Protecting them ensures the
survival of unique organisms and the health of ecosystems.
(d) Plants in shady areas have larger leaves to capture maximum
sunlight for photosynthesis. This adaptation compensates for
low light, allowing plants to produce sufficient energy and
grow efficiently.
7 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) The extinction of bees would reduce pollination, leading to a
decline in plant diversity and affecting entire ecosystems.
(b) A polar bear has thick fur and fat for cold, while a camel has
humps and wide feet for deserts. These adaptations suit their
respective habitats.
(c) A plant surviving extreme climates might have waxy leaves,
deep roots, and the ability to store water to withstand
temperature variations.
(d) Introducing non-native species can disrupt ecosystems by
outcompeting local species, altering food webs and causing
extinctions.
Science-6 7
11. Match the following:
A. Match the plant group with its characteristic:
(i) (b), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (d)
B. Match the animal adaptation with its function:
(i) (b), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (d)

Mindful Eating:
3 A Path to a Healthy Body
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iv), (b) (i) , (c) (iii), (d) (iii), (e) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Water (b) Anaemia (c) Pulses (d) aware (e) Packaged
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) F (c) F (d) F (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Two sources of Vitamin C are citrus fruits like oranges and
lemons.
(b) Dietary fiber helps in free bowel movement and prevents
constipation.
(c) Nutrients are substances if food that provide energy, help in
growth and repair body tissues.
(d) Millets are rich in nutrients, easy to grow in less water and are
good for health.
(e) A traditional food from North India is dal makhani and from
South India, it is idli.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) The journey of food involves farming, harvesting, processing,
packaging, transporting and finally reaching our plate. This
process ensures food availability but impacts the
environment.
(b) Cooking practices have shifted from traditional methods like
using a Chulha to modern appliances like microwaves, making
food preparation faster but sometimes less authentic.
Science-6 8
 (c) A balanced diet includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, minerals, and water. It ensures the body gets all
essential nutrients for proper functioning.
(d) Mindful eating encourages us to eat slowly, appreciate flavors
and avoid overeating, leading to better digestion and health.
6 Giving Reasons:
(a) A variety of foods ensures balanced nutrient intake. Different
foods provide unique vitamins, minerals, proteins and energy
needed for health. Eating a mix prevents deficiencies,
supports growth and boosts immunity, promoting overall
well-being.
(b) Water regulates our body temperature, aids digestion and
facilitates nutrient absorption. It prevents dehydration,
flushes out toxins and keeps organs functioning properly.
Without adequate water, bodily processes slow down,
leading to fatigue and poor health.
(c) Junk food is high in unhealthy fats, sugar and salt, causing
obesity, heart disease and diabetes. It lacks essential
nutrients, leading to deficiencies. Overconsumption harms
long-term health and impacts overall well-being.
(d) Seasonal and local produce is fresher, more nutritious and
environmentally friendly. It reduces transportation costs and
supports local farmers. Eating seasonal foods aligns with
natural availability, ensuring better taste and health benefits.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Increased packaged food consumption might reduce
traditional cooking skills and local food culture, leading to a
loss of unique culinary heritage.
(b) A diet high in junk food can cause obesity, diabetes and heart
issues, straining healthcare systems and reducing overall
productivity.
(c) Locally sourced ingredients are fresher and environmentally
friendly, while transported foods contribute to higher carbon
footprints and may lose some nutrients.
(d) Future eating habits may involve personalized diets based on
technology, such as DNA-based nutrition or lab-grown foods
for sustainability.
Science-6 9
 4 Exploring Magnets
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (ii) , (d) (iii),
(e) (ii), (f) (ii), (g) (ii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) magnet (b) non-magnetic (c) axis
3. Write ‘T’ for True or ‘F’ for False Statements
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Magnetite and lodestone are two natural magnets known for
their attractive and directive properties.
(b) The SI unit of magnetic field strength is Tesla (T), named after
physicist Nikola Tesla.
(c) The Chinese are credited with inventing the first
electromagnetic compass for navigation.
(d) The north pole of a magnet is also called the north-seeking
pole due to its alignment with Earth's north.
(e) Artificial magnets can be made by the single touch method or
using electric current through coils.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Temporary magnets lose magnetism once the external
magnetic force is removed, while permanent magnets retain
it due to their aligned magnetic domains. Temporary magnets
are weaker and used for specific purposes, whereas
permanent magnets are stronger and retain their magnetic
properties for a long time.
(b) To determine the poles of an unmarked bar magnet, suspend
it freely. The end pointing north is the north pole, while the
opposite end is the south pole. Alternatively, use a marked
magnet to test attraction or repulsion, as like poles repel and
opposite poles attract.
Science-6 10
 (c) Magnetic induction occurs when a magnetic material like iron
is placed near a magnet. The magnetic domains within the
material align due to the magnet's influence, temporarily
turning the material into a magnet. This principle is used in
electromagnets and magnetic storage devices.
(d) Magnets always have two poles because breaking a magnet
realigns the magnetic domains, creating new north and south
poles in each fragment. This is due to the nature of magnetic
fields, that always form closed loops, preventing the
existence of a single isolated pole.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Opposite poles touching with keepers prevent magnetic field
loss and maintain magnet strength.
(b) Freely suspended magnets align in the north-south direction
due to Earth's magnetic field.
(c) Plastic handles on tools prevent conduction and ensure safety
during electrical tasks.
(d) Breaking a magnet doesn't separate poles as magnetic
domains realign, creating new poles.
11. Match the Columns
(a) (i) (b), (b) (ii) (c), (c) (iii) (a), (d) (iv) (d)

Measurement of
5 Length and Motion
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (iii), (c) (iii), (d) (i),
(e) (ii), (f) (ii), (g) (iii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Metre (b) 1,000 (c) oscillatory (d) thread (e) pace
3. Write ‘T’ for True or ‘F’ for False Statements
(a) F (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) T

Science-6 11
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Standard units ensure accurate and consistent measurements
worldwide.
(b) Ancient methods included cubit (forearm length) and
handspan (distance between stretched thumb and little
finger).
(c) Linear motion occurs in a straight line, as seen in a car moving
on a straight road.
(d) One centimetre contains 10 millimetres.
(e) Back-and-forth motion, such as a pendulum swinging, is called
oscillatory motion.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Linear motion is straight-line movement, e.g., a moving train
while circular motion involves rotation around a fixed point,
e.g., a fan.
(b) Place the ruler parallel to the object, align the zero mark, and
ensure your eye is directly above the reading for accuracy.
(c) A reference point is essential for determining an object's
position relative to another point.
(d) Use a thread to trace the curve, then measure the
straightened thread with a ruler for the length.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Ancient units like handspan, cubit, and pace were based on
human body measurements, varying by individual. To
overcome inaccuracies, standard units like the metre were
introduced, forming the International System of Units (SI).
(b) Linear motion describes straight-line movement, while
circular motion involves rotation around a central point.
Examples include a moving car for linear motion and a ceiling
fan for circular motion. Both types of motions are distinct yet
essential for understanding different types of movement.
(c) To measure curved lines, wrap a flexible thread along the
curve, mark its length, and then use a ruler to measure the
thread. This technique helps accurately measure shapes
unsuitable for rigid rulers.
Science-6 12
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS):
(a) Use body parts like steps, handspan, or sticks for approximate
length measurement when stranded.
(b) Ancient body-based measurements were inconsistent across
individuals, but standardized units ensure uniformity globally.
11. Match the Columns
(i) (b), (ii) (d), (iii) (a), (iv) (c)

6 Materials Around Us
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions
(a) (iii), (b) (iii) , (c) (ii), (d) (iii),
(e) (iii), (f) (iii), (g) (ii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks
(a) transparent (b) diffusion (c) float
(d) combustibility (e) density
3. Write ‘T’ for True or ‘F’ for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Texture refers to how a material feels when touched, such as
rough, smooth, or soft.
(b) Soluble Substances: Sugar and salt; Insoluble Substances:
sand and oil.
(c) Transparent materials allow light to pass through them
completely; opaque materials do not.
(d) Hard materials resist scratching, while soft materials can
easily be deformed.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Materials can be classified by texture (rough/smooth),
transparency (opaque/translucent), and solubility
(soluble/insoluble).

Science-6 13
 (b) Transparent materials allow clear visibility, while translucent
ones permit partial visibility and opaque materials block all
light.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Materials for windows, like glass are chosen for their
transparency, enabling light to pass through while
maintaining durability. Opaque materials, like wood, are
unsuitable as they block visibility and light.
(b) Wood floats due to its low density compared to water, while
pebbles sink as their density is higher.
(c) Materials like metals are used for cookware due to their
excellent heat conductivity and durability, making them ideal
for cooking. Non-conductive materials like wood are
unsuitable for this purpose.
(d) Paper burns easily because it is combustible, while glass is not
due to its inorganic composition and high melting point,
making it resistant to fire.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Understanding material properties aids in recycling by
separating biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste,
promoting sustainable practices.
(a) A hypothetical material for earthquake- and fire-prone areas
should be lightweight, durable, flexible, and fire-resistant.
11. Match the Columns
(i) (c), (ii) Iron (d), (iii) (a), (iv) (b)

Temperature and
7 Its Measurement
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (ii), (b) (i), (c) (ii), (d) (iii),
(e) (iii), (f) (iv), (g) (ii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Kelvin (b) Clinical (c) 373.15
(d) Mercury (e) Heat transfer
Science-6 14
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) T (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) The freezing point of water on the Celsius scale is 0°C.
(b) The commonly used temperature scales are Celsius,
Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
(c) A digital thermometer is safer and easier to use as it
eliminates the risk of mercury exposure.
(d) Normal room temperature is generally between 20°C to 25°C.
(e) The kink in a clinical thermometer prevents mercury from
falling back, ensuring accurate readings.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Heat is the energy transferred due to a difference in
temperature between two objects. Temperature is a measure
of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance,
indicating how hot or cold it is.
(b) Hold the thermometer vertically, ensuring the bulb is in the
substance but not touching the container's surface. Wait until
the liquid column stabilizes and then read the scale at eye
level for accurate results.
(c) Infrared thermometers detect the heat emitted by an object
and convert it into an electrical signal. This signal is processed
to display the temperature, making it ideal for contactless
measurement.
(d) Mercury thermometers are highly accurate and durable but
pose risks due to mercury's toxicity. If broken, they require
careful handling and proper disposal to prevent
environmental contamination.
6. Give Reasons:
(a) Kelvin is considered an absolute scale because its zero point,
oK, represents absolute zero-the temperature where
molecular motion ceases, and no thermal energy remains. It
starts from this fundamental limit, making it the most
scientifically accurate scale.
(b) Waiting allows the mercury to stabilize at the highest level
reached, reflecting the true body temperature. Reading too
Science-6 15
 early could result in inaccurate measurements as the mercury
column may still be adjusting.
(c) Shaking lowers the mercury column below the constriction
point so that the thermometer is ready for the next
measurement. This ensures accurate readings without
residual mercury skewing the temperature.
(d) Laboratory thermometers lack the constriction that holds
mercury in place, making it difficult to record body
temperature. Additionally, they have a broader range and are
not calibrated for the narrow human body temperature range
(35°C-42°C).
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Use natural indicators like body heat, behavior, or water
evaporation speed for temperature estimation.
(b) Climate change alters local conditions, making historical
temperature benchmarks unreliable.
11. Match the Columns:
(a) (i), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (iv), (e) (v)

A Journey
8 through States of Water
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iv), (b) (ii), (c) (ii), (d) (iii),
(e) (i), (f) (iv), (g) (ii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) freezing (b) gaseous (c) quantity
(d) condenses (e) 100
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) F (c) T (d) F (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Water exists in three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas
(water vapor).

Science-6 16
 (b) The process where ice changes directly into water vapour is
called sublimation.
(c) Evaporation is the process where water changes from a liquid
to a gas due to heat.
(d) Rain falls from clouds when water droplets combine and
become heavy enough to fall to the ground.
(e) An earthen pot keeps water cool through evaporation, as the
water seeps out and absorbs heat during evaporation.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Condensation occurs when water vapor cools down and
changes back into liquid droplets. For example, water
droplets form on a cold glass of water on a hot day, because
warm air around the glass cools, causing water vapor to
condense.
(b) Higher temperature increases evaporation as particles gain
more energy to escape into the air. Conversely, lower
temperature slows evaporation since particles lack the energy
to overcome intermolecular forces.
(c) The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation,
precipitation and collection. Water evaporates from oceans,
forms clouds through condensation, falls as rain during
precipitation and returns to water bodies, maintaining a
natural balance.
(d) A pot-in-pot cooler uses evaporation for cooling. The inner
pot is surrounded by moist sand in an outer pot. As water
from the sand evaporates, it absorbs heat, cooling the
contents of the inner pot.
6. Give Reasons:
(a) Water in an open container evaporates into the air due to the
process of evaporation. Molecules on the surface gain
enough energy from heat to escape into the atmosphere as
water vapor, leaving less liquid in the container.
(b) After swimming, water on our skin evaporates, absorbing
heat from our body. This heat loss cools our skin, making us
feel refreshed. The faster evaporation occurs in hot weather,
enhancing the cooling effect.
Science-6 17
 (c) Clouds appear white because water droplets and ice scatter
sunlight in all directions. The combined scattering of all
colours in sunlight creates a white appearance, even though
clouds consist of water.
(d) On a hot day, warm air near a cold glass cools down. The
water vapor in this air condenses into tiny droplets, forming
moisture on the glass surface. This is due to condensation, a
process driven by temperature differences.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) The environment would dry out, plant growth would stop,
and water sources would deplete.
(b) Increased surface area exposes more molecules to air,
enhancing evaporation.

Methods of
9 Separation in Everyday Life
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (ii), (b) (ii), (c) (ii), (d) (ii),
(e) (ii), (f) (iii), (g) (ii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) sieving (b) Crystallization (c) sublimation
(d) top (e) distillation
3. Write ‘T’ for True or ‘F’ for True False Statements:
(a) T (b) T (c) F (d) F (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Questions:
(a) The principle is that magnets attract magnetic materials,
separating them from non-magnetic ones.
(b) Sublimation is the transition of a solid directly into a gas
without passing through the liquid phase.
(c) Sieving separates particles of different sizes, while filtration
separates solid particles from liquids.
(d) Decantation removes the liquid at the top, while filtration
uses a filter to separate solids from liquids.

Science-6 18
 (e) Condensation converts water vapor into liquid during the
distillation process.
5. Short Answer Questions:
(a) Crystallization involves evaporating a solution to form pure
crystals, like extracting salt from seawater. It is used for
purifying substances by removing impurities or isolating
components.
(b) Dissolve the salt in water, filter the sand and evaporate the
water to separate the mixture of salt and sand. This process
ensures that both components are recovered.
(c) Centrifugation separates denser particles from a liquid by
spinning mixtures rapidly. For example, it is used to separate
cream from milk, where the denser cream collects at the
bottom.
(d) Distillation separates liquid mixtures by heating, vaporizing,
and condensing based on boiling points. It's commonly used
for separating alcohol from water or purifying water.
6. Give Reasons:
(a) Handpicking is tedious and impractical for large mixtures.
(b) Wind helps in blowing away the lighter husk in winnowing.
(c) Camphor sublimates, separating it from non-sublimating salt.
(d) Bran is too fine to be separated from flour using sieves.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Add water to dissolve salt, remove sand by filtration, and use
a magnet to collect iron filings.
(b) Evaporation is used for simple solutions, while distillation is
preferred for separating liquid mixtures with different boiling
points.

Living Creatures:
10 Exploring Their Characteristics
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (ii), (e) (ii)
Science-6 19
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) responsiveness (b) reproduction (c) water
(d) larva (e) cotyledons
3. Write ‘T’ for True or ‘F’ for False Statements:
(a) T (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Questions:
(a) Growth and reproduction distinguish living from non-living
things.
(b) Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.
(c) Germination is the process where a seed grows into a baby
plant.
(d) Spawn refers to the eggs of aquatic animals like frogs.
(e) Egg, larva, pupa, and adult mosquito.
5. Short Answer Questions:
(a) Plants show phototropism by bending towards light and
thigmonasty by closing their leaves when touched. These
responses demonstrate how plants react to environmental
stimuli for survival.
(b) Seed germination begins with water absorption, leading to
the growth of a root, followed by the shoot. This process
ensures the seed grows into a healthy plant under suitable
conditions.
(c) Frogs undergo metamorphosis (egg, tadpole, froglet, adult),
while mosquitoes follow a complete life cycle (egg, larva,
pupa, adult). Frogs live in semi-aquatic environments;
mosquitoes primarily breed in water.
(d) Photosynthesis requires sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water
to produce glucose and oxygen. This essential process
enables plants to create food and release oxygen for other
living beings.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Living things show growth, reproduction and responsiveness,
unlike non-living things.
(b) Plants exhibit life processes like growth, reproduction and
movement.
Science-6 20
 (c) Seeds may germinate in darkness if other conditions like
moisture are met.
(d) Tadpoles grow into adult frogs, completing the frog's life
cycle.
HOTS:
(a) In darkness, plants will etiolate, growing weak and pale.
(b) Climate change affects breeding patterns and habitats,
altering life cycles.

11 Nature’s Treasures
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iii),
(d) (ii), (e) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Photosynthesis (b) Gas (c) Diamond
(d) Weathering (e) Fossil
3. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) F (d) F (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Questions:
(a) Coal and petroleum are non-renewable resources.
(b) Methane is the main component of natural gas.
(c) Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.
(d) The process of water vapour forming clouds is called
condensation.
(e) Turning off taps is one way to conserve water.
5. Short Answer Questions:
(a) Renewable resources replenish quickly, like sunlight and
water, while non-renewable resources like coal and
petroleum take millions of years to form. Renewable
resources are sustainable, but non-renewables are finite.
Science-6 21
 (b) Deforestation disrupts the water cycle by reducing
transpiration and rainfall. It increases soil erosion and
decreases groundwater replenishment, significantly
impacting agriculture and water availability.
(c) Rainwater harvesting involves collecting rain from rooftops
into tanks or using check dams. It conserves water, prevents
waterlogging and ensures a sustainable supply for agriculture
or household use.
(d) Soil layers include topsoil (rich in organic matter for
agriculture), subsoil (minerals and nutrients), and bedrock
(solid rock that supports the layers). These layers serve
different purposes for plant growth and infrastructure.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Fossil fuels are limited and their overuse causes pollution.
(b) Forests absorb carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen, aiding in
maintaining atmospheric balance.
(c) Topsoil is nutrient-rich and essential for plant growth.
(d) Plastic bags harm the environment by contributing to
pollution and waste.
HOTS
(a) Climate change reduces water availability and disrupts
ecosystems.
(b) Without fossil fuels, energy needs must shift to renewables
like solar and wind.

12 Beyond Earth

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (ii), (b) (iii), (c) (iv), (d) (iii), (e) (ii)

Science-6 22
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Sun (b) Moon (c) constellation
(d) Milky Way (e) Asteroids
3. Write ‘T’ for True or ‘F’ for False Statements:
(a) True (b) False (c) True (d) True (e) False
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.
(b) A group of stars is called a constellation.
(c) Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system.
(d) The study of celestial objects is called astronomy.
(e) Orion is one of the constellations visible in the night sky.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) A constellation is a group of stars forming a recognizable
pattern in the night sky. Examples include Orion, that
resembles a hunter and Ursa Major, often called the Great
Bear.
(b) A star generates its own light and heat through nuclear
fusion, whereas a planet reflects the light of its star and does
not produce light or heat.
(c) Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 because it
does not clear its orbit of debris, a criterion defined for
planets by the International Astronomical Union.
(d) The Chandrayaan mission aims to study the Moon's surface
and explore the possibility of water and other resources. It
also seeks to analyze lunar soil and rocks for scientific
research.
6. Give Reasons
(a) The Moon appears to change shape because of its phases,
that result from its position relative to the Earth and Sun,
altering the portion of the illuminated side visible from the
Earth.
(b) We always see the same side of the Moon because it rotates
on its axis at the same rate that it orbits the Earth, a
phenomenon known as synchronous rotation.
Science-6 23
 (c) Stars appear to move across the night sky because of Earth's
rotation on its axis. As the Earth spins, our perspective of the
sky changes, creating the illusion of star movement.
(d) The Sun is crucial for life on the Earth as it provides the heat
and light needed for photosynthesis, supports the water
cycle, and maintains the planet's climate and ecosystem.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) If I were to design a space mission, I would explore Europa,
Jupiter's moon, as it is believed to have a subsurface ocean
that could potentially harbor life. Its icy surface and water
content make it an intriguing target for astrobiology and the
search for extra-terrestrial life.

Science-6 24
Class :
7
 1 Nutrition in Plants
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iv) , (b) (ii), (c) (ii), (d) (iii),
(e) (iii) , (f) (iii), (g) (iv), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Chlorophyll (b) Stomata (c) Heterotrophs
(d) Xylem (e) Lichen
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Autotrophic nutrition involves making food, while
heterotrophic nutrition relies on consuming other organisms
for food.
(b) Glucose and oxygen are the main products of photosynthesis.
(c) Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and converts it into chemical
energy required for photosynthesis.
(d) Venus flytrap is an example of an insectivorous plant.
(e) Heterotrophic nutrition includes saprotrophic and parasitic
modes.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Photosynthesis is the process where green plants use
sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and
oxygen. Chlorophyll in leaves captures sunlight, enabling
plants to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose, that
serves as food. Oxygen, a by-product, is released into the
atmosphere, making this process vital for plant survival and
life on the Earth.
(b) Stomata are tiny pores on leaves that regulate gas exchange.
They allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf for
photosynthesis and release oxygen as a by-product.
Science-7 26
 Water vapor also exits through stomata during transpiration.
Guard cells surrounding the stomata control their opening
and closing, ensuring the plant optimizes photosynthesis
while conserving water.
(c) Parasitic plants like Cuscuta attach to host plants using
structures called haustoria. These specialized roots penetrate
the host's tissues, drawing nutrients and water. Total
parasites rely entirely on the host for survival, while partial
parasites can photosynthesize but still depend on the host for
additional resources like water and minerals.
(d) The primary factors affecting photosynthesis include light
intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, water availability,
and temperature. Adequate sunlight and sufficient carbon
dioxide are essential for optimal photosynthesis. Water is a
raw material absorbed by roots, and the process is
temperature-sensitive, functioning best between 20°C and
35°C. Deviations from these conditions reduce efficiency.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Sunlight provides the energy required to drive the chemical
reactions of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy,
that enables plants to convert carbon dioxide and water into
glucose and oxygen. Without sunlight, this energy conversion
process cannot occur, making sunlight an essential
component for plant growth and survival.
(b) Insectivorous plants, like Venus flytrap, grow in nutrient-poor
soils, often deficient in nitrogen. To meet their nutritional
requirements, they trap and digest insects, extracting vital
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. This adaptation
helps them to survive in harsh environments where
conventional nutrient uptake from the soil is insufficient.
(c) Leaves appear green because of the chlorophyll present in
their cells. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of
sunlight but reflects green light, giving leaves their
characteristic colour. This pigment is crucial for
photosynthesis as it captures light energy, enabling plants to
produce food and oxygen.

Science-7 27
 (d) Saprophytes thrive in warm and moist conditions as these
environments accelerate the decomposition of organic
matter. Warmth promotes microbial activity, while moisture
helps break down complex organic compounds. This process
releases nutrients that saprophytes absorb for their growth,
making such conditions ideal for their survival.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Loss of photosynthesis would disrupt food chains, leading to
ecological collapse as plants are the primary energy source.
(b) Climate change could reduce photosynthesis by affecting
temperature, water availability and carbon dioxide levels.
(c) Carnivorous plants evolved to trap insects to compensate for
nutrient-poor soil conditions.
(d) Plants in dry areas have fewer stomata to reduce water loss,
while those in moist areas have more for gas exchange.

2 Nutrition in Animals
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (iii), (c) (iii), (d) (iii),
(e) (ii), (f) (ii), (g) (iii), (h) (i)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) tongue (b) Saprophytes (c) small intestine
(d) villi (e) specialized
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) T (b) F (c) T (d) F (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Bile helps to digest fats by emulsifying them, breaking large
fat molecules into smaller droplets for easier enzyme action.
(b) Humans have incisors (cutting), canines (tearing), premolars
(crushing), and molars (grinding food).

Science-7 28
 (c) Amoeba uses pseudopodia to surround food particles,
forming a food vacuole where digestion occurs.
(d) Villi increase surface area for absorption and transport
nutrients into the bloodstream via capillaries.
(e) Rumination is the process where ruminants regurgitate and
rechew partially digested food (cud) to aid digestion.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the
upper abdomen. Its lining secretes mucus, hydrochloric acid,
and pepsin for digestion. It churns food into chyme, starts
protein digestion and passes partially digested food to the
small intestine.
(b) Amoeba engulfs food with pseudopodia, forming a food
vacuole. Digestive enzymes break down the food into simpler
substances, absorbed for energy. Undigested particles are
expelled through a temporary opening.
(c) Humans have a single-chambered stomach and enzymes
digest food. Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach to
digest cellulose, regurgitate cud and rely on microbial
fermentation.
(d) Saliva moistens food, contains amylase to begin starch
digestion and lubricates food for easier swallowing.
6. Give Reasons:
(a) Herbivores have longer intestines to allow more time and
space to digest fibrous plant material, breaking down
cellulose effectively. This adaptation ensures complete
nutrient absorption, unlike carnivores, whose shorter
intestines handle easily digestible animal proteins and fats.
(b) Chewing breaks food into smaller pieces, increasing the
surface area for enzymes to act on. This aids digestion,
ensures better nutrient absorption and reduces the strain on
the digestive system for further breakdown of food.
(c) Ruminants regurgitate cud to break down cellulose-rich plant
material further. This thorough chewing ensures efficient
digestion in their multi-chambered stomach, enabling better
nutrient extraction from tough fibrous foods like grass and
leaves.
Science-7 29
 (d) The small intestine's villi increase the surface area for nutrient
absorption, enhancing the efficiency of transferring digested
food into the bloodstream. This adaptation ensures the body
receives essential nutrients for energy, growth, and repair.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Snakes swallow prey whole, relying on strong stomach acids
and slow digestion over extended periods. Humans chew
food and use enzymes in multiple organs for faster digestion,
reflecting differences in feeding behaviour and dietary needs.
(b) Without saliva, food moistening, initial starch digestion and
lubrication for swallowing would halt. This would cause
difficulties in eating, reduced digestion efficiency, poor
nutrient absorption and increased risk of oral infections and
health complications.
(c) Animals evolve digestive systems to match their habitat's
food availability. Herbivores have complex systems for plants;
carnivores have simpler, shorter tracts for meat. Lifestyle, diet
and environment shape these adaptations for survival and
energy efficiency.
(d) Both processes involve food breakdown, absorption and
assimilation. Amoeba uses pseudopodia for engulfing food
and digest within vacuoles, while humans rely on a complex
multi-organ system with mechanical and chemical digestion
for nutrient extraction.

3 Heat
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iv), (b) (iii), (c) (iii),
(d) (ii), (e) (ii), (f) (iii)
2. Fill in the Blanks
(a) radiation (b) Insulators (c) 37°C
(d) constriction (e) land

Science-7 30
3. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False Statements
(a) F (b) F (c) T (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Heat is the energy transferred between objects due to
temperature differences, while temperature measures the
degree of hotness or coldness.
(b) Silver, copper, and aluminum are excellent conductors of
heat.
(c) Wind blows due to differences in air pressure caused by
uneven heating of Earth's surface, leading to air movement.
(d) Mercury is used because it expands uniformly with
temperature, is visible, and does not stick to the glass.
(e) A clinical thermometer measures body temperature in a
limited range, while a laboratory thermometer measures a
broader temperature range for experiments.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Convection in liquids occurs when heated molecules at the
bottom rise as they become less dense, while cooler
molecules sink. This sets up convection currents, circulating
heat throughout the liquid. For instance, water heated in a
pan forms currents that distribute heat evenly, leading to
boiling.
(b) At night, land cools faster than the sea. Warm air over the sea
rises, creating low pressure, while cooler air from the land
flows towards the sea to replace it. This flow of air from land
to sea forms the land breeze, balancing temperatures.
(c) Wooden and plastic handles are poor conductors of heat.
They prevent burns when handling hot utensils. Their
insulating properties allow safe and comfortable grip, making
them ideal for cooking tools where heat transfer to the
handle is undesirable.
(4) A thermos flask prevents heat transfer using its vacuum layer
between walls. This design minimizes heat loss through
conduction and convection. Reflective surfaces inside reduce
radiation, keeping liquids hot or cold for extended periods.

Science-7 31
6. Give Reasons
(a) Light-coloured clothes reflect sunlight, reducing heat
absorption and keeping the body cool.
They are poor absorbers of radiant heat, making them
suitable for hot weather by helping maintain a comfortable
body temperature.
(b) Mercury is toxic and can evaporate, releasing harmful
vapours. Contact or inhalation may lead to mercury poisoning,
affecting the nervous system. Therefore, it's essential to
handle spills cautiously, avoiding direct touch.
(c) Fans enhance air circulation, speeding up sweat evaporation.
This evaporation absorbs heat from the skin, cooling the
body. Increased airflow also carries heat away from the skin,
making us feel cooler.
(d) Metals contain free electrons that transfer thermal energy
efficiently. These electrons move rapidly, passing energy
between atoms, allowing heat to flow quickly through the
material. This property makes metals ideal for cooking
utensils and heat exchangers.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) I'd seek shade to avoid radiation, wear light-coloured clothes
to reflect sunlight and use water-soaked materials for
evaporative cooling. Staying hydrated would counter heat
loss, while minimizing physical exertion during peak sun hours
would reduce overheating.
(b) Fix equal-sized rods of copper, aluminum, and glass to a heat
source. Coat each with wax at identical distances from the
heat. Observe wax melting rates. Faster melting indicates
better heat conduction, proving that different materials
conduct heat at varying efficiencies.
(c) Climate change may intensify temperature differences
between land and sea, altering convection patterns. Stronger
heating could enhance sea breezes during the day and disrupt
land breezes at night due to altered ocean temperatures and
air circulation patterns.
(d) Re-entry generates intense heat from friction with
atmospheric particles. Heat shields protect spacecraft by
Science-7 32
 absorbing and dissipating heat. Ablative materials vaporize
during re-entry, carrying heat away and shielding the
spacecraft from extreme temperatures.

4 Acids, Bases and Salts

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (iii), (f) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) sour (b) neutralization (c) Phenolphthalein
(d) slippery (e) 7
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Vinegar contains acetic acid, and lemon juice contains citric
acid. Both are common household acids used for cooking and
cleaning.
(b) The pH range of acidic solutions is 0 to 6. Substances with a
lower pH are more acidic.
(c) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), commonly used in soaps and drain
cleaners, is a strong base.
(d) Litmus paper turns blue in a basic solution.
(e) Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base to
form salt and water, often releasing heat.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a substance,
ranging from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, values below 7
indicate acidity, and values above 7 indicate alkalinity. It is a
logarithmic scale where each unit represents a tenfold
difference in hydrogen ion concentration. For example, lemon
juice (pH ~2) is more acidic than vinegar (pH ~3).
(b) The first method is using litmus paper. Blue litmus turns red in
acidic solutions, while red litmus turns blue in basic solutions.
Science-7 33
 The second method involves using natural indicators like
turmeric, which remains yellow in acids but turns reddish-
brown in bases. These simple tests help to identify the
chemical nature of substances.
(c) Indicators are substances that change colour to identify
whether a solution is acidic or basic. Natural indicators include
litmus (from lichens) and turmeric. Synthetic indicators
include phenolphthalein, that turns pink in bases, and methyl
orange, that turns red in acids and yellow in bases.
(d) Acid rain forms when pollutants like sulphur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxides react with water vapor in the atmosphere,
forming acidic compounds. It harms plants, aquatic life and
infrastructure by lowering soil and water pH, causing
corrosion and damaging buildings.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Indigestion occurs due to excess stomach acid. Baking soda is
a weak base that neutralizes this acid through a neutralization
reaction, forming water, salt and carbon dioxide gas. This
process reduces acidity and alleviates discomfort. Its fast-
acting nature makes it a common remedy for acid reflux and
heartburn.
(b) Acids and bases are corrosive and can harm for the skin. Acids
may cause burns, while bases, being slippery, can penetrate
skin tissues and cause damage. So, always use gloves to
handle them safely.
(c) Lime, containing calcium carbonate, neutralizes acidic soils,
improving fertility. It raises soil pH, enabling better nutrient
absorption by plants, enhancing crop yields, and promoting
healthy growth.
(d) Toothpaste neutralizes acids produced by bacteria in the
mouth that can cause tooth decay. Its basic nature helps to
maintain a balanced pH, protecting teeth and preventing
cavities.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
1. Neutralizing acid with a strong base generates heat,
potentially causing thermal burns. Instead, wash the affected
area with plenty of water to dilute the acid. Applying a mild
neutralizing agent, like baking soda, can be done after rinsing
to safely neutralize remaining acid.
Science-7 34
 (b) Prepare three pots with identical plants. Use acidic soil (pH
~5) in one, neutral soil (pH ~7) in another, and basic soil (pH
~9) in the third. Observe growth over weeks, recording
height, leaf health, and yield.
(c) Acidic rain would harm aquatic ecosystems, erode soil fertility
and damage crops. Infrastructure would corrode, historical
monuments would degrade and water sources would become
unfit for consumption, leading to widespread ecological and
economic consequences.
(d) Acids taste sour, turn blue litmus red and react with metals,
while bases taste bitter, feel slippery and turn red litmus blue.
Acids preserve food (vinegar) and bases clean (soap).
Neutralization aids in digestion and soil treatment.

Physical and
5 Chemical Changes
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (ii), (d) (ii),
(e) (iii) , (f) (i), (g) (iii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) evaporation (b) chemical (c) exothermic
(d) galvanisation (e) crystallisation
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) F (c) F (d) F (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Corrosion is the gradual deterioration of metals caused by
chemical reactions with environmental factors like moisture
and oxygen, leading to rusting in iron or tarnish on other
metals.
(b) Formation of a precipitate and evolution of gas are two key
indicators of a chemical change.
(c) Galvanisation coats iron with zinc to prevent rusting, while
alloying mixes metals (or non-metals) to create materials with
improved properties like durability and corrosion resistance.

Science-7 35
 (d) Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into
a gas without passing through the liquid state, such as dry ice
turning into carbon dioxide gas.
(e) A precipitate is an insoluble solid formed when two solutions
chemically react, often settling at the bottom of the
container.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Physical changes involve alterations in a substance's state,
shape, or size without forming a new substance, such as ice
melting into water. These changes are often reversible. In
contrast, chemical changes result in the formation of new
substances with different properties. For instance, burning
wood produces ash, heat, and gases, that are irreversible.
While physical changes do not alter a substance's chemical
composition, chemical changes involve molecular
transformations, such as rusting of iron, where iron reacts
with oxygen and moisture to form iron oxide.
(b) Rusting occurs when iron reacts with oxygen and moisture,
forming a reddish-brown substance called hydrated iron
oxide. This reaction requires both water and air. Saline or
acidic environments accelerate rusting, as salt increases
water's electrical conductivity, promoting the reaction.
Preventive measures include galvanisation, oiling, or painting
to shield iron from exposure.
(c) Exothermic reactions release heat into the surroundings, like
combustion of wood. Endothermic reactions absorb heat,
cooling the surroundings, as seen when ammonium chloride
dissolves in water. These reactions demonstrate energy flow.
(d) Crystallisation involves forming pure, solid crystals from a
solution through evaporation or cooling, as in copper
sulphate crystals.
Precipitation forms an insoluble solid immediately during a
chemical reaction, like mixing lime water with carbon dioxide
to produce calcium carbonate.

Science-7 36
6. Give Reasons
(a) Salt water accelerates rusting as it increases water's electrical
conductivity, enhancing the reaction between iron, oxygen,
and water. This process forms hydrated iron oxide (rust).
(b) Burning a candle is a chemical change as it produces new
substances: carbon dioxide, water vapor, and soot. The wax
melts (a physical change) but combusts to release energy.
(c) Galvanised iron sheets resist rust and corrosion due to their
protective zinc coating, ensuring durability and reducing
maintenance, especially in moist environments.
(d) Adding salt lowers the freezing point of water, causing the ice
to absorb more heat to melt. This additional energy
absorption reduces the water's temperature.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) If bubbles indicate the evolution of gas with a new substance
forming, it is a chemical change, like vinegar reacting with
baking soda. If it's simply boiling, it's a physical change.
(b) Distinguishing between changes aids in separating materials.
Physical changes like melting allow reusing metals, while
chemical changes, like rusting, require chemical treatment to
restore usability.
(c) Chemical reactions alter molecular structures, forming new
substances, making reversal challenging. Physical changes
don't alter composition, like melting ice into water, that is
reversible.
(d) Exothermic reactions in insulation materials reduce heating
costs, while endothermic materials cool interiors by absorbing
heat, improving energy efficiency and comfort.

6 Respiration in Organisms
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (iii), (c) (iii), (d) (ii),
(e) (ii) , (f) (iii), (g) (iii), (h) (iii)

Science-7 37
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) respiration (b) stomata (c) diaphragm (d) gills (e) nostrils
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) False (b) False (c) False (d) True (e) True
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Breathing is the physical process of inhaling oxygen and
exhaling carbon dioxide, while respiration is the chemical
process where cells break down food to release energy.
(b) The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are two primary
muscles involved in breathing.
(c) Earthworms breathe through their moist skin, that facilitates
the diffusion of oxygen into their blood and carbon dioxide
out.
(d) Haemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it
through the bloodstream to cells, then carries carbon dioxide
back to the lungs for exhalation.
(e) Anaerobic respiration is the process of breaking down food to
release energy in the absence of oxygen, producing by
products like lactic acid or alcohol.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Breathing in humans involves inhalation and exhalation.
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves
downward, while intercostal muscles expand the ribcage,
creating space for the lungs to draw in oxygen-rich air. In
exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and the ribcage contracts,
pushing carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs. This process
ensures a continuous exchange of gases essential for cellular
respiration.
(b) Leaves exchange gases through tiny pores called stomata.
During respiration, oxygen enters the leaf through the
stomata and diffuses into cells, where it breaks down glucose
to release energy. Carbon dioxide, a byproduct, exits through
the stomata.
(c) Fish breathe through gills, that extract oxygen from water.
Water enters through the mouth, flows over the gill filaments,

Science-7 38
 and exits through the gill slits. Oxygen diffuses into the
bloodstream, and carbon dioxide diffuses out into the water.
(d) Respiration provides energy for vital processes such as
movement, growth, repair and reproduction. It also maintains
the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the environment,
crucial for life.
6. Give Reasons
(a) During exercise, the body requires more energy, increasing
the demand for oxygen to fuel cellular respiration. To meet
this demand and remove excess carbon dioxide, the
breathing rate increases.
(b) Fish rely on gills to extract dissolved oxygen from water. Out
of water, gills collapse, reducing their surface area and
making oxygen exchange inefficient, leading to suffocation.
(c) Stomata are on the underside of leaves to minimize water
loss due to evaporation while allowing efficient gas exchange
for respiration and photosynthesis.
(d) Anaerobic respiration produces less energy as glucose is only
partially broken down, while aerobic respiration completely
oxidizes glucose, releasing more energy.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Animals in polluted environments may develop enhanced
filtration mechanisms, such as denser nasal hair or mucus
layers, to trap pollutants. Lung efficiency may improve to
extract oxygen even in low-quality air.
(b) Humans inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide via lungs,
while trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen
through stomata. Both systems facilitate gas exchange but
solve opposite needs.
(c) Photosynthesis could reduce oxygen dependence and allow
energy production from sunlight, potentially simplifying the
respiratory system and reducing food intake requirements.
(d) Rising temperatures and reduced oxygen levels could stress
aquatic organisms, while plants may face stomatal closure to
conserve water, altering the balance of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in ecosystems.

Science-7 39
 Transportation in
7 Animals and Plants
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iv), (b) (ii), (c) (iv), (d) (ii),
(e) (ii), (f) (iii), (g) (iv), (h) (iii)
2. Fill in the Blanks
(a) plasma (b) dialysis (c) phloem (d) auricles (e) kidney
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements
(a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) White blood cells protect the body by fighting infections,
attacking foreign invaders, and playing a key role in the
immune system.
(b) The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
(3) Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it
flows in one direction toward the heart.
(4) Dialysis is used to remove waste products, toxins and excess
fluid from the blood when the kidneys fail to function
properly.
(5) Plants transport water from roots to leaves through xylem
vessels, using processes like root pressure, capillary action,
and transpiration pull.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) The human heart is a muscular, fist-sized organ divided into
four chambers: two atria (upper chambers) and two
ventricles (lower chambers). The left atrium receives
oxygenated blood from the lungs, while the right atrium
collects deoxygenated blood from the body. The left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and the right ventricle
sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Valves between the
chambers prevent backflow of blood.
Science-7 40
 The septum separates the left and right sides of the heart. Its
rhythmic contractions maintain blood circulation, ensuring
efficient oxygen and nutrient delivery.
(b) In humans, oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the left
atrium and is pumped into the left ventricle. The left ventricle
sends it through the aorta to the body. After delivering
oxygen and collecting waste, deoxygenated blood returns to
the right atrium via veins. From the right atrium, blood moves
to the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs through the
pulmonary artery for oxygenation. This continuous loop
ensures oxygen delivery and waste removal.
(c) The human excretory system removes waste through organs
like kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Kidneys filter blood,
removing toxins and excess water to form urine. Ureters carry
urine to the bladder for storage. The bladder expels urine via
the urethra. Other organs like lungs and skin also excrete
waste, ensuring the body remains healthy.
(d) Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from plant leaves
through stomata. It creates a suction pull that helps transport
water and minerals from roots to leaves. Transpiration cools
plants and maintains turgor pressure, ensuring proper
physiological functions.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand the high
pressure of blood pumped from the heart. Their elasticity
allows them to expand and contract, maintaining a steady
blood flow and preventing damage.
(b) During exercise, the body requires more oxygen and
nutrients, increasing the demand for blood. To meet this
demand, the heart beats faster, delivering oxygen and
removing carbon dioxide efficiently.
(c) Excretion removes harmful waste products like urea, carbon
dioxide and excess water, preventing toxicity and maintaining
the body's homeostasis for healthy functioning.
(d) Plants need a transport system to move water, minerals and
nutrients from roots to leaves and distribute food from leaves
to other parts for growth and storage.
Science-7 41
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Without valves, blood would flow backward, reducing
circulation efficiency. Oxygen delivery and waste removal
would be compromised, leading to organ damage and life-
threatening conditions.
(b) Plants use xylem and phloem for water, mineral and food
transport, while animals use blood, heart and vessels. Both
systems ensure substance delivery but differ in mechanism
and speed.
(c) Leaves have stomata for water loss, and a large surface area
increases evaporation. Thin cuticles and vascular tissues
facilitate efficient transpiration and water movement.
(d) Dialysis mimics kidney function by filtering blood through a
machine, removing toxins, excess fluid and waste, ensuring
body functions like maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance.

8 Reproduction in Plants
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (ii),
(e) (ii), (f) (iii), (g) (iii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) pollination (b) asexual (c) zygote
(d) grafting (e) pistil
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements
(a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Sweet potato and dahlia reproduce through root cuttings.
(b) The stigma captures pollen grains and allows them to
germinate, leading to the formation of a pollen tube for
fertilization.

Science-7 42
 (c) Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a
plant or algae breaks into fragments and each fragment
grows into a new individual.
(d) The male gametes in flowering plants are called pollen grains.
(e) The advantage and disadvantage of vegetative propagation
is:
Advantage: Faster growth of plants.
Disadvantage: Lack of genetic diversity.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Budding is an asexual reproduction method observed in
yeast. A small bulb-like projection, called a bud, forms on the
parent yeast cell. The nucleus of the parent cell divides and
one part moves into the bud. The bud grows in size,
eventually detaching from the parent cell to form a new
individual. Sometimes, buds remain attached to the parent,
forming a chain. Budding is common in organisms like yeast
and Hydra.
(b) Seeds with hooks, such as Xanthium, attach to animal fur and
are carried to new locations. Alternatively, animals eat fruits,
and seeds pass through their digestive systems unharmed,
being deposited in nutrient-rich excreta at a new site.
(c) Self-pollination occurs when pollen from the anther is
transferred to the stigma of the same flower or another
flower on the same plant. Cross-pollination involves the
transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma
of a flower on another plant of the same species.
(d) Potato plants reproduce vegetatively through tubers, a
modified stem. Each tuber has eyes or buds. When buried in
moist soil, these buds sprout and grow into new potato
plants.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Sexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity, enhancing a
species' ability to adapt to environmental changes and resist
diseases. This variability increases the chances of survival
across generations, ensuring the continuation of the species.
(b) Fruits with hooks or sticky surfaces attach to animals' fur or
Science-7 43
 feathers, allowing seeds to be carried to distant locations.
This aids in seed dispersal, reducing competition among
plants and ensuring better survival opportunities.
(c) Vegetative propagation ensures that offspring retain the
same desirable traits as the parent plant, such as fruit quality
and yield. It also allows faster growth compared to seed
germination.
(d) Plants produce a large number of pollen grains to ensure
successful pollination, as many grains may not reach the
stigma due to environmental factors like wind, water, or
pollinator movement.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Climate change alters flowering times, affecting pollinator
availability and disrupting pollination. Changes in wind
patterns, rainfall and temperature can impact seed dispersal
mechanisms, potentially reducing plant reproduction success.
(b) Sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation, enabling
adaptability to changing environments. Asexual reproduction
is faster and guarantees identical offspring, suitable for stable
environments. Both methods support survival in different
conditions.
(c) Techniques like vegetative propagation and artificial
pollination can help propagate endangered species, ensuring
genetic preservation and increasing their population in
controlled environments.
(d) Without pollinators, plants relying on cross-pollination would
face reduced reproduction, leading to population decline. This
could disrupt ecosystems and increase the risk of extinction
for dependent species.

9 Motion and Time

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions
(a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (ii)
(e) (ii), (f) (ii), (g) (iii), (h) (iii)
Science-7 44
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) speed (b) uniform (c) length (d) x (e) 3 × 102 m/s
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) T (b) T (c) T (d) T (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Speed measures how fast an object moves, while velocity
includes both speed and direction of motion.
(b) Sundials and water clocks were two ancient devices used for
measuring time.
(c) The steepness of the line in a distance-time graph indicates
the speed of the object; a steeper slope represents higher
speed.
(d) One oscillation is the complete motion of a pendulum from its
mean position to one extreme, to the other extreme and back
to the mean position.
(e) Average speed = 5 meters per second, calculated by dividing
total distance (100 m) by total time (20 s).
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Uniform motion occurs when an object travels equal
distances in equal intervals of time, like a train moving at a
constant speed on a straight track. Non-uniform motion
happens when the object covers unequal distances in equal
time intervals, like a car in traffic.
(b) The time period of a pendulum is directly proportional to the
square root of its length. Increasing the length increases the
time period, while shortening it decreases the time period.
(c) To calculate speed from a distance-time graph, find the slope
of the graph. Divide the change in distance (y-axis) by the
change in time (x-axis) between two points.
(d) Velocity is a vector quantity and includes direction, crucial for
defining motion fully. Speed is a scalar quantity and measures
only how fast an object moves.
6. Give Reasons
(a) A simple pendulum eventually comes to rest due to friction
and air resistance, that dissipate its energy as heat. This
Science-7 45
 energy loss reduces the amplitude over time until the
pendulum stops.
(b) In circular motion, the car's direction constantly changes,
altering its velocity. Since velocity includes both speed and
direction, this changing direction makes the motion non-
uniform.
(c) Standard units ensure consistency and accuracy in
measurements, enabling clear communication and
comparison globally, unlike arbitrary units that vary and cause
confusion.
(d) A distance-time graph visually compares motion, showing
differences in speed, uniformity and rest periods. It provides
clear insights into the relative performance of objects.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Advanced technologies, like GPS and laser-based
measurement systems, improve motion accuracy by precisely
tracking position and time. Such innovations minimize human
error and environmental interference.
(b) Non-uniform motion requires continuous tracking of varying
distances and times. This complexity can introduce errors and
necessitates advanced tools like sensors or real-time
recording devices.
(c) Studying motion aids in optimizing speed, routes, and energy
efficiency for vehicles, ensuring safety, reducing travel time,
and improving overall system performance.
(d) Gravitational differences alter weight, falling speeds, and
required forces for motion. On low-gravity planets, objects
would move slower vertically but could travel farther
horizontally.

Electric
10 Current and Its Effects
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (ii), (e) (ii)

Science-7 46
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) circuit (b) ammeter (c) low (d) coils (e) nichrome
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements
(a) True (b) True (c) False (d) True (e) False
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Copper and aluminum are two good conductors of electricity.
(b) A switch opens or closes the circuit, allowing or stopping the
flow of electric current.
(c) The heating effect of electric current occurs when electrical
energy converts into heat energy as it flows through a
conductor.
(d) An MCB protects household circuits by automatically
switching off during overloads or short circuits, preventing
electrical hazards.
(e) The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by
increasing the number of coils or the current flowing through it.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) A fuse contains a thin wire with a low melting point. When
excessive current flows, the wire heats up and melts,
breaking the circuit. This stops the flow of current, protecting
appliances from damage caused by overheating or
overloading.
(b) An electric bell uses an electromagnet to produce sound.
When current flows, the electromagnet attracts an iron strip,
causing a hammer to strike the gong. This action breaks the
circuit, stopping the current. The iron strip returns to its
original position, reactivating the circuit, and the cycle
repeats, producing continuous ringing.
(c) An electric iron contains a heating element, typically made of
nichrome, that converts electrical energy into heat. When
current passes through the element, it heats up, transferring
heat to the iron's plate for smoothening clothes.
(d) Do it yourself
6. Give Reasons
(a) Alloys are used because they have higher resistance and can
withstand high temperatures without melting.
Science-7 47
 They also do not oxidize easily, ensuring durability and
efficiency in heating appliances.
(b) Water is a good conductor of electricity. Wet hands increase
the risk of electric shocks as they create a conductive path for
current to flow through the body, potentially causing harm.
(c) Plastic and wood are insulators, preventing the flow of
electricity. They protect users from electric shocks, ensuring
safe handling of appliances.
(d) Copper has low resistance and high conductivity, minimizing
energy loss. It is also more durable and less prone to
corrosion compared to iron wires.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Possible causes include a tripped MCB, a blown fuse, or a
power outage. Check the main switch and MCB; reset if
necessary. Inspect fuses for damage and replace them. Verify
if the neighborhood also has a power outage to rule out
external causes.
(b) Electromagnets can attract and lift iron objects from mixed
materials. By turning the electromagnet on, iron objects stick
to it. Switching it off releases the objects at the desired
location.

11 Light
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (ii), (e) (iii), (f) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) straight (b) incidence (c) plane
(d) principal axis (e) dispersion
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F, (b) F, (c) T, (d) T, (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is

Science-7 48
 always equal to the angle of reflection and the incident ray,
reflected ray and normal all lie in the same plane.
(b) The focal point is the point where parallel rays of light
converge (in a concave mirror) or appear to diverge from (in a
convex mirror) after reflection.
(c) Lateral inversion is the phenomenon where the left side of an
object appears as the right side and vice versa in the image
formed by a plane mirror.
(d) The seven colours of the rainbow are Violet, Indigo, Blue,
Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red (VIBGYOR).
(e) A convex lens is used to correct hypermetropia
(farsightedness).
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) A plane mirror forms an image by reflecting light rays. The
light from the object strikes the mirror and reflects back. The
reflected rays appear to originate from a point behind the
mirror, forming a virtual, upright and laterally inverted image.
The image is the same size as the object and appears at the
same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
(b) Rainbows form when sunlight passes through water droplets
in the atmosphere. The droplets act as tiny prisms, refracting,
reflecting, and dispersing the light into its constituent seven
colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
This dispersion creates a circular arc of colours visible in the
sky.
(c) Real images can be projected onto a screen and are formed
when light rays converge. Virtual images cannot be projected
as they are formed by diverging light rays. Real images are
usually inverted, while virtual images are upright.
(d) A convex mirror reflects light rays outward, causing them to
diverge. This makes the reflected image appear smaller but
includes a larger area, providing a wider field of view, that is
useful for safety mirrors in vehicles.
6. Give Reasons
(a) The pencil appears bent due to refraction, the bending of
light as it passes from one medium to another with a different
Science-7 49
 density (air to water). Light rays from the submerged part of
the pencil bend as they leave the water, causing the pencil to
appear displaced at the water's surface.
(b) Concave mirrors concentrate sunlight by reflecting and
converging parallel rays to a focal point. This focused energy
generates high temperatures, making concave mirrors
effective for heating and cooking in solar cookers.
(c) The blue colour of the sky is due to Rayleigh scattering.
Molecules in the atmosphere scatter shorter wavelengths of
light, such as blue, more effectively than longer wavelengths,
making the sky appear blue.
(d) Convex mirrors provide a wider field of view, allowing drivers
to see more area behind them. This minimizes blind spots,
making them ideal for rear-view mirrors in vehicles.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Arrange the mirrors in such a way that two are placed
perpendicular to each other, forming an angle and the third
mirror faces the front. This setup allows multiple reflections,
enabling us to see the back of our head through the mirrors'
aligned reflections.
(b) A green leaf appears green because it reflects green light and
absorbs other wavelengths. Under pure red light, there is no
green wavelength to reflect, so the leaf absorbs the red light
and appears black.
(c) Energy-efficient buildings use reflective surfaces to direct
natural light deeper into interiors, reducing the need for
artificial lighting. Mirrors or light shelves can reflect sunlight,
minimizing energy consumption while maintaining adequate
illumination.

12 Forests: Our Lifeline

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions
(a) (ii), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (iii),

Science-7 50
 (e) (ii) Timber (f) (iii), (g) (ii) (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks
(a) crown (b) understory (c) cycle
(d) Consumers (e) transpiration
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements
(a) T (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Forests provide honey and medicinal plants, that are valuable
for food and healthcare purposes.
(b) Decomposers break down dead plants and animals into
nutrient-rich humus, recycling essential nutrients back into
the soil to support plant growth.
(c) Forests facilitate transpiration, releasing water vapour into
the atmosphere. This process helps in cloud formation and
rainfall, ensuring a balanced water cycle.
(d) Monkeys and toucans are commonly found in the canopy
layer, utilizing the dense tree crowns for food and shelter.
(e) Producers make their own food through the process of
photosynthesis, while consumers rely on other organisms for
their nutrition.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Forests have a layered structure with distinct ecological
niches:
Canopy Layer: The highest layer formed by tree crowns,
providing habitat for arboreal species like monkeys and birds.
Understory: Beneath the canopy, it consists of shrubs,
climbers, and small trees, supporting animals like leopards
and owls.
Herb Layer: Composed of smaller plants and grasses close to
the ground.
Forest Floor: Covered with decaying organic matter, it
supports decomposers, insects and large ground-dwelling
animals like elephants and tigers.

Science-7 51
 (b) Tree roots in forests bind soil particles together, preventing
them from being washed away by water or blown away by
wind. The canopy also reduces the impact of raindrops,
allowing water to seep into the ground instead of causing
surface runoff. This natural protection helps to maintain soil
fertility and structure.
(c) Plants provide food, oxygen and shelter to animals. Animals
help plants through pollination, seed dispersal and providing
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Decomposers recycle
nutrients, completing the nutrient cycle, ensuring both plants
and animals thrive in a balanced ecosystem.
(d) Deforestation is caused by agriculture, urbanization and
logging. Its consequences include habitat loss, increased
carbon dioxide leading to global warming, soil erosion,
disrupted water cycles and reduced biodiversity, affecting
ecosystems and human livelihoods.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen during
photosynthesis, vital for maintaining the balance of gases in
the atmosphere. This function makes them crucial for
sustaining life on the Earth, similar to how lungs are essential
for breathing.
(b) The forest floor accumulates organic matter like fallen leaves,
fruits and dead organisms. Decomposers break these down
into humus, that enriches the soil with nutrients like nitrogen
and phosphorus, essential for plant growth.
(c) Trees absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Cutting
them reduces this absorption, allowing excess carbon dioxide
to accumulate, contributing to global warming and climate
change.
(d) Forests support diverse life forms, providing food, shelter,
and ecological balance. Their conservation ensures species
survival, maintains ecosystem services, and supports
livelihoods dependent on forest resources.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Climate change could alter rainfall patterns, increase
temperatures and cause extreme weather, disrupting forest

Science-7 52
 ecosystems. This could lead to species migration, loss of
biodiversity and reduced forest productivity, threatening
ecological balance.
(b) Immediate effects include habitat destruction, soil erosion,
and disrupted water cycles. Long-term effects involve
biodiversity loss, climate change, reduced agricultural
productivity and economic decline from the loss of forest
resources like timber and medicinal plants.
(c) Technology can aid forest conservation through remote
sensing for monitoring deforestation, developing sustainable
logging methods, creating synthetic substitutes for forest
products and implementing afforestation programs using
drones.
(d) Plants provide food, oxygen and shelter, forming the
foundation of the ecosystem. Animals contribute through
pollination, seed dispersal and nutrient recycling. Together,
they sustain the food chain and nutrient cycles, ensuring
ecosystem balance.

13 Wastewater Story
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (i), (b) (i), (c) (ii), (d) (iv), (e) (ii), (f) (iii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) sewerage (b) secondary (c) septic tank
(d) Chemical (e) tertiary
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Breathing is the physical process of inhaling oxygen and
exhaling carbon dioxide, while respiration is the biochemical
process where cells convert glucose into energy using oxygen.
(b) Sewage is wastewater mixed with rainwater, while sewerage
refers to the network of pipes that transport sewage to
treatment plants or disposal points.

Science-7 53
 (c) Cholera and typhoid are common waterborne diseases
caused by consuming contaminated water.
(d) Primary treatment removes large solids and suspended
particles through physical processes like screening and
sedimentation.
(e) A septic tank separates solid waste (sludge) and allows
anaerobic bacteria to decompose organic matter, leaving
relatively cleaner water to be drained.
(f) Tertiary treatment disinfects water by removing harmful
microorganisms, ensuring it is safe for release into the
environment or for reuse.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Wastewater treatment includes primary, secondary and
tertiary stages:
Primary Treatment: Removes large solids using bar screens
and allows grit, sand, and organic sludge to settle in tanks.
Secondary Treatment: Uses biological processes where
aerobic bacteria decompose organic waste, converting it into
activated sludge.
Tertiary Treatment: Disinfects water using chemicals like
chlorine or ozone, ensuring water is free of pathogens before
discharge or reuse.
(b) Vermicomposting toilets use redworms to break down human
waste into nutrient-rich compost called vermicompost.
Organic matter is decomposed into a dry, odorless fertilizer.
This system is eco-friendly, requires minimal water and
promotes safe waste management.
(c) Better housekeeping practices include:
• Avoid disposing of cooking oil or fats in drains.
• Throw solid waste like food scraps in the bin, not sinks.
• Refrain from pouring chemicals, paints, or medicines into
drains.
• Use eco-friendly cleaning products.
• Fix leaks and use water efficiently to minimize
wastewater production.
(d) Poor sanitation can lead to the spread of waterborne diseases
like cholera and typhoid. Open defecation and littering
Science-7 54
 contaminate water sources, affecting drinking water quality
and harming the environment.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Untreated wastewater contains harmful contaminants like
pathogens, chemicals, and organic waste, that can pollute
water bodies and harm aquatic life. It can also cause
waterborne diseases in humans and disrupt ecosystems.
(b) Chemical toilets are portable, easy to set up and do not
require a sewer connection. They use chemicals to disinfect
and deodorize waste, making them ideal for temporary
locations like construction sites.
(c) Secondary treatment relies on microorganisms, primarily
aerobic bacteria, to break down organic waste in wastewater,
converting it into harmless byproducts like water and sludge.
(d) Medicines and chemicals harm beneficial bacteria in
treatment plants and can contaminate water sources, posing
health risks to humans and aquatic ecosystems.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Climate change may increase the frequency of extreme
weather events, overwhelming wastewater treatment plants
with higher water inflows from flooding. Rising temperatures
can also impact biological treatment processes and increase
the spread of pathogens.
(b) Chemical toilets generate chemical waste that can harm the
environment, whereas vermicomposting toilets produce
organic fertilizer, reducing waste and supporting agriculture.
However, chemical toilets are more portable and suitable for
urban settings, while vermicomposting requires specific
conditions.
(c) A village can use a decentralized system with septic tanks for
primary treatment, vermicomposting toilets for waste
conversion, and reed bed systems for natural secondary
filtration.
(d) Biotechnology could enhance treatment with engineered
microbes to break down pollutants more efficiently, develop
biofilms for advanced filtration and recycle nutrients for
agricultural use, reducing energy consumption and costs.

Science-7 55
Class :
8
 Principles of Crop
1 Growth and Farming
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iv), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (ii),
(e) (iii), (f) (iv), (g) (iii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Rabi (b) Manuring (c) Leveller
(d) Drip (e) Crop rotation
3. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False statements:
(a) T (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Wheat and gram are two Rabi crops grown in India.
(b) Levelling ensures even sowing of seeds and uniform
distribution of irrigation water.
(c) Manuring is the process of adding organic or natural
substances to the soil to increase its fertility.
(d) A seed drill is used to sow seeds at the correct depth and
spacing in the soil.
(e) Drip irrigation and sprinkler systems are two modern methods
of irrigation.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Manure is an organic substance made from decomposed
plant and animal waste, whereas fertilisers are chemical
compounds containing specific nutrients. Manure improves
soil structure and adds organic matter, while fertilisers
provide a quick nutrient boost but can harm soil if overused.
(b) Winnowing separates grains from chaff using wind. The
lighter chaff is blown away, leaving heavier grains behind. It is
a simple method widely used in rural areas. Farmers toss the
mixture into the air, letting natural wind or an artificial blower
assist in the separation.

Science-8 57
 (c) Crop rotation maintains soil fertility, controls pests, and
prevents soil depletion. By alternating crops, nutrient cycles
are balanced and the risk of plant diseases is reduced, leading
to sustainable farming practices.
(d) Drip irrigation delivers water directly to plant roots in small,
precise amounts, minimizing evaporation and runoff. It is an
efficient method that uses less water compared to traditional
methods, particularly beneficial in water-scarce areas.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Good quality seeds are essential as they ensure better
germination, healthier plants and higher yields. Damaged or
unhealthy seeds can fail to grow or produce weak plants,
reducing overall productivity.
(b) Ploughing loosens the soil, allowing roots to penetrate deeply
and access nutrients. It also mixes organic matter into the soil
and helps in removing weeds, making the land ready for
sowing.
(c) Kharif crops like rice require a lot of water to grow. The
monsoon season provides abundant rainfall, creating ideal
conditions for these crops, that cannot thrive in dry or winter
conditions.
(d) Proper storage prevents grains from being damaged by
moisture, pests, and microorganisms. It ensures the
harvested crops remain usable and fit for consumption or
germination in the next season.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Climate change may disrupt rainfall patterns, increase
temperatures and lead to extreme weather events. These
factors can reduce crop yields, alter growing seasons and
necessitate the adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties
and advanced irrigation techniques.
(b) Genetic engineering can create crops with higher yields,
better resistance to pests and diseases and tolerance to
extreme weather. It may reduce reliance on chemical
pesticides and fertilisers, promoting sustainable agriculture.

Science-8 58
 Microorganisms:
2 Friend and Foe
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iii), (f) (iv)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Yeast (b) Rhizobium (c) serious
(d) pathogens (e) Pasteurization
3. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) F (d) F (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Two useful microorganisms are Lactobacillus (used in making
curd) and Rhizobium (helps in nitrogen fixation).
(b) Rhizobium bacteria live in root nodules of leguminous plants
and help in nitrogen fixation, enriching soil fertility.
(c) Pathogens are harmful microorganisms that cause diseases in
humans, animals and plants.
(d) An example of a viral disease is chickenpox.
(e) Yeast ferments sugar in the dough to release carbon dioxide,
that makes the dough rise, giving bread a spongy texture.
5. Short Answer Type Questions:
(a) Micro-organisms are tiny organisms that cannot be seen with
the naked eye. They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae,
and viruses. These organisms are found everywhere and play
both beneficial and harmful roles in our lives. Bacteria help in
fermentation, fungi aid in decomposition, protozoa can cause
diseases, algae produce oxygen and viruses infect living cells.
(b) Bacteria play a crucial role in breaking down organic waste in
sewage. During sewage treatment, these micro-organisms
digest waste materials, converting them into simpler
substances like water, carbon dioxide and nutrients.

Science-8 59
 This process helps in cleaning the water, making it safe to
release back into the environment.
(c) Pasteurization is a heat treatment process where milk or
other liquids are heated to 70°C for 15-30 seconds and then
rapidly cooled. It kills harmful micro-organisms without
affecting taste or nutritional value. This method, discovered
by Louis Pasteur, extends shelf life and ensures food safety.
(d) Antibiotics are produced by cultivating micro-organisms like
fungi or bacteria under controlled conditions. For instance,
the Penicillium fungus is used to produce penicillin. These
microbes produce chemicals that kill or inhibit harmful
bacteria. The antibiotics are then purified and processed into
medicines like tablets or injections.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Viruses differ because they cannot reproduce or carry out life
processes independently. They need a host cell to replicate
and function. Unlike bacteria or fungi, viruses hijack the host's
cellular machinery to multiply, making them unique among
micro-organisms.
(b) Food preservation prevents spoilage by inhibiting the growth
of micro-organisms. This ensures food remains safe to eat for
longer periods, reduces wastage and protects against
foodborne illnesses caused by bacteria like Salmonella or
fungi.
(c) The nitrogen cycle ensures a continuous supply of nitrogen
for plants and animals. Bacteria like Rhizobium fix
atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants, that are
then transferred through the food chain. Decomposers return
nitrogen to the soil, maintaining balance in the ecosystem.
(d) Overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, where
bacteria adapt and become immune to treatment. This makes
infections harder to cure, leading to prolonged illnesses and
the potential for life-threatening complications.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Vaccines introduce weakened or dead pathogens into the
body, prompting the immune system to produce antibodies.

Science-8 60
 This helps the body ‘remember’ the pathogen, ensuring a
faster and stronger response in future infections.
(b) Micro-organisms like Aspergillus niger are used to produce
organic acids such as citric acid through fermentation. These
acids are used in food, beverages and industrial processes.
(c) The nitrogen cycle maintains balance by converting
atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms through fixation (by
bacteria and lightning) and returning nitrogen to the
atmosphere through denitrification by bacteria. This ensures
a stable nitrogen level in the air.
(d) Harmful micro-organisms can be controlled by proper food
preservation methods like refrigeration, pasteurization,
adding salt or sugar, and using airtight packaging. Maintaining
hygiene during food preparation also minimizes microbial
contamination.

3 Coal and Petroleum

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (ii), (d) (iv), (e) (i), (f) (i)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) Fossil fuels (b) destructive distillation (c) Peat
(d) Offshore drilling (e) CNG
3. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False Statements:
(a) F (b) F (c) T (d) F (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Two exhaustible natural resources are coal and petroleum,
while two inexhaustible natural resources are sunlight and
wind.
(b) Coalification is the slow process by which dead plant material,
buried under layers of soil, transforms into coal due to high
heat and pressure over millions of years.

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 (c) Three products obtained from fractional distillation of
petroleum are petrol, diesel, and kerosene.
(d) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is primarily used for cooking,
while CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is used as a cleaner fuel
in vehicles.
(e) Petroleum is called 'black gold' because of its high
commercial value and wide range of applications in energy
and industry.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Coal is formed through a process called carbonisation, where
dead plant material, buried under layers of soil and sediment
millions of years ago, is subjected to intense heat and
pressure. Over time, this material transforms into coal, a fossil
fuel.
(b) Destructive distillation is the process of heating coal in the
absence of air, breaking it into simpler substances. The main
products are coke (used in steel production), coal tar (used in
making dyes and medicines), and coal gas (used as a fuel).
(c) Petroleum is extracted by drilling deep wells into the Earth's
surface. These wells access natural reservoirs of petroleum,
that is often found in layers above water. The extracted crude
oil is then transported to refineries for processing.
(d) CNG is a cleaner fuel as it emits fewer pollutants, reducing air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. It is also economical,
safer to use, and helps reduce dependence on petrol and
diesel.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Fossil fuels are considered non-renewable because they take
millions of years to form and cannot be replenished once
depleted. The rate of their consumption far exceeds their
natural formation.
(b) Extensive use of fossil fuels leads to air pollution, greenhouse
gas emissions, and global warming. It depletes finite
resources, impacts ecosystems, and poses challenges for
future energy security.

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 (c) Crude oil is a mixture of various substances, including
petroleum gas, diesel and petrol. Refining separates these
components for specific uses and removes impurities, making
the oil suitable for industrial and domestic applications.
(d) Conserving fossil fuels is essential to ensure energy security
for future generations, reduce environmental degradation,
and mitigate climate change. It also helps to promote
sustainable development and reduce dependence on non-
renewable energy sources.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Coal mining often leads to habitat destruction, deforestation,
and air pollution from dust and emissions. Offshore oil drilling
risks oil spills, which can devastate marine ecosystems. Both
have significant environmental impacts, but oil spills are
particularly catastrophic for aquatic life.
(b) The strategies to balance economic growth with the
conservation of fossil fuels are:
• Promote renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
• Improve energy efficiency in industries and transport.
• Implement strict environmental regulations.
• Encourage public awareness and adoption of sustainable
practices.
• Invest in research for alternative fuels and green
technologies.

4 Combustion and Flame

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions
(a) (iv), (b) (iii), (c) (i), (d) (iii), (e) (iii), (f) (iii)
2. Fill in the Blanks
(a) Ignition (b) Fire extinguisher (c) Glowing
(d) non-luminous (e) CNG

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3. Write ‘T’ for True and ‘F’ for False Statements:
(a) F (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) The three conditions required for combustion are the
presence of fuel, oxygen, and heat to reach the ignition
temperature.
(b) Spontaneous combustion occurs when a substance catches
fire on its own without an external source of ignition due to
internal chemical reactions.
(c) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is primarily used for cooking,
while CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is a cleaner fuel for
vehicles.
(d) Two greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane.
(e) A non-luminous flame in a Bunsen burner is preferred because
it produces more heat and less soot, ensuring efficient
combustion.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) A candle flame has three zones:
Inner Dark Zone: Contains unburnt wax vapours and no
combustion.
Middle Luminous Zone: Yellow in colour due to incomplete
combustion and glowing carbon particles.
Outer Non-Luminous Zone: Blue in colour, where complete
combustion occurs, making it the hottest part of the flame.
(b) The characteristics of a good fuel are:
• A good fuel should have a high calorific value to produce
maximum energy.
• It should burn cleanly without releasing harmful
pollutants.
• It should be easily available, inexpensive and easy to
transport.
(c) Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse
gas, that traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere.
This leads to global warming, causing melting ice caps, rising
sea levels, and changes in weather patterns.

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 (d) Fire extinguisher works by removing one of the three
elements of fire: heat, fuel, or oxygen. For instance, carbon
dioxide extinguishers cut off oxygen and cool the burning
material. Water extinguishers lower the temperature below
the ignition point, stopping combustion.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Water is heavier than oil and sinks below it, causing the oil to
spread and increase the fire. Additionally, heated oil can cause
water to vaporize explosively, worsening the situation.
(b) When a glass is placed over a burning candle, the oxygen
inside the glass is used up during combustion. Without a fresh
supply of oxygen, the flame cannot sustain itself and goes
out.
(c) LPG and CNG burn more cleanly, producing fewer harmful
emissions such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
They are also more energy-efficient and contribute less to air
pollution, making them environmentally friendly alternatives.
(d) Haystacks can undergo spontaneous combustion due to the
buildup of heat from microbial activity and oxidation within
the tightly packed material. If the heat cannot escape, it raises
the temperature to the ignition point, causing a fire.
7 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) High Energy Density: To ensure maximum energy per unit
mass, crucial for space missions.
Low Weight: Lightweight fuels reduce the overall launch
weight.
Non-Toxic Combustion Products: To protect the spacecraft
and astronauts.
Stability: To withstand extreme temperatures and pressures
in space without degrading.
(b) Combustion principles could inspire systems that convert
renewable energy into chemical forms, like hydrogen or
biofuels, for storage. High-efficiency catalytic processes could
ensure maximum energy yield while minimizing waste,
enabling better integration of renewables into the energy
grid.
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 Conservation of
5 Plants and Animals
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (i), (b) (i), (c) (iii), (d) (ii), (e) (ii), (f) (i)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) biodiversity (b) lion and tiger (c) protected area
(d) Endemic (e) reforestation
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Two consequences of deforestation are loss of biodiversity
and climate change.
(b) Endangered species are at risk of extinction, whereas critically
endangered species are at a much higher and immediate risk
of extinction.
(c) Two strategies for wildlife conservation are creating
protected areas and reforestation.
(d) The main purpose of a national park is to protect and
conserve wildlife and their natural habitats.
(e) A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic
species that is under significant threat from human activities.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Sustainable forest management involves using and
conserving forest resources in a way that maintains their
biodiversity, productivity and ecological functions. By
regulating logging, promoting reforestation and controlling
deforestation, this method helps ensure forests continue to
provide benefits without degrading the environment.
(b) Biosphere reserves are large protected areas that aim to
conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable development.
They have three zones: the core zone (strictly protected), the

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 buffer zone (limited human activity), and the transition zone
(sustainable practices). Unlike national parks, also support
local communities.
(c) Major threats include habitat loss due to deforestation,
poaching for illegal trade, human-wildlife conflict, and
pollution. Climate change also disrupts ecosystems, affecting
species survival.
(d) Deforestation increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
because trees, which absorb CO2, are cut down. The excess
CO2 traps heat, causing global warming, which disrupts
weather patterns and ecosystems.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Endemic species are restricted to specific areas and have
specialized habitat needs. Any disturbance, such as
deforestation or climate change, can drastically reduce their
populations, leading to extinction.
(b) Forests provide habitats for countless species, regulate
ecosystems and support food chains. Conservation ensures
the survival of flora, fauna and ecological balance.
(c) Buffer zones minimize human impact on core conservation
areas by allowing limited activities. They serve as a transition
between fully protected and non-protected regions, reducing
conflicts.
(d) Local communities depend on forests for livelihoods and have
traditional knowledge of the ecosystem. Their involvement
ensures sustainable practices and helps prevent illegal
activities like poaching.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Climate change can shift temperature and rainfall patterns,
forcing species to migrate or adapt. Some may fail to adjust,
leading to population declines and disrupted food webs.
(b) In-situ conservation protects species in their natural habitats,
e.g., national parks, while ex-situ involves protecting species
outside their habitats, e.g., zoos, seed banks. In-situ is ideal
for maintaining ecosystems, whereas ex-situ is vital for
critically endangered species.

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 (c) Economic activities like logging and mining often lead to
habitat destruction, threatening biodiversity. Balancing this
requires sustainable practices, eco-friendly policies and
stakeholder cooperation.
(d) Pros include revenue generation, environmental awareness,
and local community support. Cons are habitat disturbance
and over-tourism. Proper management ensures benefits while
minimizing negative impacts.

6 Reproduction in Animals
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (ii),
(e) (iii), (f) (iii), (g) (ii), (h) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) fertilisation (b) viviparous (c) testes
(d) two (e) zygote
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) F (d) F (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Two animals that reproduce by fragmentation are Planaria
and Spirogyra.
(b) The placenta helps in the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and
waste between the mother and the developing fetus.
(c) Metamorphosis is the process of drastic physical changes that
transform a larva into an adult.
(d) A zygote is the fertilised egg cell, while an embryo is the stage
that forms as the zygote develops and begins to grow into a
new individual.
(e) The part of the female reproductive system where the
embryo develops is the uterus.

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5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where an
organism splits into two identical daughter cells. In Amoeba,
the nucleus divides into two, followed by the division of the
cytoplasm, resulting in two identical cells. This method is
efficient for single-celled organisms.
(b) External fertilisation produces a large number of offspring,
increasing the chances of survival despite predation. It also
allows greater genetic diversity as multiple gametes interact
in an open environment, often seen in aquatic animals like
frogs.
(c) Sperm is produced in the testes and travels through the
sperm ducts, mixing with fluids to form semen. During
intercourse, sperm is deposited into the female's vagina and
swims through the uterus to the fallopian tubes, where
fertilisation with the egg occurs.
(d) IVF allows fertilisation outside the body by collecting eggs and
sperm from a couple. The zygote is formed in a controlled lab
environment and implanted into the uterus, helping women
with blocked fallopian tubes or other fertility issues to
conceive.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Aquatic animals rely on water as a medium for gametes to
meet and fuse. This method ensures widespread dispersal of
eggs and sperm, increasing the chances of fertilisation
despite environmental challenges.
(b) Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and does not
require gamete fusion, saving time and energy. It allows
organisms to quickly produce offspring identical to
themselves, especially in stable environments.
(c) Birds lay eggs with hard shells to protect their embryos from
environmental damage and predators.
Frogs lay eggs in water, where a jelly-like covering prevents
dehydration and provides some protection while being
permeable to oxygen.
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 (d) The human embryo shares a symbiotic relationship with the
mother. It grows within the uterus as part of a natural
biological process, and the mother provides nutrients
willingly, unlike a parasite that harms its host.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Asexual reproduction results in offspring genetically identical
to the parent, leading to reduced genetic diversity. This lack
of variation could make species more vulnerable to diseases
and environmental changes.
(b) Climate change can alter the temperature of nesting
environments, skewing the sex ratio in species like turtles,
where temperature determines the sex of offspring. This
imbalance could threaten population stability.
(c) Internal fertilisation offers better protection for the zygote
and higher chances of survival but requires complex mating
behaviours. External fertilisation allows for a higher number
of offspring but is vulnerable to environmental factors and
predators.
Reaching the
7 Age of Adolescence
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (ii), (b) (ii) (c) (ii),
(d) (iii), (e) (iii), (h) (iv)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) pituitary (b) estrogen (c) boys (d) menarche (e) XX
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) F
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) The normal duration of the menstrual cycle is about 28 to 30
days.
(b) Two male secondary sexual characters are the growth of
facial hair and deepening of the voice.
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 (c) Sex hormones are chemical substances like testosterone and
estrogen that regulate the development and functioning of
reproductive organs.
(d) Adolescence is the stage of life between childhood and
adulthood, marked by significant physical, emotional and
mental changes.
(e) Insulin regulates blood sugar levels by helping the body use
glucose for energy.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) The pituitary gland is known as the master gland as it controls
the activity of other endocrine glands. It produces growth
hormones essential for body development and releases
signals to the testes and ovaries to initiate reproductive
functions. It also regulates metabolism and stress responses
through its hormone secretions.
(b) Personal hygiene prevents infections, body odor and skin
problems like acne during adolescence. Regular bathing
removes sweat and dirt, clean clothes reduce bacterial
growth and proper menstrual hygiene prevents health
complications. Maintaining hygiene promotes overall
confidence and health.
(c) The sex of a baby is determined by the combination of sex
chromosomes during fertilization. The mother's egg always
carries an X chromosome, while the father's sperm carries
either an X or a Y chromosome. If the sperm contributes an X
chromosome, the baby is female (XX); if it contributes a Y
chromosome, the baby is male (XY).
(d) A balanced diet for adolescents includes carbohydrates for
energy, proteins for growth, fats in moderation, vitamins, and
minerals like calcium and iron for bone and blood health.
Foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy and lean
proteins ensure proper physical and mental development.
6. Give Reasons
1. Boys develop facial hair due to the increased production of
testosterone, the male sex hormone. Testosterone stimulates
the growth of hair follicles on the face, leading to the

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 development of beards and mustaches, that are secondary
sexual characteristics.
(b) Adolescence is a period of rapid growth and development,
requiring adequate nutrients. A balanced diet ensures proper
physical growth, supports hormonal changes, strengthens
bones and builds immunity, preparing the body for
adulthood.
(c) The pituitary gland is called the master gland, because it
regulates the functions of other endocrine glands like the
thyroid, adrenal glands and gonads. It also produces critical
hormones for growth, reproduction and metabolism.
(d) Teenagers require more calories due to their rapid physical
growth, increased energy demands and active metabolism.
These calories support bone development, muscle growth,
and overall energy for daily activities and hormonal changes.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Hormonal changes during puberty can cause mood swings,
increased sensitivity and emotional stress in teenagers.
Hormones like testosterone and estrogen affect brain activity,
leading to fluctuating emotions. Understanding these
changes helps in coping better with the emotional
rollercoaster.
(b) If the thyroid gland is not functioning properly, it can lead to
stunted growth, delayed development and energy imbalance.
Hypothyroidism can cause sluggish metabolism, fatigue and
weight gain, while hyperthyroidism can lead to excessive
energy use and other health complications.

8 Force and Pressure

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (iii), (e) (i)
2. Fill in the Blanks
(a) pressure (b) non-contact (c) atmospheric
(d) speed, direction (e) strength
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3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements
(a) F (b) F (c) T (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Two factors that affect the pressure exerted by a liquid are
the depth of the liquid and its density.
(b) Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of the air
column exerting force on the Earth's surface.
(c) Force is a push or pull that can change an object's motion,
direction, or shape.
(d) Examples of contact forces are friction and muscular force.
(e) The pressure increases as we go deeper in the ocean because
the weight of the water column above adds to the pressure.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Force can cause a stationary object to move, stop a moving
object, or change its direction. For example, a ball at rest
moves when kicked and a rolling ball stops due to the
frictional force. Additionally, applying force at an angle can
alter the object's path.
(b) Pressure is the force applied per unit area. If the same force is
applied over a smaller area, the pressure increases, making
tasks like cutting easier. Conversely, spreading the force over
a larger area reduces pressure, as seen with broad straps on
bags.
(c) Non-contact forces act without physical contact, such as
gravitational, magnetic and electrostatic forces. Contact
forces require direct interaction, like friction and muscular
force. For instance, gravity pulls objects downward, while
friction slows moving objects.
(d) A sharp knife has a smaller surface area at its edge,
concentrating the force applied and increasing pressure. This
higher pressure allows the knife to penetrate and cut
materials more effectively than a blunt knife.
6. Give Reasons
(a) The cloth increases the contact area between the load and
the porter's head, reducing pressure on the head. This makes
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 the weight feel lighter and prevents injury from concentrated
force.
(b) At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure is lower, so their
bodies adapt to less oxygen. When they descend to the
plains, higher oxygen levels and pressure require
readjustment, leading to temporary discomfort.
(c) Broader tires distribute the vehicle's weight over a larger
area, reducing pressure on the road. This prevents the heavy
vehicles from sinking into soft surfaces and improves stability
and grip.
(d) Sea water is denser due to dissolved salts, providing greater
buoyant force. This buoyancy makes it easier to float and
swim in the sea compared to less dense river water.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) • Wide soles to distribute weight and reduce pressure,
preventing sinking.
• Anti-slip treads for better grip on icy surfaces.
• Insulation to keep feet warm in cold conditions.
(b) Without atmospheric pressure, humans couldn't breathe as
our lungs rely on the pressure difference to intake air. Liquids
would boil at lower temperatures, disrupting life processes.
Additionally, many tools and systems like barometers and
aircraft design would cease to function.

9 Friction
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (i), (b) (ii), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iii), (f) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) opposite (b) roughness (c) Spring balance
(d) reducing (e) fluid
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) F
Science-8 74
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Using lubricants and applying a smooth surface can reduce
friction.
(b) Static friction helps us walk by preventing slipping.
(c) Aircraft and ships are designed with streamlined shapes to
minimize fluid resistance.
(d) Increased roughness enhances friction, making it harder for
objects to slide.
(e) Static friction acts on stationary objects, while kinetic friction
acts on objects in motion.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Friction is useful for activities like walking, writing, or
stopping vehicles. It helps in gripping surfaces and enables
tools to function. However, it is harmful as it causes wear and
tear, generates heat in machinery and reduces efficiency by
consuming energy in unnecessary resistance.
(b) A spring balance measures force by stretching a spring
proportional to the applied force. When used to measure
friction, it records the force required to overcome friction
between surfaces, highlighting how friction resists motion
and varies with surface characteristics.
(c) Rolling friction occurs when objects roll over a surface, while
sliding friction happens when objects slide. Rolling friction is
much smaller, making it more efficient for movement. For
example, wheels reduce resistance compared to dragging an
object.
(d) Sports shoes have spikes to increase grip on slippery tracks,
while formal shoes have smooth soles for minimal resistance
on polished surfaces. Similarly, trekking shoes have rough
soles to ensure grip on uneven terrain, highlighting tailored
friction designs.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Spiked shoes increase friction between the athlete's feet and
the ground, providing better grip and preventing slipping.
This enhances performance by enabling faster starts and
efficient movement on tracks.

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 (b) Smooth, wet surfaces reduce friction significantly, causing
instability and increasing the likelihood of slipping. Friction
between shoes and the floor is insufficient to provide the grip
needed for safe walking.
(c) Roughened handles increase friction between the tool and
the user's hand, preventing slipping during use. This ensures
better grip and control, enhancing safety and efficiency while
working.
(d) Rough surfaces have more irregularities that interlock with
the surface below, increasing resistance and friction. A
smoother surface has fewer interlocking points, reducing the
force needed to slide.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) • Walking would be impossible as shoes would slip.
• Vehicles wouldn't stop, leading to accidents.
• Writing and holding objects would be extremely difficult,
disrupting basic tasks.
(b) • Methodology: Use a heavy book. First, slide it across a flat
surface and measure the force with a spring balance.
Then place the book on rollers (pencils) and pull again.
• Expected Results: The force required to move the book
on rollers will be significantly less, proving rolling friction
is lower than sliding friction.

10 Sound
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions
(a) (iv), (b) (i), (c) (ii), (d) (ii), (e) (iii), (f) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) vibrating (b) frequency (c) time period
(d) infrasonic (e) timbre
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) T (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) F

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4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) The energy source in sound waves is the vibration of an
object, that causes the surrounding medium to oscillate.
(b) The three main parts of the human ear are the outer ear,
middle ear and inner ear.
(c) The period (symbol T) is the interval of time between events,
so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency: T = 1/f. .
(d) Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a vibrating
particle from its mean position.
(e) The speed of sound in air at room temperature is
approximately 343 m/s.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Humans produce sound using their vocal cords located in the
larynx. When air from the lungs passes through the vocal
cords, they vibrate, creating sound. The muscles of the larynx
adjust the tension and thickness of the cords, allowing for
different pitches and tones. The sound is then amplified and
modified by the throat, mouth and nasal cavities.
(b) Noise consists of irregular and unpleasant sounds, like the
honking of cars or construction activity. Music, on the other
hand, is a combination of regular and harmonious sounds,
such as melodies from a guitar or a piano. Noise is generally
disruptive, whereas music is enjoyable and structured.
(c) Sound waves travel through the ear canal and cause the
eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are passed to the
ossicles in the middle ear, that amplify them. The vibrations
then reach the cochlea in the inner ear, where tiny hair cells
convert them into electrical signals. These signals are
transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve
(d) Noise pollution can be reduced by using soundproof materials
in buildings and enforcing regulations to limit vehicle horns
and loudspeakers. Additionally, planting trees along roads
and urban areas can act as noise buffers, reducing the impact
of loud sounds on residents.
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6. Give Reasons
(a) Humans cannot hear bat echolocation because its frequency
is above the audible range for humans, exceeding 20,000 Hz.
This ultrasonic sound is beyond the sensitivity of the human
ear.
(b) Sound travels faster in solids because the particles in solids
are more closely packed, allowing vibrations to transfer more
efficiently. In gases, particles are farther apart, causing slower
transmission of sound waves.
(c) Light travels much faster than sound in air. Therefore, we see
the flash of lightning almost instantly, while the sound of
thunder takes longer to reach us.
(d) Irregular surfaces scatter and absorb sound waves,
preventing them from reflecting and amplifying. This reduces
echo and minimizes the overall noise level in soundproof
rooms, making them more effective.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) • Human speech would be impossible as vocal vibrations
rely on air for propagation.
• Animals using sound-based communication, such as birds
and mammals, would struggle to convey messages.
• Technological systems like phones and radios would fail
without an alternative medium for sound transmission.
(b) • Methodology: Place a ringing bell inside a vacuum
chamber. Gradually remove the air using a pump. Observe
that the sound of the bell diminishes as the air is removed.
• Expected Results: As the air is removed, the sound
weakens, and in a complete vacuum, no sound is heard,
proving that sound needs a medium to travel.
(c) • Increased stress and anxiety, leading to mental health
issues.
• Chronic sleep disturbances, resulting in fatigue and
reduced productivity.
• Long-term exposure could lead to hearing loss and
cardiovascular problems due to elevated stress levels.
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 Chemical Effects
11 of Electric Current
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (iii), (c) (ii), (d) (iii), (e) (ii), (f) (ii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) electrolyte (b) electrodes (c) Electroplating
(d) poor, good (e) bulb or LED
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) T (c) T (d) F (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) A tester is used to check if a liquid can conduct electricity by
completing an electrical circuit and observing the behavior of
the connected bulb or LED.
(b) Good Conductors: Lemon juice, saltwater.
Poor Conductors: Distilled water, vegetable oil.
(c) During electroplating, atoms from the metal at the anode
dissolve into the electrolyte and are deposited onto the
cathode, forming a thin layer.
(d) Salt dissociates into ions in water, increasing the number of
charged particles that can carry electric current, thereby
enhancing conductivity.
(e) The LED acts as an indicator; it lights up when the liquid being
tested conducts electricity, even if the current is weak.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) To test a potato, insert two electrodes connected to a tester
into it. If the bulb or LED lights up, the potato conducts
electricity, indicating the presence of ions such as salts or
acids. Potatoes contain electrolytes that make them
conductive.
(b) An electroplating setup requires:
o A solution of the metal salt, e.g., copper sulfate.

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 o The object to be plated (cathode) and a metal plate
(anode).
o A battery to provide electric current.
o Connecting wires to complete the circuit.
The metal ions in the solution deposit onto the cathode, forming
a thin metallic layer.
(c) Higher ion concentration in a solution improves its
conductivity. For example, saltwater conducts electricity
better than tap water because it has more dissolved ions.
Adding more salt to water increases conductivity.
(d) Distilled water is a poor conductor because it lacks ions. Tap
water conducts moderately due to dissolved minerals.
Saltwater is a good conductor because of the high
concentration of free ions from dissolved salt.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Pure water lacks free ions needed for conductivity. Rainwater
contains dissolved impurities like salts and acids, that provide
ions that enable it to conduct electricity.
(b) Graphite rods are good conductors of electricity, chemically
stable and inexpensive, making them ideal for experiments
involving electric currents.
(c) Water, especially with dissolved impurities, acts as a
conductor. Wet hands lower resistance, increasing the risk of
electric shock if contact is made with live electrical
components.
(d) Electroplating allows a thin layer of precious metals like gold
or silver to coat less expensive metals, creating attractive,
durable and affordable jewellery with the appearance of
being made of pure precious metals.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) o Use the same tester and battery for all tests.
o Ensure consistent juice volumes.
o Clean and dry electrodes between tests to avoid cross-
contamination.
o Test at the same temperature to maintain consistency.
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 (b) Electroplating can be used to recover precious metals from
electronic waste. By dissolving e-waste in a suitable
electrolyte and using electrodes, valuable metals like gold,
silver and copper can be deposited on a cathode, reducing
waste and recycling materials.

12 Some Natural Phenomena

Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (iii), (b) (iii), (c) (iii), (d) (ii), (e) (i)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) electric (b) electroscope (c) earthquake
(d) focus (e) repel, attract
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) F (c) T (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) A lightning flash typically lasts for about a fraction of a second
to a few seconds.
(b) The instrument used to measure earthquake intensity is called
a seismograph.
(c) The speed of seismic waves depends on the type, with P-
waves traveling at approximately 6-13 km/s and S-waves at
around 3-8 km/s.
(d) Electrostatic induction is the process by which a charged
object induces a charge in a nearby neutral object without
direct contact.
(e) Earthquakes are primarily caused by the movement of
tectonic plates along fault lines in the Earth's crust.
5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Charging by rubbing occurs when two objects are rubbed
together, causing electrons to transfer from one to the other.
For example, rubbing a plastic comb against dry hair transfers
electrons to the comb, making it negatively charged, while
the hair becomes positively charged.
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 (b) A lightning conductor is a tall metallic rod installed on
buildings. It directs the electric charge from a lightning strike
safely into the ground. The conductor's pointed tip attracts
the charge, that travels down the rod and is dispersed into
the Earth, protecting the building from damage.
(c) The different types of seirmis waves are:
• P-Waves: Primary waves that travel fastest and compress
and expand the ground.
• S-Waves: Secondary waves that travel slower and move
the ground perpendicular to the wave direction.
• Surface Waves: Travel along the Earth's surface, causing
most destruction due to their rolling motion.
(d) Lightning is a large-scale electric discharge caused by the
buildup of charges in storm clouds, while sparks from rubbing
occur on a much smaller scale due to friction. Lightning
involves higher energy, longer distance and more destructive
potential than everyday static electricity sparks.
6. Give Reasons
(a) Electrical appliances can conduct lightning strikes through
their wiring, posing a risk of electric shock or fire if struck by
lightning.
(b) Rubber is a poor conductor of electricity, so rubber-soled
shoes block the flow of electric current, protecting the
wearer from electric shocks.
(c) Tall buildings are more likely to be struck by lightning due to
their height. Lightning conductors safely direct the electric
charge into the ground, preventing damage to the structure
and its occupants.
(d) Aftershocks occur because the Earth's crust takes time to
adjust and stabilize after the release of energy during the
main earthquake. These smaller tremors can continue for
days or weeks.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) • Use flexible materials that can absorb seismic energy.
• Include shock absorbers or base isolators to reduce
ground motion effects.

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 • Design lightweight structures with a low center of gravity.
• Ensure regular maintenance and retrofitting for older
buildings.
(b) Both involve the buildup and discharge of electric charges.
Static electricity arises from friction between objects, while
lightning is caused by charge separation in storm clouds.
Lightning occurs on a much larger scale, with higher energy
and destructive power than everyday static electricity.

13 Light
Your Assignment
1. Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) (ii), (b) (ii), (c) (iv), (d) (ii), (e) (i), (f) (iii)
2. Fill in the Blanks:
(a) luminous (b) lens (c) normal
(d) regular (e) Louis Braille
3. Write (T) for True and (F) for False Statements:
(a) F (b) F (c) T (d) T (e) T
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Luminous objects emit their own light, such as the Sun or a
bulb, while non-luminous objects do not emit light and are
visible only when illuminated by a light source, like a chair or
the moon.
(b) The two laws of reflection are:
o The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
o The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in
the same plane.
(c) Diffused reflection occurs when light falls on a rough,
irregular surface, causing the reflected rays to scatter in
different directions.
(d) Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet.
(e) The retina contains light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) that
detect light and convert it into electrical signals, that are sent
to the brain through the optic nerve for image formation.

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5. Short Answer Type Questions
(a) Regular reflection occurs on smooth surfaces, like mirrors,
where parallel rays of light reflect in a uniform direction,
forming clear images. Diffused reflection happens on rough
surfaces, like paper, where parallel rays scatter in different
directions, making images unclear or absent.
(b) The eye consists of the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina and
optic nerve. The cornea focuses light, the iris controls the
pupil's size, the lens further focuses light onto the retina, the
retina detects light and converts it into signals and the optic
nerve transmits these signals to the brain.
(c) The Braille system uses raised dots arranged in patterns to
represent letters, numbers and symbols. It allows visually
impaired individuals to read and write using touch, providing
access to education, literature, and communication.
(d) Common eye problems include myopia, hypermetropia and
cataracts. Prevention includes regular eye check-ups,
maintaining proper lighting while reading, using protective
eyewear, avoiding excessive screen time and consuming
vitamin A-rich foods.
6. Give Reasons
(a) A smooth, polished surface reflects most of the incident light
uniformly, allowing the reflected rays to remain parallel, that
gives the surface a shiny appearance.
(b) The concave surface of the spoon acts as a curved mirror,
inverting the image due to the way light rays converge and
reflect.
(c) Direct sunlight, even during an eclipse, contains harmful UV
rays that can damage the retina, leading to permanent eye
damage or blindness.
(d) Doctors use a torch to check the reaction of the pupil to light,
helping diagnose issues with the eye's reflexes, nerves, or
potential internal eye problems.
7. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
(a) Use a reflective surface like a mirror or shiny object to reflect
sunlight towards passing ships or planes, aiming the reflected
light in their direction as a visual signal.
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(b) Understanding natural eye functions can inspire designs for
artificial eyes with light-detecting sensors mimicking the
retina, adjustable lenses like the human lens and signal
transmission akin to the optic nerve.
(c) Without regular reflection, clear images would not form,
making mirrors ineffective. This would hinder tasks like
personal grooming, driving and optical instruments'
functionality.
(d) By using reflective surfaces to direct natural light into
interiors, reducing the need for artificial lighting and using
angled surfaces to maximize light distribution, buildings can
become more energy-efficient.

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