®

ETAP 19.0.1

Training module.

NTI
 1. Introduction
ETAP 19 is a true 64 bit program developed for the Microsoft ® Windows® 2008 R2 (SP1), 2012/R2, 7
(SP1), 8/8.1, 10 operating systems. This demo is fully interactive and allows you to make changes to the
one-line diagram, run system studies, and graphically review study results - just like the full, commercial
release of the program. It gives you the opportunity to explore the many features and capabilities of ETAP
including Arc Flash, Load Flow, and AC/DC Short-Circuit.

ETAP can utilize real-time operating data for advanced monitoring, real-time simulation, optimization,
and high-speed intelligent load shedding

ETAP has been designed and developed by engineers for engineers to handle the diverse discipline of
power systems in one integrated package with multiple interface views such as AC and DC networks,
cable raceways, ground grid, GIS, panels, protective device
coordination/selectivity, and AC and DC control system diagrams.

ETAP allows you to work directly with graphical one-line diagrams,

underground cable raceway systems, three-dimensional cable systems, advanced
time-current coordination and selectivity plots, geographic information system
schematics (GIS), as well as three-dimensional ground grid systems. The
program has been designed according to three key concepts:

.
 Virtual Reality Operation

The program operation resembles real electrical system operation as closely as possible. For example,
when you open or close a circuit breaker, place an element out of service, or change the operating status
of motors, the de-energized elements and subsystems are indicated on the one-line diagram in gray. ETAP
incorporates new concepts for determining protective device coordination directly from the one-line
diagram.

Total Integration of Data

ETAP combines the electrical, logical, mechanical, and physical attributes of system elements in the same
database. For example, a cable not only contains data representing its electrical properties and physical
dimensions, but also information indicating the raceways through which it is routed. Thus, the data for a
single cable can be used for load flow or short-circuit analyses (which require electrical parameters and
connections) as well as cable ampacity derating calculations (which require physical routing data). This
integration of the data provides consistency throughout the system and eliminates multiple data entry for
the same element.

Simplicity in Data Entry

ETAP keeps track of the detailed data for each electrical apparatus. Data editors can speed up the data
entry process by requiring the minimum data for a particular study. To achieve this, we have structured
the property editors in the most logical manner for entering data for different types of analysis or design.

ETAP’s one-line diagram supports a number of features to assist you in constructing networks of varying
complexities. For example, each element can individually have varying orientations, sizes, and display
symbols (IEC or ANSI). The one-line diagram also allows you to place multiple protective devices
between a circuit branch and a bus.

ETAP provides you with a variety of options for presenting or viewing your electrical system. These
views are called presentations. The location, size, orientation, and symbol of each element can be
different in each presentation. Additionally, protective devices and relays can be displayed (visible) or
hidden (invisible) for any particular presentation. For example, one presentation can be a relay view
where all protective devices are displayed. Another presentation may show a one-line diagram with some
circuit breakers shown and the rest hidden (a layout best suited for load flow results).

Among ETAP’s most powerful features are the composite network and motor elements. Composite
elements allow you to graphically nest network elements within themselves to an arbitrary depth. For
example, a composite network can contain other composite networks, providing the capability to
construct complex electrical networks while still maintaining a clean, uncluttered diagram that displays
what you want to emphasize - yet the next level of system detail is within easy reach of your mouse.
Power is at your fingertips.

We consider ETAP to be the foremost-integrated database for electrical systems, allowing you to have
multiple presentations of a system for different analysis or design purposes.

2.1 Modeling
 Virtual reality operation
 Total integration of data (electrical, logical, mechanical, and physical attributes)
 Looped and radial systems
 Unlimited isolated subsystems
 No system connection limitations
 Multiple loading conditions
 Multi-level nesting of subsystems
 Advanced sparse matrix techniques
 User access control and data validation
 Asynchronous calculations, allow multiple modules to calculate simultaneously
 Database transitioning reduces the risk of database loss during a power outage
 3-phase and single-phase modeling including panels and subpanels

An Example of Simultaneous Cable Derating, Short Circuit, and Load Flow Studies
 2.2 Program Features
 Five levels of automatic error checking
 Dynamic help line and error messaging
 Message logger to track program usage and access
 Multiple user access levels
 ODBC (open database connectivity)
 Manages maintenance data via info, remarks, and comment pages
 Merge independent ETAP project files
 Integrated 1-phase, 3-phase, and DC systems
 Integrated one-line diagram and underground raceway systems
 Integrated one-line diagram and device coordination/selectivity module
 Common database for all studies
 Simplicity in data entry
 Multiple subsystems and swing machines
 User-controlled auto save and transaction
 User-controlled default settings for all components
 Typical data for motors, generators, transformers, reactors, governors, and exciterIndividual LTC time
delays (initial and operating)
 No voltage limitations
 Unlimited protective and metering device connections to branches and loads
 Unlimited load connections to a single bus
 Any system frequency
 English and metric unit systems
 25 character component IDs
 Raw manufacturer data entry
 Individual and global load demand and diversity factors
 Temperature sensitive cable resistance for all studies
 Element navigator
 Lumped loading
 Equipment cables for loads, eliminating requirement for terminal buses
 Edited by and checked by data stamping
 Date stamping of all data changes
 Intelligent editors with user-defined data fields
 Analysis-dependent data entry requirements
 Multiple user network support
 Compatible database with the ETAP Real-Time module’s real-time monitoring, simulation, and
supervisory control .
 2.3 One-Line Diagrams
ETAP provides a fully graphical editor to construct your one-line diagram. From the One-Line Diagram
Edit toolbar, you can graphically add, delete, undo, redo, move, or connect elements; zoom in or out;
display grid on or off; change element size, orientation, alignment, symbol, or visibility; enter properties;
set operating status; etc.

You can use composite networks and motors with unlimited nesting capabilities to create uncluttered and
easy to follow one-line diagrams.
Composite networks allow up to 20
connections from outside the network,
making them very flexible so they can be
used in a variety of configurations.

Note that the nesting capabilities of a one-

line diagram do not affect the calculation
results in any way. Calculation programs
consider all one-line diagram components
nested to any level.
 2.4 One-Line Diagram Features
• Autobuild
• Datablock
• Data Manager
• Ground grid systems
• Multiple loading categories (conditions) with individual percent loading
• Unlimited one-line diagram nesting for subsystems, MCCs, etc.
• Simultaneous view of one-line diagram presentations
• Simultaneous view of system configurations
• Simultaneous view of different study results
• One-Line Diagram Templates
• Auto-Select
• Symbols Quick Pick
• Phase adapters
• Automatic bus insertion
• Find elements from editors or the project window
• Grouping/ungrouping of elements
• Change size, symbol, orientation, and alignment of elements, individually and globally
• ActiveX (programmable objects)
• Graphically fault/clear fault from buses
• Selectable zoom-to-fit
• State-of-the-art built-in graphic user interface
• Drag-and-drop, cut and paste, undo and redo, zooming, etc.
• Built-in ETAP CAD system
• XML data exchange
• Export one-line diagrams to third party CAD systems via DXF and metafile formats
• Import OLE objects (text, pictures, spreadsheets, GIS maps, etc.)
• Import ETAP DOS project files
• Import ASCII project files
• Execute external programs
• Customizable graphical display of results annotations
• Customizable graphical display of nameplate data annotations
• Interchangeable ANSI and IEC element symbols
• Multiple sizing and rotation of element symbols
• Multi-color symbols and annotations
• Supports True Type fonts
• Hide and show protective devices per presentation
• Remote connectors
• Graphical operation (open/close) of switching devices in edit or study modes
• Display of fixed tap and load tap changer (LTC) positions on the one-line diagram
• Direct device coordination from the one-line diagram
• Comprehensive printing/plotting capabilities
• Individual and global section of elements, objects, and composites
• Schedule manager for system components
• Customizable output reports (Crystal Reports)
• ASCII output reports
• Output report manager for both ASCII files and Crystal Reports
• Access database output reports
• Crystal Reports for all library data
• Comprehensive summary reports
• Customizable output plots
• Report status of loads and protective devices for all configurations
• System dumpster with unlimited cells for storage and retrieval of deleted components
• Resizable, floating/attachable toolbars for each study
• Keyboard Shortcuts
 2.5 3-D Database
ETAP uses a 3-D database concept to implement presentations, configurations, and revision data . The use
of this multi-dimensional database concept allows you to independently select a particular presentation,
status configuration, or revision data within the same project database.
 Presentations
Unlimited, independent graphical presentations of the one-line diagram to represent the one-line
diagrams for any purpose such as impedance diagram, study results, relay diagrams, plot plan,
etc.
 Configurations (Status)
Unlimited, independent system configurations to keep track of the status of switching devices
(open and closed), motors and loads (continuous, intermittent, and spare), MOVs (open, closed,
throttling, and spare).
 Revision Data (Engineering Properties)
Base data and unlimited Revision data to keep track of changes and modifications of the
engineering properties (nameplate, settings, etc.) of elements.

These three system components are organized in an orthogonal fashion to provide you with great power
and flexibility in constructing and manipulating your ETAP project. Using the concept of Presentation,
Status Configuration, and Revision Data, you can create numerous combinations of networks of diverse
configurations and varying engineering properties that allow you to fully investigate and study the
behavior and characteristics of the electrical networks using one database. This means that there is no
need to copy your database for different system configurations, ‘what if’ studies, etc.

Graphical Status
Presentation Configuration

Revision Data
 Two Graphical Presentations of the System
with Different Annotations, Symbols, Locations, and Visibility of Elements
 2.6 Configurations (Status)

One-Line Diagram with Status Configuration “Stage 1” Active

(Note that the single throw switch is open)
Revision Data (Engineering Properties)

Base Data Indicating Engineering

Properties of the Existing System

Revision Data Indicating Modifications

Of Transformer Ratings
 ETAP Wizards
ETAP includes time-saving project management tools called the ETAP Wizards, which allow you to
record and run any study at any time. The ETAP Wizards include the Scenario Wizard, Study Wizard,
and Project Wizard. All three are described below.

Through the ETAP Wizards, you will be able to combine the orthogonal tools (Presentations,
Configurations, and Revision Data), study types, output reports, and study cases (the loading and
generation system operation factors together with solution parameters) to perform a complete system
study with the click of a button.

 Scenario Wizard

The three ETAP Wizards are located on the  Study Wizard

System toolbar.
 Project Wizard
 Scenario Wizard
A scenario allows you to group all study options into one place. For this reason, scenarios are useful
anytime you want to record a study to be executed. Every project file contains a Scenario Wizard.
Scenarios are created and recorded in the Scenario Wizard and can be run individually at any time. A
project can have an unlimited number of scenarios. Scenarios are composed of the following parameters:

 System (Network Analysis or CSD Analysis)

 Presentation (e.g., one-line diagram, UGS, or CSD)
 Revision Data (Base or Revision Data)
 Configuration Status (e.g., Normal, Stage 1, or TSEvents)
 Study Mode (e.g., Load Flow or Short-Circuit)
 Study Case (loading and generation system operation factors and solution parameters)
 Study Type (vary depending on Study Mode)
 Output Report (vary depending on Study Mode)

When you run a scenario in a project, it will automatically create an output report or overwrite an existing
report with the same name.

Scenario Wizard Editor

You can create a scenario either by selecting parameters in the Scenario Wizard or by recording options
you have already selected for your study in the one-line view.
 Study Wizard
Macros reduce the time it takes to run several scenarios. Every project file contains a Study Wizard. The
Study Wizard enables you to sequentially group existing scenarios into study macros. You must have
created the scenarios you want to include in your study macro before you can create the macro. You
create the scenarios using the Scenario Wizard. (See the Scenario Wizard section above for more
information.)

A project may have an unlimited number of study macros. When you run a study macro, all of the
scenarios included in it are run, creating or overwriting the output reports just as they would if they were
run individually. For example, you could group scenarios related to load flow or a specific type of load
flow into one study macro.

Study Wizard Editor

 Project Wizard
The Project Wizard is project independent and is saved within the ETAP folder. It enables the user to
group existing study macros into project macros. You should use a project macro when you have several
projects from which you want to run multiple study macros and their scenarios simultaneously. This
feature automates opening and closing project files and individually executing study macros and their
scenarios.

Project Wizard Editor

 2.20 Active Error Viewer
ETAP provides five levels of error checking. The active error viewer appears when you attempt to run a
study with missing or inappropriate data. Double-click each individual error message to locate and open
the component editor associated with the cause of the error message.

A Transformer Editor Activated after Double-Clicking on the Error

 Interface Maps
The following maps are provided to describe the general structure and user interface of ETAP.

Edit Mode
Here you can graphically add, delete, relocate, and connect elements, zoom in or out, display grid off or
on, change element size, change element orientation, change symbols, hide or show protective devices,
enter properties, set operating status, and more.

Select Status Configuration Select Mode

Edit Mode: Drag/Drop & Connect Elements

StudyofMode:
Unlimited Number of Configurations to Save Status LoadDevices/Loads
Switching Flow, Short-Circuit, … etc.

Edit Toolbar AC Elements DC E

Instrument Devices
Project Editor

Help Line Displays the description for every

entry field.

Message Logger One-Line Diagram

View the latest messages related to ETAP [Link] Edit Mode
It can be expanded or reduced.
Menu Bar

The Menu bar contains a comprehensive list of menu options. Each option activates a drop-down list of
commands such as, File operations, Printing, Database Conversions, Data Exchange, OLE objects,
Project Standards, Project Settings and Project Options, Libraries, Defaults, Annotation Fonts, Base and
Revision Data, and more.

Project Toolbar

The Project toolbar contains buttons that provide shortcuts for many commonly used functions. Those
functions are: Create Projects, Open Projects, Save Projects, Print, Print Preview, Cut, Copy, Paste, Pan,
Zoom, Undo, Redo, Text Box, Grid Display, Continuity Check, Themes, Get Template, Add to OLV
Template, Hyperlink, Power Calculator, Find, and Help.

Theme Toolbar

The Theme toolbar contains buttons that allow you to perform shortcuts using many commonly used
commands in ETAP to change color and line styles for device connectors, symbol color, and
background.
The Theme toolbar consists of the following commands
 Theme manager
 Theme Name
 Theme Color Coding
 Colors Normal
 Colors Customer
 Enable contouring

Project View
The Project View is a graphical tree representation that includes
Presentations, Configurations, Study Cases, Libraries, and Components
associated with your project. Here you can create and manipulate
the following presentations, configurations, and study cases:

 One-Line Diagram Presentations

 U/G Cable Raceway Systems
 Ground Grid Systems
 Cable Pulling Systems
 Dumpster
 Status Configurations
 Study Cases

You also have full access to all libraries and elements that exist in your project.
Edit Toolbars
The Edit toolbars are active when you are in Edit Mode. You can click or
double-click to select, drag and drop AC, DC, and instrument elements
on the one-line diagrams. Additionally, you can perform the following
functions:

 View & Print Customizable Output Reports (Text & Crystal Reports)
 Change Display Options
 Access Schedule Report Manager
 Add New Ground Grid Systems
 Add Composite Networks & Composite Motors

Study Modes
ETAP provides the following study modes directly from the one-line diagram:
1. Load Flow Analysis
2. Short-Circuit Analysis
3. Arc Flash Analysis
4. Motor Acceleration Analysis
5. Harmonic Analysis
6. Transient Stability Analysis
7. Star – Protective Device Coordination
8. DC Load Flow Analysis
9. DC Short-Circuit Analysis
10. DC Arc Flash Analysis
11. Battery Sizing and Discharge Calculations
12. Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis
13. Time Domain Load Flow Analysis
14. Unbalanced Short Circuit Analysis
15. Voltage Stability Analysis
16. Optimal Power Flow Analysis
17. Reliability Assessment
18. Optimal Capacitor Placement
19. Switching Optimization
20. FMSR Analysis
21. Switching Sequence Management
22. Contingency Analysis
23. Rail Traction Power
24. Star Systems
25. UnderGround Raceway Systems
26. Ground Grid Systems
27. Cable Pulling Systems

Cable and ground grid analysis, and cable pulling calculations are available from the Underground Cable
Raceway Systems, Ground Grid Systems, and Cable Pulling Systems studies, respectively.

Topics
Section 1: How to build and manipulate a one-line diagram
Section 2: How to set up and run a load flow study
Section 3: How to set up and run an unbalanced load flow study
Section 4: An introduction to ANSI and IEC short circuit studies
Section 5: How to set up an run arc flash analysis
Section 6: How to set up and run both static and dynamic motor acceleration studies
Section 7: A brief overview of a harmonic analysis of a system
Section 8: How to simulate and analyze system transients
Section 9: An overview of the basic operation of the Protective Device Coordination (Star) module
Section 10: An introduction to Optimal Power Flow analysis
Section 11: How to setup and run a reliability analysis
Section 12: An overview of the DC Load Flow module
Section 13: How to run a DC Short-Circuit study and make multiple study cases
Section 14: An introduction to Battery Sizing and Battery Discharge
Section 15: A brief overview of the Underground Raceway Systems module
Section 16: How to build and run studies on a Ground Grid Systems
Section 17: How to set up and build a Cable Pulling System
Section 18: How to set up and connect Panel Systems to existing networks
Section 19: A detailed explanation of the output report formats
Section 20: An overview of the libraries of ETAP

 To begin, start ETAP by double-clicking the icon on your desktop.

 The first tutorial shows you how to create a small system. For this section you can use the “New
Project” option when the Select Demo Project window appears. For the rest of the tutorials (with
the exception of Star), you should use the “Example Project” option instead.
 Building a One-Line Diagram
The purpose of this tutorial is to show the fundamentals of building and manipulating a one-line diagram
(OLD) in ETAP. Various elements will be added to the one-line view (OLV), and an introduction to
equipment editors will be made. Open the ETAP 19.0.1 and select the option “New Project” for this
tutorial section.

 To build or edit a one-line diagram in ETAP, you must be in Edit Mode. Click the Edit button on the
Mode toolbar.

 On the AC Edit toolbar, select a Power Grid (Utility) element by clicking on the Power Grid button.
The cursor will change to the Power Grid icon when moving over the OLV. Click anywhere in
the OLV to place a Utility on your one-line diagram.

 By following the same procedure, insert the following elements until your OLD appears as follows:

☺Helpful Tips…
Double-clicking on an
element button allows you to
drop it more than once.
When finished just press the
Esc key.

☺Helpful Tips…

You can zoom in , zoom

out , and zoom to fit page
the OLV by clicking on
the respective buttons
located in the Project
Toolbar.

 You can stretch buses by placing the mouse pointer over either end of the bus, until a double
arrow appears. Then click and drag to the desired length.
 Now connect the elements in the one-line. Place the mouse pointer over the connection pin of an
element, and it will turn red. Then click and drag to the connection pin of another element.
Follow this procedure to connect all the elements on the one-line. In the case of buses, the entire
element graphic functions as a connection point. Notice that a node is automatically inserted
when connecting the cable to the transformer.

☺Helpful Tips…
You can change the size, Power Grid U1
1250 MVAsc
orientation and symbol X/R = 120
standard for an element by
right-clicking on the element
and selecting the attribute you Cable1
would like to change. NEC 5.0kV 3/C
CU, 133%
Node automatically Size = 4/0
inserted Length = 200ft

Transformer T1
Prim. kV = 4.16kV
Sec. kV = 0.48kV
20 MVA
%Z = 6
X/R = 17

Motor Mtr1
400 HP
 The data contained in any element on the OLD can be accessed by opening its editor. Double- click
Cable1 to open the Cable Editor. You can click any tab in the editor to open its respective page.
Data can be entered manually into fields with a white background only.

 Click the Library button on the

Info page to select a cable. Then
click OK to exit both the Quick Pick
window and the editor window. The
engineering properties of the
selected cable are now entered in the
editor.
 You can also manipulate the orientation and appearance of elements in the OLD. A list of options will
appear if you right-click an element graphic. For example, you can rotate a power grid or load by
right-clicking on it, select Orientation, and then select a rotation angle.

 There is a variety of options that can be chosen

by simply right-clicking on an element graphic.

 Populating a composite network is very similar to populating the first one-line. To open the composite
network, double-click it’s graphic. The title of this window will be OLV1=>Network1. You may
change its name by double-clicking anywhere inside the network’s OLV or by right- clicking on
its graphic and selecting Properties. Connect the elements shown below to create a one-line
diagram as was done previously. Now, to make this one-line look cleaner, you can right- click
and select Hide Unconnected Pins.

☺Helpful Tips…
Using composite networks
helps making large one-line
diagrams manageable.
 Adding a Protective Device (PD) to your One-Line
 Ensure that there is enough room between the elements you wish to add a PD. Adding a PD to your
one-line does not require you to delete the line connecting the elements, instead, insert the PD on
to the line where you like it to be. The PD will automatically connect to the line. Follow this
procedure to add the remaining PDs shown in the final one-line.

 To check if an element is energized click on the continuity icon

located in the project toolbar. All elements that are not energized will be
grayed out. For example, with the continuity check on, open CB4. As
shown in the figure to the right, CB4 and elements downstream are grayed
out.

 Creating a one-line diagram in ETAP is fast and easy. Once complete, you
can take full advantage of all the powerful tools that ETAP has to offer.
 Load Flow Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to give you an introduction to the use of the Load Flow Analysis module. It
will also provide an example of how to regulate bus voltage using transformer LTCs and how ETAP flags
overload conditions. For this section of the tutorial you should use the “Example Project” option.

 Click the Load Flow Analysis button on the Mode toolbar to switch to Load Flow Analysis mode. Now
you can run a study by clicking on the Run Load Flow button on the Load Flow toolbar. You will
be prompted to enter a name for your output report if Prompt is selected. Later, you will learn
how to customize your study by changing options in the Load Flow Study Case editor.

 The results of the study can be seen on the OLD.

The information shown on the OLD can be changed
in the Display Options. For even more detailed results, output reports can be viewed.

 To view any overload

problems, simply click the Alert
View button on the Load Flow
toolbar. This will open a window
containing a list of undersized
equipment. Please note that the
alert view button is disabled in
the ETAP Demo.
 Note that the operating voltage of Bus1 is 97.94%. This caused thebus to be flagged as marginally
under voltage in the Alert View window. The criteria for which a condition is flagged can be
changed in the Load Flow Study Case editor, which will be discussed in the next lesson. We will
now use the bus voltage regulation feature of the Transformer Editor to change our Load Flow
results.

 ETAP allows Auto LTC settings to be applied to regulate buses that are directly or indirectly connected
to a transformer. For example, we can use transformer T4 to regulate Bus1 at 100% of nominal
voltage. Open the editor of T4 by double clicking on its graphic. On the Tap tab, enable (check)
the Auto LTC box on the primary winding.

 Open the LTC settings window by clicking on the LTC box and change the Regulated Bus ID to Bus1.
Click OK for both the LTC window and the Transformer Editor window.

 Now you can run a Load Flow study again, with attention paid to the operating voltage of Bus1.
Click the Run Load Flow button on the Load Flow toolbar to do so.

 Notice that the operating voltage of Bus1 is now within a tap

step of the desired 100% regulation value. This is just
one example of the many features of the ETAP
Load Flow module.

ETAP 1
 The Load Flow Result Analyzer allows you to view the results of various load flow studies in one
screen so you can analyze and compare the different results. You can compare the results of
general information about the project or more specific information such as the results contained
from buses, branches, loads or sources in a load flow study. The Load Flow Result Analyzer is a
time saving tool that allows you to compare and analyze different reports coming from different
projects, within the same directory, in a single display.
 Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to give you an introduction to the use of the Unbalanced Load Flow
Analysis module. It will also provide an example on how a large single-phase load impacts a balanced
three-phase system. You will need to contact OTI with your Return Key Code so that you can activate
this module. For this section of the tutorial you should use the “Example Project” option.

 Click the Unbalanced Load Flow Analysis button on the Mode toolbar to switch to Unbalanced Load
Flow Analysis mode. Now you can run a study by clicking on the Run Unbalanced Load Flow
button on the Unbalanced Load Flow toolbar. You will be prompted to enter a name for your
output report if Prompt is selected. Later, you will learn how to customize your study by changing
options in the Load Flow Study Case editor.

 The results of the study can be seen on the OLD.

The information shown on the OLD can be changed
in the Display Options. For even more detailed results, output reports can be viewed. Select the following options f
 To view any overload or unbalance problems, simply click the Alert View button on the Load Flow
toolbar. This will open a window containing a list of undersized equipment, as well as equipment
with unbalanced conditions. Please note that the alert view button is disabled in the ETAP Demo.
 Note that the system is well balanced, as can be seen from the voltage and current values per phase.
 A system unbalance will be introduced by changing the connection of motor Syn1 (1250 Hp) from
three-phase to single-phase. Open the Syn1 motor editor and make the changes indicated below:
 Run the unbalanced load flow again and check the results

Notice that there is current and voltage unbalance in different areas of the system, which did not
exist in the original (balanced) load flow case. This is just one example of the many features of
the ETAP Unbalanced Load Flow module.
 Short-Circuit Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Short-Circuit Analysis module of ETAP, and provide
instructions on how to run ANSI and IEC short-circuit calculations. In addition, there will be a brief look
at study case editors and the Alert View function. For this section of the tutorial you should select
“Example Project (ANSI)” option when starting ETAP Demo.

Results of the Short Circuit Analysis

Running Short Circuit Analysis

 From the Mode toolbar, select the short circuit mode by clicking on the Short-Circuit Analysis button.

 Running a Short Circuit Analysis will generate an output report. In the Study Case toolbar you can
select the name of the output report as one already defined or “Prompt.” If “Prompt” is selected
then prior to running the Short Circuit Analysis you will be prompted to enter a report name.
 From the Study Case toolbar, click the Edit Study Case button. This will open the Short Circuit Study
Case editor, allowing you to change calculation criteria and options. From the Info page, choose a
bus or multiple buses to be faulted. Click all buses except Sub 3 and select ~Fault>> to place
them in the Don’t Fault category. Sub 3 should now appear alone in the Fault category. Click OK
when finished.

 You can now run a short circuit (duty) study by clicking on the Run 3-Phase Device Duty button on
the ANSI Short Circuit toolbar. If Prompt was selected as the output report in the Study Case
toolbar, you will be prompted to enter a name for your output report.

 There are four other types of studies besides the 3-Phase ANSI that can be performed under the ANSI
standard setting. In addition, three studies according to the IEC set of standards can be performed.
The ANSI methods are the default for short circuit studies, but this can be changed in the
Standard page of the Short Circuit Study Case editor. ETAP 14 supports a new method of short
circuit calculation in compliance with GOST R 53745 Standards.
 Viewing the Results

 The results of the Device Duty Short Circuit calculation are displayed on the one-line. Changing the settings in th

 Note that breaker CB9 and CB18 are now colored magenta. This flag means that the device capabilities have bee

 To view the output report click on Report Manager from the Short Circuit toolbar, and go to the
Result page and select Short Circuit Report.
 Modifying Alert View settings

 To view or modify the Alert

settings, open the Short
Circuit Study Case
editor to the Alert page.
Check the Marginal
box and change the
limit to 70%. Also,
click the Auto Display
button and then click
OK. When the
Marginal box is
checked, all devices
that have been
exceeded by this limit,
but remain under 100% rating will appear in the Alert View in the Marginal category. Devices
that have been exceeded by 100% of rating will always be flagged, and will appear in the Critical
category of the Alert View.

 Now run the same short circuit study again by following the procedure used above. Note that once
the calculation has been completed, the Alert View window will automatically open, as per the
change made to the Alert page in the Short Circuit Study Case editor. Notice that other protective
device conditions appear in the Marginal Alert View. Note that the short circuit results do not
change.

 The Alert function of the Short Circuit and Load Flow modules of ETAP is a convenient way to size
protective devices at your facility.
 Arc Flash Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Arc Flash Analysis module of ETAP and provide
instructions on how to setup Arc Flash (AF) calculations. For this section of the tutorial, you
should select the “Example Project (ANSI)” option when starting the ETAP Demo.

There are two options to perform AF calculations:

 Running a Global AF calculation for all Buses (global AF calc)

 Switch to the Arc Flash Analysis mode by clicking on the Arc Flash Analysis button on the Mode
toolbar.

Using the Quick Incident Energy Calculator at any Bus

This is the simplest way to get some quick AF results and make labels. The following steps
show how to accomplish this:

 ETAP Arc Flash has typical equipment gap and X-factors built into the rating page of the bus.
You can take advantage of these typical values to perform a quick Arc Flash calculation.
Open the editor for Bus1 and go to the rating page of the bus and select the type of
equipment that is represented by that bus. This can be enclosed equipment such as MCC,
switchgear, or open-air equipment, i.e., not enclosed in a box. Once you have selected the
equipment type, select typical gap and boundary values by clicking on the “Typical Data”
button. This will bring all the required gap and x-factor information as well as approach
boundaries as defined by NFPA 70E. To change the Arc Flash Analysis Data and Shock
Hazard Analysis Data press the “Data Options” button.
 Go to the Arc Flash page and select the working distance. This distance is automatically
populated based on the voltage level and type of equipment. The working distance is
defined as the distance from the person’s torso and face to the energized equipment
(typically 18 inches for low voltage equipment). You may also define the system
grounding configuration of the equipment feeder, i.e., transformer grounding / source
grounding like solidly grounded or delta. If you do not know the system grounding,
assuming the system is ungrounded will yield conservative results (default). You can
change the default user-defined system grounding by selecting it from the dropdown list.
ETAP can also be configured to automatically determine the system grounding.

 Enter the available User-Defined Bolted Fault Current. If you know how long it will take the
protective device to clear the arc, enter this information in the User-Defined Arc Fault
Clearing Time (FCT).

  Select the arc flash label template that you want from the report manager and click
on ok. A Crystal Reports viewer window will open with a label that is ready for printing.
The bus Arc Flash page allows you to get Arc Flash results instantly.
Setting Up and Running a Global Arc Flash Analysis
The previous section described a simple way to generate quick AF results. However, the bus calculator is
simplified and it is not efficient when you need to run an analysis on hundreds of fault locations. For this
you need to setup the global AF calculation.

The same input data is required if you use the quick incident energy calculator at the bus or if the global
AF calculation is used; however, in ETAP there are quicker and easier ways to define the input data
required by the calculation.

 Open the Arc Flash calculation study case and go to the AF Data page. In this page you can
globally define the equipment’s gaps between conductors, working distance, and other
AF parameters to be used by the global AF calculation. This will save you a lot of time
since you would be only required to define the type of equipment represented by each
bus. The following image shows the recommended settings for a global AF calculation:

The global definitions for each set of input data parameters can be modified or reviewed
by accessing the Project \ Settings \ Arc Flash \ menus as shown below:
 It is recommended that you use the options shown in the AF Data page image since they allow the
use of the latest standards with typical values.

 On the Info page of the Arc Flash Study Case editor, select the buses to be faulted through
the Info as shown in the Short Circuit leaflet. You can also right-click on the bus and
select Fault or Don’t Fault.

 Next select the analysis method from the Arc Flash Study Case. This can be either NFPA 70E
Annex D.2, D.3 or IEEE 1584. The IEEE method is a more accurate model and is set as
default.
 The next step requires the selection of the arc fault clearing time (FCT). The default is set to
the automatic determination of the FCT from the Star protective device time current
characteristics (TCC) of the protective devices (PD). In most cases, the most conservative
solution is reached by selecting a TCC only for the main feeder PD since they take a
longer time to operate. If you do not select a TCC for the bus, ETAP will use the user-
defined FCT from the bus Arc Flash page.

 The remaining options to be selected can be left as default and are self explanatory. For
example, you can choose to update the global calculation results back to the Arc Flash
page of the bus.

 Once this information has been selected from the bus and Arc Flash page, all you need to do
is to click on the Arc Flash icon from the toolbar to launch the calculation. The program
will provide a full set of reports for all the faulted buses as well as all the labels for every
protective device location and for the faulted buses.
 The AF calculations can be repeated for all the different configurations in ETAP. The
Scenario and Study Wizards can be used to keep track and repeat the different
calculations as shown in the images below where two different AF calculations were
performed and recorded:
 The AF calculation results can be viewed using the AF Result Analyzer. This new tool in
ETAP can be launched from the Short Circuit toolbar by clicking on the AF Result
Analyzer icon. The AF Result Analyzer allows you to review results from several studies
for comparison, finding potential problems in the system with ease, and determining
worst case conditions. At the same time labels, work permits, and data sheets can be
generated and printed from here.
6.2 Motor Acceleration Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Motor Acceleration module of ETAP. It will show the
static and dynamic models that can be used to simulate real motor characteristics. The minimum amount
of data necessary to run each type of study will be entered. An example of a motor starting output plot
will be shown. You will need to contact OTI with your Return Key Code so that you can activate this
module.

 Switch to Motor Acceleration Analysis mode by clicking on the Motor Acceleration Analysis button
on the Mode toolbar.

 From the Study Case toolbar, open the Motor Starting Study Case editor. From here you can add and
modify conditions for your study.

 On the Event page, change the Total Simulation Time to 10 seconds. The output plots will now graph
the results of the study from time 0 to 10 seconds.

 Now you can add an unlimited number of events to simulate switching actions in a single Motor
Starting simulation. You can start or switch off individual loads or categorized motor groups with
the Action by Load and Action by Starting Category features, respectively. You can also change
the operating load by clicking the Load Transitioning option to change from one loading category
to another.
 You can add an event by selecting the Event page and clicking on the Add button under the Events
heading. Actions occurring at each event time can be added, modified, or deleted by selecting the
event and modifying the respective Action heading (by Element, by Starting Category, by Load
Transitioning). Click OK to save any changes you make.

 Open Syn1’s editor by double-clicking on the element graphic in the OLV. Click the Load Model tab.
In the Acceleration Time (Static Starting) fields, enter 1 second as the no load acceleration time,
and 3 seconds as the full load acceleration time. Click OK to save and exit.
 The data you have just seen and changed is the
minimum necessary to run a simple Static Motor
Starting study. Run the study by clicking on the
Run Static Motor Starting button on the Motor
Starting toolbar.

Note: Once the calculation has completed, plots and

output reports are accessible. An example of the
plots will be shown for a Dynamic study.

Running a Dynamic Motor Starting Study

 Now a Dynamic Motor Starting study will be performed using the same Study Case conditions and
events as the Static study. However, additional data is necessary for a Dynamic Study. Double-
click the Syn1 element graphic to open its editor, and go to the Model tab. Under the Dynamic
Model heading, a category other than “None” must be selected. Clicking on the Typical Data
button will fill the necessary fields based on the ratings specified under the Nameplate tab.
 Now go to the Load Model page to view the load model. Ensure that a Load Model is
entered for this motor. If a Load Model needs to be entered, click the Load Model
Lib button, and accept a Motor Load by clicking OK in the window that appears.
 Also, go to the Inertia page and enter 0.2 into the motor inertia (H) field, and click OK.
The motor WR2 will automatically be updated. Exit the Syn1 Synchronous Motor editor
by clicking OK.

 Now you can run a Dynamic Motor Starting study. Click the Run Dynamic Motor
Starting button on the Motor Starting toolbar to perform the study.
 To view the plots that are generated as
a result of a study, click the Motor
Starting Plots button on the Motor
Starting toolbar. The Motor Starting
Plot Selection window will appear to
allow you to choose which plots will
be displayed. Select the plots you wish
to view, or click OK to show all plots.

 The Motor Acceleration Analysis module of ETAP is an excellent tool to simulate and
investigate motor acceleration scenarios.
6.3 Harmonic Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Harmonic Analysis module of ETAP. It will be shown how
to discover resonant frequencies within a system, and also how to determine the magnitude of the
harmonic disturbance. You will need to contact OTI with your Return Key Code so that you can activate
this module.

 Switch to Harmonic Analysis mode by clicking on the Harmonic Analysis button on the Mode toolbar.
ETAP has two analytical methods contained within the Harmonic Analysis mode.

 Open the Harmonic Analysis Study Case editor to change the calculation options for the study. On
the Plot page, you can choose the elements that you wish to appear on the output plots and OLD.

 Click on the Run Frequency Scan button on the Harmonic Analysis toolbar. If Prompt is selected, you
will be prompted to enter a name for your output reports. Make sure that you run Harmonic Frequency
Scan.
 The impedance values calculated in the frequency scan are shown on the OLD. You can adjust the
Frequency Slider to show the impedance value at different frequency intervals. For complete
results, view the Output Reports or Plots. Note that the results shown on the OLD are for the
buses selected for plotting in the Harmonic Analysis Study Case editor only.

 You can see the graphical results of the frequency scan by clicking on the Harmonic Analysis Plots
button on the Harmonic Analysis toolbar, then selecting all of the previously chosen buses. One
or all of the buses can be selected to appear on the plot(s).
 The plots make it easy to determine if there are any resonant conditions in your system. As can be
seen, there appears to be a resonance point at the 21st harmonic at the Sub 3 bus.

 To determine the severity of this resonance, you can run a Harmonic Load Flow study. Click the
Run Harmonic Load Flow button on the Harmonic Analysis toolbar.
 Overall, the results on the OLD show very little total harmonic distortion at bus Sub 3. You can open
a plot to see further details by clicking on the Harmonic Analysis Plots button as was done
previously.

 The Harmonic Analysis module of ETAP allows you to determine the severity of any harmonics in
your system, and from there you can decide how to correct a problem, if necessary.
6.4 Transient Stability Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Transient Stability Analysis module of ETAP. It will
demonstrate how to simulate events and actions that are the cause of system transients. You will need to
contact OTI with your Return Key Code so that you can activate this module.

 Switch to Transient Stability mode by clicking on the Transient Stability Analysis button on the Mode
toolbar.

 Open the Transient Stability Study Case editor by clicking on the Edit Study Case button on the Study
Case toolbar. From the Transient Stability Study Case editor you can add, modify, and delete
transient-causing events.

 Open the Events page by clicking on the Events tab. There are two events that have been entered:
Event 1, a fault occurring at time t=0.5 seconds, and Event 2, the fault being cleared, occurring at
time t=0.7 seconds. You can add, modify, or delete both events and actions within these events
here in this editor page.
 Every event needs at least one action. You can modify an event action by clicking on the Edit (Action)
button. You can choose any number of options from the Action editor. Click OK to save data and
exit the Action editor, and click again on OK to save and exit the Transient Stability Study Case
editor.

 In the Transient Stability Study Case editor, you can select the method by which induction and
synchronous machines are modeled on the Dyn Model tab. You can also select the devices for
plotting and displaying in the OLD on the Plot page.
 Now run a Transient Stability Analysis on this system by clicking on the Run Transient Stability button
on the Transient Stability toolbar. You will be prompted to enter a name for your output reports,
if Prompt is selected.

 The results of the study can be seen for selected elements on the OLD. The Transient Stability
Time Slider tool can be used to view the results at any time over the selected study period.
 Graphical results can be viewed by using the Transient Stability Plots. Click this button on the
Transient Stability toolbar. Choose the type(s) of plot that you would like to display by checking the
appropriate boxes on the right side of the window that appears.

 With the Transient Analysis module of ETAP, you can easily create multiple transient scenarios,
so that you can better evaluate the response that your system will have.
 6.5 Protective Device Coordination (Star)
This tutorial provides a brief overview of the basic operation of the Star Protective Device Coordination
module. It will cover how to create a new Star View and how to add a new device to an existing Star
View.

Creating a New Star View

 Start ETAP and select the option “New Project” for this tutorial.

 Click the Edit button on the Mode toolbar.

 Click the Overcurrent Relay button from Edit toolbar and drop it into the
OLV1 presentation.

 Double-click the Overcurrent Relay element to open the Relay editor.

 Go to the OCR page and

then click the Library
button. This will display
the Library Quick pick -
Relay dialog box. Select
manufacturer GE
Multilin and model
735/737 and click OK.
GE Multilin 735/737
relay data is populated
in the OCR page.

 Set the relay as shown in

the figure; ensure that
‘Link TOC + IOC for
this level is checked for
OC1. To learn more
about relay settings,
refer to the Relay
section in
Instrumentation
Elements chapter of the
User Guide or click the
Help button.
 Click the Input page. Enter primary and secondary ratings for Phase CT (800:5) and Ground CT
(50:5) as shown below. CT ratios can be entered directly in the Relay Editor where no CT is
connected to the relay. You will need to drop a CT into the one-line-diagram under Edit Mode
and connect the Relay to the CT before running calculations but viewing a TCC curve does not
require the presence of a CT.

 From the Mode toolbar, click the Star – Protective Device Coordination button to switch to the
Star mode.

 To generate the Star View, select the relay, and then click the Create Star View button from the
right-hand side Star Mode toolbar.
 This opens a new Star TCC View with the selected Relay1 curve. Star Views for other protective
devices can be generated in a similar manner. Keep Star1 open for the next section of the tutorial.
Right click on the label tag associated with the curve and check the Settings options. This will
show more infromation related to the relay settings in the label tag.
 Adding a Device Curve to a Star View

 Switch to Edit mode and then drop a fuse into the one-line-diagram view OLV1.

 Double-click the fuse symbol to open the Fuse editor. Go to the Rating page and click the
Library button to display the Library Quick Pick – Fuse dialog box. Select manufacturer S&C,
and model SMU-20, at 27 Max. kV, with standard speed and size 13E.

 Switch to Star Mode using the Mode

toolbar. Select Fuse1 and click on Append

to Star view button to open the Star

View Selection editor. Select Star1to append
Fuse1 to Star1 view and click OK.
 Star1 view opens with the Fuse1
curve added. Element or group
of elements on the one-line-
diagram can be appended to one
or more Star views in a similar
manner.

☺Helpful Tips…
A faster method to add a new
device to a star view is to
select the device on the one-
line-diagram, hold the Shift
key down, and drag it to the
active Star View.
The color of each TCC curve
can be assigned by pressing the
Plot Options button on the
right hand toolbar.
Now you will learn how to access a Star View for an existing ETAP one-line diagram.

1. Exit ETAP and restart it again. From the Select Project Screen (second screen), select Example
Project (ANSI).

2. From the Select Access Level Screen (fourth screen), select Project editor.

3. When the one-line diagram opens, switch to the Relay View presentation using the Presentation
drop-down list.
4. Switch to Protective Device Coordination (Star) mode using the Mode toolbar.

5. Click on the Run / Update Short-Circuit Clipping kA from the Star (PD Coordination) toolbar. This will perform a ½ cyc
6. Open the Low Voltage Circuit Breaker editor for CB22 and go to the TCC kA tab.

7. The short circuit current and base kV values are updated in the Low Voltage Circuit Breaker editor as
shown above.

8. Click on Star Systems from the System toolbar.

9. Select Bus 1 – TCC from the Presentation toolbar.

The following TCC curve will appear:

You can create TCC curves from an existing one-line diagram, just as the one shown above by simply
following the steps shown below:
 Creating TCC curves from an existing one-line diagram.

1. Highlight or rubber-band the path for which the Star view has to be created.

2. Click on the ‘Create Star View’ button from the Star (PD Coordination) toolbar.
The following TCC curve will appear:

By clicking on the ‘TCC Plot Options’ tool or double-clicking on the Star View background, the display
options can be opened in order to customize colors, line styles, axis settings, legend, device labels, etc.

Keep the Relay View presentation open in Star mode for the next section of this tutorial.

Star Sequence-of-Operation
With ETAP Star, not only can you work with the time-current curves, you can also determine the
operating time of protective devices simply by placing a fault on the one-line diagram. The sequence of
operations are automatically calculated and listed in an Event Viewer, which is dynamically linked with
the one-line diagram. This one-step concept utilizes the intelligent one-line diagram and performs a
complete set of actions to determine the operation of all protective devices. This includes internal shifting
(normalizing) of each time-current characteristic curve based on the individual fault contribution level.
1. Click on the Fault Insertion (PD Sequence-of-Operation) from the Star (PD Coordination) toolbar and
drop it on Bus1.
2. Click on the Sequence Viewer from the Star (PD Coordination) toolbar. The Viewer displays a
tabulated sequence summary list of actions for the applicable protective devices.
3.
 6.6 Optimal Power Flow Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Optimal Power Flow Analysis module of ETAP. As an
example, it will be shown how to determine the optimal settings of system transformers. You will need to
contact OTI with your Return Key Code so that you can activate this module.

 Switch to Optimal Power Flow Analysis mode by clicking on this button on the Mode toolbar.

 Open the Optimal Power Flow Study Case editor by clicking on the Edit Study Case button on
the Study Case toolbar.

 Open the Objective page to enter the purpose of your study by clicking on the Objective tab of the
editor.

 To enter the constraints and controls of the study, use the remaining pages of the Optimal Power
Flow Study Case editor. Eligible system elements can be selected or deselected.
 Run an Optimal Power Flow study by clicking on the Run Optimal Power Flow button on the OPF
toolbar. You will be prompted to enter a name for your output reports, if Prompt is selected.

 The results of the OPF study will appear in the OLD. For complete results, view the Output Reports.
The amount of information that is displayed on the OLD can be changed in the Display Options.
Note a new tap setting for transformer T2 is recommended.

 Optimizing your system to fit

a set of specified constraints is now possible with ETAP. The Optimal
Power Flow Analysis module allows you to find the most advantageous way to configure your
system.
 6.7 Reliability Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Reliability Analysis module of ETAP. It will be shown
how to run a study, enter equipment reliability data, and view the results of your study.

 Switch to the Reliability Analysis mode by clicking on the Reliability Assessment button on the Mode
toolbar.

 Select the study case named RA from the Study Case toolbar. To view or modify the conditions for
the study, open the Reliability Analysis Study Case editor by clicking on the Edit Study Case
button.

 The reliability data for each element in your system can be viewed or modified within each element’s
editor. This data can be picked from a library or entered manually.
 Run a reliability study by clicking on the Run Reliability Assessment button on the Reliability
Analysis toolbar. If Prompt is selected, you will need to enter a name for your output reports.

 The results of the reliability study are shown on the OLD. The amount of data shown can be
changed using the Display Options.

 To view the resultant data and indexes for your system, you can open the Output Reports by
clicking on the Report Manager button on the Study Case toolbar.

 Determining the possibility of failure

for different points in a system can
accurately be accomplished with the
Reliability Assessment module of
ETAP. This can lead to conclusions on how to
increase the overall reliability of your system.
 6.8 DC Load Flow Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the DC Load Flow Analysis module of ETAP. Modifications
to the DC Load Flow Study Case editor will be made, and the benefits of creating different loading
scenarios will be investigated.

 Switch to DC Load Flow Analysis mode by clicking on the DC Load Flow Analysis button.

 Open the DC Load Flow Study Case editor by clicking on the Edit Study Case button on the Study
Case toolbar.

 The study parameters and limitations are specified in the Study Case editor. Click the Charger/UPS
Operating Load box to update the Charger and UPS editors. Now, when a DC Load Flow study is
performed, the Charger and UPS editors will reflect the calculated operating load. Also, check the
Report Critical and Marginal Voltage boxes.
 Run a DC Load Flow study by clicking on the Run DC Load Flow button on the DC Load Flow
toolbar.

 The results of the Load Flow calculation will appear in the OLD. Note that only flows to and from
DC elements are shown. The amount of data displayed in the OLD can be changed using the
Display Options. For complete result data, use the Output Reports. As with the AC Load Flow
Analysis mode, a magenta colored bus represents a marginally under- or over-voltage condition,
and a red colored bus represents a critical voltage condition.
 Open the editor of Charger1 by double-clicking on the element graphic in the OLD. Click the Loading
tab to open the Loading page. Note that the calculated Charger loading that appears in the OLD is
also present here, as a result of the change made in the DC Load Flow Study Case editor. Click
the Info tab to return to the Info page. Disconnect the Charger by clicking on the Out of Service
box. Click OK to save and exit the editor.

 Open the editor of UPS-1 by double-clicking on the element graphic. On the Info page of the UPS
Editor, click the Out of Service box to disconnect the UPS. Now the only power source in the DC
system is a battery.
 If you run the DC Load Flow calculation again, you will be able to see the loading that will be placed
on the battery under these conditions. Click the Run DC Load Flow Analysis button to run the
study again. Note that this situation results in critically under-voltage buses. Conclusions may be
drawn from creating scenarios such as this.
 This is an example of a simple way to simulate a loss-of-power scenario in your facility. ETAP
allows you to creatively customize scenarios to suit your needs.
 6.9 DC Short-Circuit Analysis
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the DC Short-Circuit Analysis module of ETAP. It will also be
shown how to create and save multiple study cases in the same project file.

 Switch to DC Short-Circuit mode by clicking on the DC Short-Circuit Analysis button on the Mode
toolbar.

 Buses can be selected to be faulted or not by simply right-clicking on them and selecting Fault or Don’t
Fault. Buses can also be selected for faulting from the Info page of the DC Short-Circuit Study
Case editor. Deselect DcBus1 as a bus to be faulted.

 Run a DC Short-Circuit study by clicking on the Run DC Short-Circuit button on the DC Short- Circuit
toolbar. If Prompt is selected, you will be prompted to enter a name for the output reports.
 The results of the study will be displayed on the OLD. The amount of data displayed can be
changed in the Display Options. Full results can be viewed in the Output Reports.

 You can create a new study case, based on the same OLD. Make the Project Editor the active window.
Then, right-click the DC Short-Circuit study case folder, and select Create New. A new number will
appear beside the folder, indicating the total number of study cases.

 Select the new study case from the drop-down menu

on the Study Case toolbar. Click the Study Case
Editor button to open the new study case editor.
 Give the new study case a name in the Study Case ID field on the Info page. Next, set up the study
case conditions by selecting the desired criteria. Click OK to save the setup and exit the editor.

 Now you can run a DC Short-Circuit Analysis with the new study case, by clicking on the Run DC
Short-Circuit button on the DC Short Circuit toolbar as it was done previously. Note the change
in fault current contribution from the charger.

 With ETAP, you can easily create and save many different study case conditions, all within a single
project file. By means of a simple drop-down menu, changing from one case to another is fast,
and makes the comparison of results effortless.
 6.10 Battery Sizing and Discharge
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Battery Sizing and Discharge module of ETAP. Two
functions can be performed within this module: You can determine the cell size necessary for your system
with the Battery Sizing calculation, or analyze the performance of the existing battery with the Battery
Discharge calculation.

 Switch to Battery Sizing and Discharge Analysis mode by clicking on the Battery Sizing Discharge
button on the Mode toolbar.

 Open the Battery Sizing Study Case editor by clicking on the Edit Study Case button. This will allow
you to choose the battery that is to be sized and to establish your sizing criteria. Choose Battery1
and click OK to accept the criteria defaults.
 Run a Battery Sizing study by clicking on the Run Battery Sizing button on the Battery Sizing toolbar.
You will be prompted to enter a name for your output reports, if Prompt is selected.

 Once the calculation has completed, the recommended sizing data will be displayed in the OLD.
Complete results are shown in the Output Reports. Note that this calculation used loading data
from an internal load flow calculation. For convenience, the Battery Discharge Time-Slider
allows you to view the power flows at any time interval.

 You can also run a study based on a load summation method. You can change the method on the Info
page of the study case editor. To modify the duty cycle of a piece of equipment, open the Element
editor and click the Duty Cycle page. The duty cycle is a user-defined field that can be entered to
reflect manufacturer or design specifications. A graphical summary of the each duty cycle is
automatically shown.
 Run a Battery Discharge study based on the existing battery characteristics by clicking on the Run
Battery Discharge button on the Battery Sizing toolbar. The Battery Discharge Time-Slider may
again be used to view the flow from the battery at any time interval.

 The discharge plots can be viewed by clicking on the Battery Discharge Plots button on the Battery
Sizing toolbar. The plots are an excellent way to analyze your results.

 The Battery Sizing and Discharge module of ETAP allows you to analyze your most reliable source
of backup power effectively. Showing results in both numerical and graphical form, the results
from ETAP are easily interpreted.
 6.11 Underground Raceway Systems
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Underground Raceway Systems component of ETAP. It
will be shown how to build a basic system, as well as perform calculations using an existing system.

 Switch to the Project View window by clicking the Window button at the top of the screen, and
selecting the appropriate choice.

 Right-click the U/G Raceway Systems folder to begin a new Underground Raceway System.
Select Create New by clicking on this. A new UGS window will appear, entitled “UGS3.”
 Add a raceway by clicking on one of the four types of raceway buttons on the Edit toolbar.

 Add a new conduit to this raceway by clicking on the New Conduit button on the Edit toolbar.
Your UGS view should now look like this:

 You can continue to add elements in this manner until your system is complete.

 Switch to the existing “UGS1” by clicking on Window and selecting UGS1.

 To perform cable derating calculations based on the active underground raceway system, click the
U/G Cable Raceways button on the Mode toolbar.

 Double-click the “soil” (the background of the UGS window) to open the Underground System
editor. Here you can enter the temperatures that your calculations will be based on.

 Switch back to the U/G Cable Raceways and run a Cable Derating calculation (Steady State
Temp.) by clicking on one of the five calculation buttons on the Cable Derating toolbar.
 To show the results, click the report manager icon in the toolbar and select a summary report. The
calculated optimal cable sizes appear here.
 6.12 Ground Grid Systems
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Ground Grid System component of ETAP. An overview of
how to build a new ground grid system will be given.

 The Ground Grid Systems Presentation is a separate application within ETAP. You can create new
grid systems by clicking on the Ground Grid element button on the AC Edit toolbar and then
clicking in your OLV to place the element. Double-click the grid graphic in the OLV to open the
Ground Grid Presentation window. Choose a default calculation method to begin.

 The Ground Grid Presentation will appear in a new window. Select a pre-defined grid by clicking on
a choice from the IEEE toolbar. Click anywhere on the bottom blank section of the window to
place the grid.

 The Ground Grid Presentation window will now appear as below.

 To add or remove rods or conductors from the grid, double-click within the T-Shape. On the Conductor
page, you can change the number of conductors lying uniformly in the horizontal or vertical
direction. On the Rods page, you can select a grounding rod configuration.

 To view a three-dimensional display of the

grid, use the scroll bars in the upper left
corner of the Ground Grid Presentation
window. For an automatic rotation
around the vertical axis, double-click
on the 3-D display.
 You can also modify the resistivity and thickness
of the layers of soil underneath your grid.
Double-click anywhere in the soil
portion, in the upper right corner of the Ground Grid Presentation. The Soil editor will appear.
 Switch to calculation mode by clicking on the Ground Grid Study button on the Mode toolbar.
Run a ground grid calculation by clicking this button on the Ground Grid toolbar.

 The Summary and Alert window appears after the calculation has completed, notifying you of
any exceeded conditions.
 6.13 Cable Pulling Systems
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Cable Pulling module of ETAP. It will be shown how to
model a pull path, and how to run a calculation to determine the sidewall pressure and total tensions. This
module is disabled in the demo version.

 To begin a Cable Pulling study, activate the Project Editor view.

Double-click the Cable Pulling Systems folder and select any
existing study presentation. To create a new system, right-click on
the Cable Pulling Systems folder and select Create New.

 The characteristics of the pull can be outlined in the Study Case editor. To open this, click the Edit
Study Case button on the Study Case toolbar. Set up the study conditions then click OK to save
data and exit the editor.
 To open the Conduit editor, double-click the conduit in the upper right portion of the Cable Pulling
Presentation window. Set up the physical characteristics of the conduit, or leave defaults and click
OK to save data and exit.

 To add a cable to the conduit, click either the New Cable or Existing Cable button, and then click your
mouse inside the conduit. The added cable will appear inside the conduit. To set up cable
characteristics, double-click the cable. The Cable editor will be shown. To delete a cable from the
conduit, simply click to select the cable, and press the delete key.

 To add another segment of conduit to your pull path, click the New Segment button.

 The physical characteristics of the routing itself can be entered using the fields in the bottom half of
the Cable Pulling Presentations window. As the data is entered, the 3-D display in the upper left
portion of the window will show the modifications.
 Now that a pull path is laid out, you can run a calculation to determine the maximum tensions for your
system. Click the Calc Cable Pull button to begin the calculation. You may be prompted to enter
a name for your output reports.

 If any specified condition on the study is exceeded, the Summary and Alert window will appear and
the Alarm or Warning message will be shown.

 The more detailed results of the calculation can be found below the input routing data. Note that
exceeded conditions will be displayed in red.

 The Cable Pulling Systems Presentation of ETAP makes planning or designing a new cable routing
easy. Detailed data entry allows complex pull path geometry to be outlined, and therefore an
accurate solution is obtained.
 6.14 Panel Systems
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the Panel Systems module of ETAP. It will be shown how to
connect panels to buses and to other panels, as well as how to enter loading data into the Panel Schedule
page. Note that you cannot add new panels in this demo, but you can browse the existing panels in the
example project.

 Ensure that you are in Edit mode. Open the composite network Sub3 Net by double-clicking on it.

 Connecting a panel to a bus is the same as with any other OLD element. The default connection pin
of each panel is the top connector. Note how Panel11 is connected.

 Double-click Panel11 to open the Panel editor. On the Info page, notice the panel is a three-phase
element. On the Rating page, you will see that the rated voltage is 0.48kV to match the connected
bus voltage.
 On the Schedule page, the individual panel slots can be filled by clicking on the corresponding Link
box, and selecting an option from the drop-down menu. If you want to connect a slot to an
external element, choose one of the four Ext-X slots. Note connections #2 and #8 are designated
external. The Summary page of the Panel Schedule editor details the total loading on the panel.

 If you have a 3-phase panel and would like to attach a 3-phase load to it, you need to change the
number of poles. As a result, three slots are used in the panel.
 Add another panel to the OLD by following the steps above. You can connect this panel to an
existing one by moving your mouse over the new panel’s connection pin and dragging it to the
pin specified in the Panel Schedule of the existing panel (Ext-2).

 Using the Load Flow Analysis Study Case editor, you can perform load flow calculations on your
panel system. Click the Load Flow Analysis button on the Mode toolbar. Then click the Edit
Study Case button on the Study Case toolbar. Check the box entitled Calc Panel Systems.
 From here you can run a Load Flow study on your panel system in ETAP as outlined in the Load Flow
Analysis tutorial. Select to toggle the Results for Panel and UPS systems on the right-hand
toolbar to toggle the results. Note the power flows to and from the panels.
 6.15 Output Reports
The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce the functions of the Output Reports in ETAP. The basic
functions of displaying and printing the Crystal Reports will be shown, as well as more advanced features
such as exporting report data to other programs and using the Text Report function.

 Open your project file in ETAP and run a study. For the purposes of this tutorial, a Load Flow Analysis
has been used. After the calculation has completed, choose a report from the drop-down list in the
Study Case toolbar, and click the Report Manager button to display the selected report.

 Alternatively, to display single or multiple reports at once, click the Report Manager button on the
current Analysis toolbar. (In this case, it is the Load Flow toolbar.)

Note: As many as one report from each of the tabs in the Report Manager can be displayed.
 The selected report will automatically display in a new window. To navigate through the report, use
the arrows at the top of the window. To print a Crystal Report, click the Print button at the top of
the window, and select your options from the resulting window.

 Another useful function of the Output Reports is the option to export the result data to another
program. Adobe Acrobat Reader, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft Word are just a few of the
programs to which output data can be exported. Select an application to receive the data in the in
the Load Flow Report Manager. Then click OK.

 The Output Reports and associated tools of ETAP are a fast and effective way to organize your
analysis results. They make it easy to prepare presentations and summary documents by which to
display your findings.