Power Electronics and Drives
Addis Ababa Science & Technology
University
College of Engineering
Department of Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drive
By: Birhanemeskel A. (MSc in Mechatronics)
1
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
Chapter-Two
AC to DC Converters: Rectifiers
• A rectifier is a circuit that converts an ac signal into a unidirectional signal. A
rectifier is a type of ac–dc converter. A rectifier may also be considered as an
absolute value converter.
• If 𝑣𝑠 is an ac input voltage, the waveform of the output voltage 𝑣𝑜 would have the
same shape, but the negative part will appear as a positive value. That is, 𝑣𝑜 = |
𝑣𝑠 |.
• Depending on the type of input supply, the rectifiers are classified into two types:
Single phase and Three phase.
• A single-phase rectifier can be either a half wave or full-wave rectifier. A single-
phase half-wave rectifier is the simplest type, but it is not normally used in
industrial applications.
• Although the output voltage of a rectifier should ideally be a pure dc, the output
of a practical rectifier contains harmonics or ripples that can be judged by the
performance parameters.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• A single phase half wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier that only
allows one half-cycle of an AC voltage waveform to pass, blocking the other half-
cycle.
• Half-wave rectifiers are used to convert AC voltage to DC voltage, and only
require a single diode to construct.
• When a standard AC waveform is passed through a half-wave rectifier, only half
of the AC waveform remains.
• Half-wave rectifiers only allow one half-cycle (positive or negative half-cycle) of
the AC voltage through and will block the other half-cycle on the DC side, as
seen below.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• A complete half-wave rectifier circuit consists of 3 main parts:
1. A transformer
2. A resistive load
3. A diode
• A half wave rectifier circuit diagram
• First, a high AC voltage is applied to the primary side of the step down
transformer and we will get a low voltage at the secondary winding which will be
applied to the diode.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• During the positive half cycle of the AC voltage, the diode will be forward biased
and the current flows through the diode.
• During the negative half cycle of the AC voltage, the diode will be reverse biased
and the flow of current will be blocked.
• For the sake of simplicity let us consider the source of the voltage is directly
connected to the circuit ash shown below.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Circuit Operation during the positive half-cycle the equivalent circuit
effectively becomes:
• This is because the diode is forward biased, and is hence allowing current to pass
through. So we have a closed circuit.
• Circuit Operation during the negative half-cycle the equivalent circuit
effectively becomes:
• Because the diode is now in reverse bias mode, no current is able to pass through
it. As such, we now have an open circuit.
• Since current can not flow through to the load during this time, the output voltage
is equal to zero.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Here’s what the half wave rectifier waveform looks like on the input side (𝑣𝑠 ),
and what it looks like on the output side (𝑣𝑜 ) after rectification (i.e. conversion
from AC to DC):
• The graph above actually shows a positive half wave rectifier.
• This is a half-wave rectifier which only allows the positive half-cycles through
the diode, and blocks the negative half-cycle.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Conversely, a negative half-wave rectifier will only allow negative half-cycles
through the diode and will block the positive half-cycle.
• The only difference between a positive and negative half wave rectifier is the
direction of the diode.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Advantages of Half Wave Rectifier
• The main advantage of half-wave rectifiers is in their simplicity. As they don’t
require as many components, they are simpler and cheaper to setup and construct.
As such, the main advantages of half-wave rectifiers are: Simple (lower number
of components)
• Cheaper up front cost (as their is less equipment. Although there is a higher cost
over time due to increased power losses)
• Disadvantages of Half Wave Rectifier
• They only allow a half-cycle through per sine wave, and the other half-cycle is
wasted. This leads to power loss.
• They produces a low output voltage.
• The output current we obtain is not purely DC, and it still contains a lot of ripple
(i.e. it has a high ripple factor)
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Performance Parameter 𝑣𝑑𝑐 0.318𝑣𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = =
• The output voltage is composed of 𝑅 𝑅
the dc voltage and ac ripple. 1 𝑇
1 𝑇 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡)2 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉𝐿 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑇 0
𝑇 0 𝑣𝑚
1 𝜋 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡 2
2𝜋 0 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑚
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
1 2 2𝑅
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = − 𝑣𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 |0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋 𝑣𝑚 2
2𝜋 𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑑𝑐 = 2
1 𝜋 𝑅
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = 𝑣𝑚 (1 − −1 )
2𝜋 𝑣𝑚 2
𝑣𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑐 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = = 0.318𝑣𝑚 4𝑅
𝜋 𝑃𝑑𝑐
Efficiency, η = =? ? ?
𝑝𝑎𝑐
𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑣𝑑𝑐 2
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Form Factor: Measure of the shape of output voltage.
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐹𝐹 =
𝑣𝑑𝑐
• Ripple Factor: Measure of the ripple content of output voltage.
𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝑅𝐹 = = 𝐹𝐹 2 − 1
𝑣𝑑𝑐
Example 2.1: For the following diode rectifier with resistive load 𝑅 = 10Ω and
𝑣𝑠 = 220sin(𝜔𝑡). Find its performance parameters .
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Controlled half-wave Rectifier
• The single-phase half-wave rectifier uses a single thyristor to control the load
voltage as shown in Fig. below. The thyristor will conduct, on-state, when the
voltage 𝑣𝑠 is positive and a firing current pulse 𝑖𝐺 is applied to the gate terminal.
• The control of the load voltage is performed by delaying the firing pulse by an
angle α. The firing angle α is measured from the position where a diode would
naturally conduct. The angle α is measured from the zero-crossing point of the
supply voltage vs. The load is resistive and therefore the current id has the same
waveform of the load voltage.
• The thyristor goes to the non-conducting condition, off-state, when the load
voltage, and consequently the current, reaches a negative value.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Controlled half-wave Rectifier 1 𝑇
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉𝐿 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
• A versatile method of controlling 𝑇 𝛼
the output of a rectifier is to 1 𝑇
substitute controlled switches such 𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼
as thyristors (SCRs) for the diodes. 1
Output is controlled by adjusting 𝑣𝑑𝑐 = − 2𝜋 𝑣𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 |𝛼 𝑡𝑜 𝜋
the delay angle of each SCR, 𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼)
resulting in an output voltage that 2𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑚
is adjustable over a limited range. 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = (1 + cos 𝛼)
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
• If the delay angle is zero, the
rectifiers behave exactly as
uncontrolled rectifiers with diodes.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
Single-phase Full-wave Rectifiers
• There are two types of single-phase full-wave rectifier, namely,
• full-wave rectifiers with center tapped transformer and bridge rectifiers.
• A full-wave rectifier with a center-tapped transformer It is clear that each diode,
together with the associated half of the transformer, acts as a half-wave rectifier.
• The outputs of the two half-wave rectifiers are combined to produce full-wave
rectification in the load. As far as the transformer is concerned, the dc currents of
the two halfwave rectifiers are equal and opposite, such that there is no dc current
for creating a transformer core saturation problem.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Employing four diodes instead of two, a bridge rectifier can provide full-wave
rectification without using a center-tapped transformer.
• During the positive half-cycle of the transformer secondary voltage, the current
flows to the load through diodes D1 and D2.
• During the negative half-cycle, D3 and D4 conduct. The voltage and current
waveforms of the bridge rectifier are as shown below.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
1 𝑇 𝑣𝑑𝑐 0.636𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉𝐿 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = =
𝑇 0 𝑅 𝑅
𝑇 1 𝑇
2 2 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝐿 (𝑡)2 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑇 0
𝑇 0 𝑣𝑚
2𝑣𝑚 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑣𝑑𝑐 =− cos(𝜔𝑡)|0 𝑡𝑜 𝜋 2
𝑇 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑚
2𝑣𝑚 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = = 0.636𝑣𝑚 𝑅 2𝑅
𝜋 4𝑣𝑚 2
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑑𝑐 = 2
𝜋 𝑅
𝑣𝑚 2
𝑝𝑎𝑐 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2𝑅
𝑃𝑑𝑐
Efficiency, η = =? ? ?
𝑝𝑎𝑐
𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑣𝑑𝑐 2
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Form Factor: Measure of the shape of output voltage.
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑚 𝜋
𝐹𝐹 = = 2𝑣
= = 1.11
𝑣𝑑𝑐 2 𝑚 2 2
𝜋
• Ripple Factor: Measure of the ripple content of output voltage.
𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝑅𝐹 = = 𝐹𝐹 2 − 1 = 0.48 = 48%
𝑣𝑑𝑐
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
Controlled full wave, R load
• Thyristors T1 and T2 must be fired
at the same time during the positive
half cycle of the source voltage to
allow conduction of current.
Alternatively, thyristors T3 and T4
must be fired at the same time
during the negative half cycle of the
source voltage.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
Controlled full wave, R load
1 𝑇 𝑣𝑚 1 𝛼 sin 2𝛼
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉𝐿 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡 I𝑟𝑚𝑠 = − +
𝑇 𝛼 𝑅 2 2𝜋 4𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 𝛼
𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = − cos(𝜔𝑡)|𝛼 𝑡𝑜 𝜋
𝜋
𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = (1 + cos 𝛼)
𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = (1 + cos 𝛼) Example 2.2: The single-phase full-
𝑅 𝜋𝑅
wave controlled bridge rectifier has an
1 𝜋 ac input of 120 V at 60 Hz and a 5 Ω
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 𝛼 load resistor. The delay angle is 400.
Determine the average current, the root
1 𝛼 sin 2𝛼 mean square current, and efficiency in
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑣𝑚 − + the load.
2 2𝜋 4𝜋
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
Three-phase rectification
• Three-phase rectification, also known as poly-phase rectification circuits
are similar to the previous single-phase rectifiers, the difference this time is
that we are using three, single-phase supplies connected together that have
been produced by one single three phase generator.
• The advantage here is that 3-phase rectification circuits can be used to
power many industrial applications such as motor control or battery
charging which require higher power requirements than a single-phase
rectifier circuit is able to supply.
• 3-phase supplies take this idea one step further by combining together
three AC voltages of identical frequency and amplitude with each AC
voltage being called a “phase”.
• These three phases are 120 electrical degrees out-of-phase from each other
producing a phase sequence, or phase rotation of: 360o ÷ 3 = 120o as
shown.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Since a 3-phase supply has a fixed voltage and frequency it can be used by
a rectification circuit to produce a fixed voltage DC power which can then
be filtered resulting in an output DC voltage with less ripple compared to a
single-phase rectifying circuit.
• As with single-phase rectification, three-phase rectification uses diodes,
thyristors, transistors, or converters to create half-wave, full-wave,
uncontrolled and fully-controlled rectifier circuits transforming a given
three-phase supply into a constant DC output level. In most applications a
three-phase rectifier is supplied directly from the mains utility power grid
or from a three-phase transformer if different DC output level is required
by the connected load.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
Three-Phase half-wave rectifier
• As with the previous single-phase rectifier, the most basic three-phase
rectifier circuit is that of an uncontrolled half-wave rectifier circuit which
uses three semiconductor diodes, one diode per phase as shown.
• The anode of each diode is connected to one phase of the voltage supply
with the cathodes of all three diodes connected together to the same
positive point, effectively creating a diode-“OR” type arrangement. This
common point becomes the positive (+) terminal for the load while the
negative (-) terminal of the load is connected to the neutral (N) of the
supply.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Assuming a phase rotation of Red-Yellow-Blue (VA – VB – VC) and the red
phase (VA) starts at 0o. The first diode to conduct will be diode 1 (D1) as it
will have a more positive voltage at its anode than diodes D2 or D3. Thus
diode D1 conducts for the positive half-cycle of VA while D2 and D3 are in
their reverse-biased state. The neutral wire provides a return path for the
load current back to the supply. • 𝑣 = 𝑣 sin(𝜔𝑡)
𝑎 𝑚
• 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 1200
• 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 2400 )
• 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• 120 electrical degrees later, diode 2 (D2) starts to conduct for the positive
half-cycle of VB (yellow phase). Now its anode becomes more positive
than diodes D1 and D3 which are both “OFF” because they are reversed-
biased. Similarly, 120o later VC (blue phase) starts to increase turning
“ON” diode 3 (D3) as its anode becomes more positive, thus turning “OFF”
diodes D1 and D2.
• Then we can see that for three-phase rectification, whichever diode has a
more positive voltage at its anode compared to the other two diodes
it will automatically start to conduct, thereby giving a conduction
pattern of: D1 D2 D3 as shown.
• Natural commutation is a change over from one diode to another diode.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Half-wave Three-phase Rectifier Conduction Waveform
• From the above waveforms for a resistive load, we can see that for a half-wave
rectifier each diode passes current for one third of each cycle, with the output
waveform being three times the input frequency of the AC supply. Therefore there
are three voltage peaks in a given cycle, so by increasing the number of phases
from a single-phase to a three-phase supply, the rectification of the supply is
improved, that is the output DC voltage is smoother.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• The output dc voltage can be given • The rms value of the out put
by current is now,
1 5𝜋/6 1 5𝜋/6
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න (𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡))2 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝑇 𝜋/6 𝑇 𝜋/6
5𝜋/6
1
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝜔𝑡 3 5𝜋/6 2
2𝜋/3 𝜋/6 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝐼𝑚 sin2 (𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
3 𝜋 5𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋/6
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = − 𝑣𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡)[ 𝑡𝑜 ]
2𝜋 6 6 0.838𝑣𝑚
3𝑣𝑚 5𝜋 𝜋 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = [−cos + cos ] 𝑅
2𝜋 6 6 Ripple factor,
3𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = [0.866 + 0.866] 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
2𝜋 𝑅𝐹 = − 1 = 0.16 = 16%
2
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = 0.827𝑣𝑚 𝐼𝑑𝑐
𝑣𝑑𝑐 0.827𝑣𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = .Efficiency =? ? ? ?
𝑅 𝑅
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Full-wave Three-phase Rectification
• The full-wave three-phase uncontrolled bridge rectifier circuit uses six
diodes, two per phase in a similar fashion to the single-phase bridge
rectifier. A 3-phase full-wave rectifier is obtained by using two half-wave
rectifier circuits. The advantage here is that the circuit produces a lower
ripple output than the previous half-wave 3-phase rectifier as it has a
frequency of six times the input AC waveform.
• Also, the full-wave rectifier can be fed from a balanced 3–phase 3-wire
delta connected supply as no fourth neutral (N) wire is required. Consider
the full-wave 3-phase rectifier circuit below.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• As before, assuming a phase rotation of Red-Yellow-Blue (VA – VB – VC)
and the red phase (VA) starts at 0o. Each phase connects between a pair of
diodes as shown. One diode of the conducting pair powers the positive (+)
side of load, while the other diode powers the negative (-) side of load.
• Diodes D1 D3 D2 and D4 form a bridge rectifier network between
phases A and B, similarly diodes D3 D5 D4 and D6 between
phases B and C and D5 D1 D6 and D2 between phases C and A.
• Diodes D1 D3 and D5 feed the positive rail. The diode which has a more
positive voltage at its anode terminal conducts. Likewise, diodes D2 D4 and
D6 feed the negative rail and whichever diode has a more negative voltage
at its cathode terminal conducts.
• In 3-phase power rectifiers, conduction always occurs in the most positive
diode and the corresponding most negative diode. Thus as the three phases
rotate across the rectifier terminals, conduction is passed from diode to
diode.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• When D1 and D6 are on,
• Using KVL in the closed loop shown below,
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 1200
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑎𝑏 = 3𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 300
Then each diode conducts for 120o (one-third) in each supply cycle but as it
takes two diodes to conduct in pairs, each pair of diodes will conduct for
only 60o (one-sixth) of a cycle at any one time as shown above.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• Therefore we can correctly say that for a 3-phase rectifier being fed by “3”
transformer secondaries, each phase will be separated by 360o/3 thus
requiring 2*3 diodes.
• Note also that unlike the previous half-wave rectifier, there is no common
connection between the rectifiers input and output terminals. Therefore it
can be fed by a star connected or a delta connected transformer supply.
• The output dc voltage can be given by 𝑣𝑑𝑐 1.654𝑣𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = =
1 𝜋/2 𝑅 𝑅
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 3𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 30)𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝑇 𝜋/6 The RMS value of the output voltage is given
1 𝜋/2 by;
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 3𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 30)𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋/3 𝜋/6 3 𝜋/2 2
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 3𝑣𝑚 sin2 (𝜔𝑡 + 30) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋/6
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = − 3𝑣𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 30)[ 𝑡𝑜 ]
𝜋 6 2 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1.6606𝑣𝑚
3 3𝑣𝑚 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = [−cos + cos ] 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
𝜋 3 3 𝑅𝐹 = ( ) −1 = 8.94%
𝑣𝑑𝑐
3 3𝑣𝑚 3 3𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = = = 1.654𝑣𝑚 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =? ? ?
𝜋 𝜋
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
Three-phase Controlled Half-wave Rectifier
• Conduction mode of a single SCR is 120 degrees.
𝒗𝒂 𝒗𝒃 𝑣𝑐
• The first SCR, T1 will be triggered at the natural commutation of Va and
Vc, at point X.
• When the firing angle is zero, the SCR acts like a diode.
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• 0°<=α<=30º, output voltage is continuous.
• The output voltage
5𝜋
1 6 +𝛼
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑤𝑡
𝑇 +𝛼
𝜋
6
3 𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = − 𝑣𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡 [
2𝜋 6
5𝜋
+ 𝛼 𝑡𝑜 + 𝛼]
6
3 3
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = 𝑣 cos(𝛼)
2𝜋 𝑚
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠
5𝜋
3 6 +𝛼
2
= න 𝑣𝑚 sin2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑤𝑡
2𝜋 𝜋+𝛼
6
3 𝜋 3
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑣𝑚 ( + cos(2𝛼)
2𝜋 3 3
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• 30° <= 𝛼 <= 1500 , output voltage is discontinuous. , let 𝛼 = 600
• T1 conducts from 300 + 𝛼 𝑡𝑜 1500 + 𝛼 • The output𝜋 voltage
0 0
1
• T2 conducts from 150 + 𝛼 𝑡𝑜 270 + 𝛼 𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න𝜋 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑤𝑡
𝑇 +𝛼
• T3 conducts from 2700 +𝛼 𝑡𝑜 3600 + 𝛼 6
3 𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = − 𝑣𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑤𝑡 [
2𝜋 6
+ 𝛼 𝑡𝑜 𝜋]
3 𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = 𝑣𝑚 [1 + cos + 𝛼 ]
2𝜋 6
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
Three-Phase Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• The dc load voltage for 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 600 is,
𝜋 •.
+𝛼
3 2
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋+𝛼 𝑎𝑏
6
𝜋
+𝛼
3 2
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 3𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 30)𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 𝜋+𝛼
6
3 3𝑣𝑚 𝜋 𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 30 [ + 𝛼 𝑡𝑜 + 𝛼]
𝜋 6 2
3 3𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = cos(𝛼)
𝜋
𝜋
+𝛼
3 2
2 sin2 (𝜔𝑡 + 30) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 3𝑣𝑚
𝜋 𝜋+𝛼
6
1 3 3
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 3𝑣𝑚 [ + cos(2𝛼)]
2 4𝜋
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• 600 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1500
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
AC to DC Converter: Rectifiers
• The dc load voltage for 600 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 1500 is,
5𝜋
3 6
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑣𝑎𝑏 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋+𝛼
6
5𝜋
3 6
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = න 3𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 30)𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋 𝜋+𝛼
6
3 3𝑣𝑚 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑣𝑑𝑐 =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 30 [ + 𝛼 𝑡𝑜 ]
𝜋 6 6
3 3𝑣𝑚
𝑣𝑑𝑐 = [1 + cos 600 + 𝛼 ]
𝜋
Electromechanical Engineering
Power Electronics and Drives
38
Electromechanical Engineering