gz;ila r%fk;
juk; 10 4k; ghlk;
ghl tpsf;fKk; Fwpg;Gf;fSk;
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
gz;ila r%fk;
vf; fhyj;jpYk; Xu; ehl;by;/ r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kf;fs;
njhifapy; ngUk; gFjpapdu; rhjhuz Fb kf;fNs>
Ms;gtu;> mjpfhupfs;> rkaj; jiytu;fs;> r%fj;jpd; kpf
Kf;fpa gpuKfu;fs; vd;Nghu; kpfTk; Fiwe;j msTilNahNuh
MapDk; ,r; rpW njhifapdNu tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpak;
ngWfpd;wdu;.
,g; ghlk; tuhyhw;wpy; tho;e;j rhjhuz
kf;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpid nfhz;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
epu;thf mikg;G
ePjp, gpuNjr epu;thfk;, fhzp toq;Fk; mjpfhupfs;,
epu;thfk;, kf;fs; eyd;, itj;jparhiyfs;
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
nghUshjhuk;
tptrhak;
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if
ifj;njhopy;
tu;j;jfk;
fyhrhuk;
rkak;
Vida rkaq;fs;
,dq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ,zf;fg;ghL
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
epu;thf mikg;G
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
epu;thf mikg;G
ePjp Kiwik
fhzp toq;Fk; mjpfhupfs;
epu;thf mikg;G
gpuNjr epu;thfk;
kf;fs; eyd;
itj;jparhiyfs;
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
Guhjd fhy kd;du;fspd; Ml;rp Kiw vj;jifaJ vd;gJ
gw;wpaJ.
rl;lk;> ePjp> epu;thfk; vdgitNa murhq;fk; MFk;.
,jid Guhjd fhyj;jpy; mur rig epiwNtw;wpaJ ,d;W
ghuhskz;wk; nra;fpd;wJ.
rl;lk; ,aw;WtJ mur rig/ ghuhskz;wk;
mjid epu;thfk; nra;tJ mur mjpfhupfs;
mr; rl;lj;ij kPWNthUf;F jz;lid toq;FtJ ePjp Jiw
mjpfhupfs;
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
fp gp 9k; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; (mDuhjGu fhyk;) fhzg;gl;l
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,j; Jiwfs; (rl;l/epu;thf) gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gj;jd;Nd n`y vDkplj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;W rhd;W
gfu;fpd;wJ.
mf; fy;ntl;by;
tj;`pkp t`d;Nr tjhy “vf;njd; rkpnad;” vDk; thrk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
vf;njd; rhkpa vDk; nrhy; “Vf M];jhd rhk;a” vDk; nrhy;iy
Fwpg;gjhFk;.
mjhtJ Vf M];jhd vdg;gLtJ mur rig vdTk; rhkpa vd;gJ
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ vdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. mur rigapdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ
vd nghUs; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;fpd;wdu; tuyhw;W Ngurpupau;fs;.
NkYk; tj;`pkpad; tjy vDk; nrhy; mur mizapid Fwpg;gjhf
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. tj;`pkp vd;gJ muridf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; vdf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
epu;thf mikg;G
ePjp Kiwik
fhzp toq;Fk; mjpfhupfs;
epu;thf mikg;G
gpuNjr epu;thfk;
kf;fs; eyd;
itj;jparhiyfs;
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
mur fhzpfis md;gspg;G nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
mjpfhupfs; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
mDuhjGuj;jpy; FUk`j;jkd; vDkplj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
fy;ntl;by; nfnyfk vDkplj;ij k`pe;juhk vDk; gpf;Fdpfs;
Muhikf;F md;gspg;G nra;a te;jik gw;wp $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jw;F vd tUif je;j mjpfhupfshf nkdpd;fKNt> cja> epf
nty;Ny Nrd MfpNahu; ,tu;fs; rght vd mioj;jdu;.
rght vd;gJ ePjpkd;wj;ij Fwpg;gjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
rght vDk; nrhy; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; “k`Ny”/ k`Nyfk; (gjpthsu;
ehafk;) vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
nkjpupfpupatpy; mike;jpUe;j vj;nt`u vdg;gl;l
J}gpkidf;F 2k; Nrd kd;ddpd; Mizg;gb fhzpia
toq;f fhrpag;g vDk; gjpthsu; ehafk; (k`Ny
f];gh) vDk; mjpfhup tUif je;jjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,tu;fspd; nghWg;ghf rfy mur flikfisAk;
ghJfhj;J itg;gjw;fhd elntbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
epu;thf mikg;G
ePjp Kiwik
fhzp toq;Fk; mjpfhupfs;
epu;thf mikg;G
gpuNjr epu;thfk;
kf;fs; eyd;
itj;jparhiyfs;
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
J}u gpuNjrq;fspy; epu;thf elntbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s
cs;Shuhl;rp njhlu;ghf jdpahd xU epu;thf mikg;G
fhzg;gl;ljw;fhf Mjhuk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wikf;fhd Mjhuk;
fpilj;Js;sJ.
trg kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l ehfjPg
(aho;g;ghzj;jpy;) vDkplj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w ty;ypGu
nghw;rhrdk; mg; gpuNjrj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l up~pfpup vDk;
mikr;rdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l gpupaq;f jp];] vDk; tpfhiu
gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,jid tpl rpW gpuNjr myFfSk; fhzg;gl;l mjhuq;fs;
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
mg; gpuNjr myFfis jrfk; vj;jd; vd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd
[Link] 9k; E}w;whz;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;lhd khj;jis
khtl;lj;jpy; fSjpa nghf;Fid tpfhiuapy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l
fy;ntl;by; “,t; tpfhiuf;F jhdk; toq;Ftjpy; gpur;rid Vw;gl;lhy;
gj;J fpuhk jiytu;fSk; xd;W Nru;e;J jPu;f;f Ntz;Lk;” vd
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mur ghuk;gupak; je;ijf;F gpd; kfDf;F vdTk; rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rNfhjuDf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. (Njtek;gpa
jP]Df;F gpd; cj;jpa> kh`rpt> R+ujp];]> mNry)
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
epu;thf mikg;G
ePjp Kiwik
fhzp toq;Fk; mjpfhupfs;
epu;thf mikg;G
gpuNjr epu;thfk;
kf;fs; eyd;
itj;jparhiyfs;
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
kf;fs; eyd; kw;Wk; trjpfspYk; kd;du;fs; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sdu;.
nt[;[rhyh vd ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gJ
itj;jparhiyfisahFk;.
fpwp];JTf;F Kd; ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L fhy fy;ntl;by; ,f;
Fwpg;Gf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Gj;jjh] kd;dd; ([Link] 340 - 368) mDuhjGuj;jpy; gy
itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jhd;
ehd;fhk; fhrpag;g kd;dd; ([Link] 914 - 923) fhyj;jpy; fLikahd
fhr;ry; gutpaJ ,jdhy; rhjuz itj;jparhiyfspy; ,e; Nehapid
Fzg;gLj;j trjpapy;yikahy; kd;dd; mjw;nfd rpwg;G
itj;jparhiyapid mikj;jjhf fy;ntl;L %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ
(cgrf;f Nuhfehr) vDk; ngauhy; mt; itj;jparhiy
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd; ([Link] 982 - 1029) mDuhjGu itj;jparhiyfSf;F
Njitahd gy trjpfis nra;J nfhLj;jhd;.
Kjyhk; cgjp];] kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; fu;g;gpzp jha;khu;fSf;F vd
jdpahd tpLjpfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld mit “g]te;jp ehk rhy”
vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ld ,f; fl;llq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;
jpk;gpupNf vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gz;Lfhga kd;ddpd; fhy ml;Lth fijfspy; ”nrhj;jprht” vDk;
nrhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J gpuhkzu;fspd; topghl;L ,lq;fis
Fwpf;fTk; gpurt tpLjpapid Fwpf;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
kd;du;fs; ehl;L kf;fspd; ez;ikf;fhTk; rkhjhd tho;Tf;fhfTk;
ehl;bd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfTk; mtu;fspd; vjpu;fhy tho;tpw;fhfTk; gy
ntspehLfSld; njhlu;Gfis Ngzpf; nfhz;ldu;.
,g; gFjp Guhjd fhy kd;du;fs; ntspehLfSld; nfhz;l njhlu;G
gw;wp fw;Nghk;.
,j; njhlu;G KiwahdJ fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; khWgl;lJ vd;gij
tuyhw;wpd; %yk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
,e;jpah> muhgpa> INuhg;gpa ehLfs;> rPd vd gy ehLfSld;
njhlu;G fhzg;gl;ljhf tuyhw;wpy; gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,dp ve;j kd;du;fs; ahu; ahUld; njhlgpid nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;gJ
gw;wp fhz;Nghk;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,yk;gfu;z murdhd Kjyhk; f[ghF kd;dd; ([Link] 114 – [Link]
136)
gj;jpdp nja;t topghl;bw;f;fhf fl;ba Nfhtpy; jpwg;G tpohtpw;F
,e;jpahtpd; Nru ,uhr;rpa;j;jpd; murg; gpujpepjpfs; tUif je;jdu;
vd gy njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd.
,t; tUif murpay; ey;Ywit tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
,Uf;fyhk; vd fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fdpl;l jp];] murd; fhyj;jpy; ([Link] 167 – [Link] 186)
cNuhKf;F J}Jf;FOtpid mDg;gpajhf kfhtk;rk;
$Wfpd;wJ.
Wtd;ntypah jhJ Nfhgj;jpid myq;fupg;gjw;fhf fz;zhb
kzpfis ngw ,f; Fop nrd;wjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
njhlu;e;J [Link] 8k; kw;Wk; 9k; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy;
rPdhTld; rpwe;j murpay; cwtpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.
,f; fhyj;jpy; gy J}Jtu;fs; ,t;tpU ehLfSf;Fkpilapy;
murpay; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf ey;Ywtpid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s
gazg;gl;ljhf bU ehLfspYk; njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;
fpz;ilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
Mwhk; mf;uNghjp kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; rPdtpypUe;J
,uh[je;jpupfs; ,UgJ Kiw ,yq;if te;jjhf tuyhw;wpy;
gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,yq;if may; ehLfSld; jpUkz njhlu;GfisAk;
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jJ vd gy %yhjhuq;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpd; fypq;fk;> ghz;b ehLfspilNa ,j; jpUkz cwTfs;
,Ue;jjhf tk;rf; fijfs; $Wfpd;wd.
Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ([Link] 1070 – [Link] 1110)
fypq;f ,sturp jpupNyhfRe;jup vd;gtiu jpUkzk; Kbj;jhd;
vdTk;
jdJ rNfhjupahd kpj;jit ghz;ba ,sturDf;F kzKbj;J
nfhLj;jhd; vd fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jd; %yk; kpf rpwe;j Kiwapy; jdJ murpay; gy;j;ij
mjpfupj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,f; fhyj;jpy; nkhop kw;Wk; rkak; vd;gtw;wpy; NtWgl;L
fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,yq;if kd;du;fs; mz;il ehl;L gpui[fSld;
ey;Ywit NgzpAs;sdu;.
tp[aghF kd;ddhy; nghydWitapy; fl;lg;gl;l jyjh
kspifapid ghJf;fhf;f Nrhoupd; gilahd Ntisf;fhu gilapid
epakpj;jhd; vd tuyhw;wpy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
[Link] 10k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; ,yq;if kd;du;fs; ,e;J rKj;jpu
tpahghuj;jpid iftrk; itj;jpUe;j muhgpuaUld; ey;Ywitg;
Ngzpf;nfhz;ldu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,J ,yq;ifapd; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpid jf;f itg;gjw;fhd rpwe;j
El;gkhFk;.
fp>gp 9 E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j muhgpa tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd my;
vd;gtu; ,yq;ifapid rptg;G jPT vdTk; mj;jPtpd; kd;du;fs; muG
muru;fSf;F gy guprpy;fis toq;fpdu; vd gupkhupf; nfhz;ldu; vd
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
gz;ila r%fk;
juk; 10 4k; ghlk;
ghl tpsf;fKk;
Fwpg;Gf;fSk;
gFjp 2
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
epu;thf mikg;G
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
nghUshjhuk;
tptrhak;
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if
ifj;njhopy;
tu;j;jfk;
fyhrhuk;
rkak;
Vida rkaq;fs;
,dq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ,zf;fg;ghL
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
nghUshjhuk;
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
nghUshjhuk;
tptrhak;
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if, new; gapu;r; nra;if
ke;ij tsu;g;G
ifj;njhopy;
cNyhf ifj;njhopy; etuj;jpd ifj;njhopy;,
ahizj;je;j ifj;njhopy;, kl;ghz;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
nerTf; ifj;njhopy;
tu;j;jfk;
njhopy;fs;
Mrpupau;fs;, itj;jpau;fs;, tof;fwpQ;Qu;fs;
Vida fiyQ;Qu;fs;:
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
nghUshjhuk;
Guhjhd kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw fpuhkq;fspNy fhzg;gl;lJ.
,tu;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwapy; gpujhd njhopyhshf tptrhak;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
Nridg;gapu;nra;if
ke;ij tsu;g;G vd;gdTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
tptrhak;
,yq;if kf;fspd; Guhj tho;thjhukhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
gapu;r;nra;ifAld; ke;ij tsu;g;Gk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
tptrhak; ,U tifg;gLk;
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if/ Nkl;Lepy gapu;r;nra;if
new;gapu;r; nra;if/ Nrw;Wepy gapu;r;nra;if
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if
,yq;ifapd; kpfTk; Guhjd fhyk; njhl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ ,g;
gapu;r;nra;ifahFk;.
,g; gapu;nra;ifapid gy ngau; nfhz;L mioj;jdu;.
Guhjd tuyhw;W %yhjhukhd Gj; ruz; vDk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpy;
nrn`d; vd;Wk;
rpq;fs %yhjhukd ck;kf;f [hjfj;jpy; Nrd vd;Wk;
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; gpl;lgpk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
gapu;r;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kiw
xU gFjp fhl;L epyg;gug;gpid njupT nra;J nfhs;tu;
mjid Rj;jk; nra;J mg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Xu; xyp vOg;gp mq;fpUf;Fk;
tpyq;F gwit Nghd;wtw;iw Juj;jp gpd;du; mg; gFjp kuq;fis
ntl;b tPo;j;jp mJ fha;e;j gpd;du; mjw;F jPapl;Lf;
nfhOj;jpmbf;fl;ilfis mfw;wp epyj;jpid jahu; nra;thu;.
,r; Nrid epyk; “etnjdp” Nrid vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
etnjdp Nrid vdg;gLtjw;F Fuf;fd;> nfhs;S> cOe;J> gaW>
Nrhsk;> fk;G> tuF> jpid> Xkk; vDk; jhdpa tiffs; vdTk;
fUJfpd;wdu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
xU jlit jahu; nra;j Nrid epyj;jpy; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W
jlitfs; gapu;r;nra;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
,g; gapu;nra;if kioePiu ek;gpNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Nrid gapu;nrifapy; gapuplg;gl;l gapu;fshtd
jhdpaq;fs; kuf;fwptiffs; fpoq;F tiffs; Gpw gapu;fs;
cOe;J> tuF> tl;Lf;fha;> gy fpoq;F Mil cw;gj;jpf;F
gaW> Fuf;fd;> G+rdpf;fha;> tiffs; gUj;jpAk;> rPdpf;F
Nrhsk;> vs;S> fj;jupf;fha;> fUk;Gk;
fLF> rPufk;> jpid> rhk;gy; G+rzp
muprp
(16k; E}w;whz;L tiu rPdp ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd tuyhW
$Wfpd;wJ) eilngw;wJ..
Nrid tPLfspy; ,Ue;J rpwpJ njhiytpy; mikf;fg;gLk;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
gapupl njhlq;fpaJ Kjy; mWtil tiu Nrid epyj;jpy; xU
kuk; xd;wpy; tPL mikj;J jq;fpapUe;J ,uT Neuq;fspy; gapu;fis
ghJfhg;gu;. NkYk; Nrid epyj;jpid Rw;wp fk;Gfshy; Mz
Ntypapid mikj;Jk;> kz; rl;bapid jiy Nghy; itj;J
mjid Xu; kdpj cUtk; Nghy; nra;J gapu; epyj;jpy; itg;gjd;
%yk; gwitfsplkpUe;J gapu;fis ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tu;.
,t;thW kuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gLk; tPL gud;/ngy vd miof;fg;gLk;.
fk;Gfshy; mikf;fg;gLk; Ntyp jz;L ntl;l vdTk;
kdpj tbtpy; mikf;fg;gLk; cUtk; n`ypflh/ntUsp vdTk;
mioj;jdu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,t;thwhd Nrid gapu; nra;iffSf;F muru;fshy; tup
mwtplg;gl;lJ gw;wp gy %yhjuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t; tup nfjpml> nfLfdf vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
nghydWitapid Mz;l ep]q;fky;yd; ([Link] 1187 –
1196),t;tupfis ePf;fpajhf fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif Fiwthf fhzg;gl;ljhy; jkJ
Njitfis Nrid gapu;nra;ifapd; %yk; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
rdj;njhif mjpfupg;gpdhy; new;nra;if tay;ntspfspy;
eilngw;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
new;nra;if
fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; ,g; gapu;nra;if tay;>nfj vd
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
,g; gapu;nra;if ePu;g;grdj;jpd; %yk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. rpwpa
,lq;fspy; new;nra;if fhzg;gl;l ,lq;fis tay; vdTk; ghupa
mstpy; eilngw;w ,lq;fis nfj vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdu;.
,g; gapu;rn
; ra;if ngUk;ghYk; ePu;g;ghrdj;jpd; %yNk eilngw;wJ.
kio fhyq;fspy; Fsq;fspy; ePu; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L gpd;du; fhy;tha;fs;
%yk; gapu; epyq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,g; gapu;rn
; ra;if ngUkstpy; ,U Nghfq;fshf eilngw;wJ.
ngUk; Nghfk;> rpW Nghfk; vd;gtw;NwhL ,ilNghfk; ePu; fpilf;Fk;
msitg; nghWj;J eilngw;wJ. Nghfk; vd;gJ xU Kiw ney;
gapul;g;gLk; fhykhFk;
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
cyu; tyaj;jpy; ,e;j new;nra;iff;F Nghjpa ePiug;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F ghupa Fsq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
nghydWitf;fhy kd;dd; kfhguhf;fpukghFtpdhy; ([Link]
1153 - 1186) $wg;gl;l tplak; “tpz;zpypUe;J kz;zpy;
nghopAk; xU Jsp ePiuNaDk; kdpjDf;F gad;glhJ
flypy; fyf;f tpl khl;Nld;” vDk; $w;wpy; ,Ue;J kio
ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa njspT Gydhfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
ke;ij tsu;g;G
tptrha elntbf;iffSf;F Nkyhf ke;ij tsu;g;Gk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,tw;wpy; khL tsu;g;G mjpfsthf fhzg;gl;lJ khL tsu;g;gtUf;F
vd xJf;fg;gl;l fpuhkk;/gpuNjrk; Nfhgyfk; vdg;gl;lJ.
fhrpag;g kd;dd; fhy fy;ntl;by; ghiy ngw;Wf; nfhs;s tsu;f;Fk;
khLfs; fpupnfup vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; ngz;nzhUj;jp gRtpypUe;J ghy; fwg;gJ Nghd;w rpj;jpuk;
rPfpah kfhNkUf; fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khLfspy; ,Ue;J japu;> nea; kw;Uk; ntz;nza; Nghd;wd
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
khLfis jtpu MLfs;> NfhopfSk; tsu;f;fg;gl;ld.
nkjpfpupatpy; fhzg;gLk; [Link] 9k; E}w;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;by; ,we;j
ML> Nfhopfis kl;Lk; Nehasu;fspd; Njitf;F gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd fy;ntl;by; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
ifj;njhopy;
,Uk;Gf; ifj;njhopy; – fk;khsu;
nghw; ifj;njhopy; – Jyhjhu
nrk;Gf; ifj;njhopy; – jk;gfu
nts;sPak; ifj;njhopy; - bd;
etuj;jpd ifj;njhopy; - kzpfu
ahizj;je;j ifj;njhopy; – jbf
kl;ghz;lq;fs; – Fk;gfu/Fgfu
nerTf; ifj;njhopy; – jjta
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
ifj;njhopypy; cNyhf ifj;njhopy; kpfg; gioa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
>Kd;Ndw;wkile;J te;jJ.
cNyhf ifj;njhopypy; ,Uk;Gf; ifj;njhopy; kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
%yhjhuq;fspy; ,Uk;Gf; ifj;njhopypy; <Lgl;ltu;fis fk;khsu;
vdTk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; fgu vdTk; Fwpj;Js;sdu;.
,Uk;G Ntiy nra;Ntu; fpuhk kf;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdtu;fshf
fhzg;gl;ldu;. tptrha cgfuzq;fis (kz;ntl;b> mupths;> Vu;)
,tu;fNs nra;J nfhLj;jdu;.
nghydWit khtl;lj;jpy; KJfy;y vDkplj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w
fy;ntl;by; k[;[pk vDk; fk;khsiug; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,Uk;G jtpu Vida cNyf ifj;njhopypy;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld.
nrk;G ,f; ifj;njhopypy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; jk;gfu vdg;gl;ldu;
nts;sPak; ,f; ifj;njhopypy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; bd; vdg;gl;ldu;
nghd; ,f; ifj;njhopypy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; Jyhjhu vdg;gl;ldu;
nghw;nfhy;yudh Jyju Rkz gw;wp mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpy;
kz;lfy vDkplj;jpy; fz;bgpbf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;by;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khzpf;fj;jhYk; Vida tif fw;fshYk; nra;g;gl;l khiy>
Nkhjpuq;fs; vd gy nghUl;fs; njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfspy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tu;fis kdpf vd mioj;jjhf
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
gioa fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l kw;Wk; Xu; ifj;njhopy; ahidj;je;j
nrJf;fyhFk;. Ntfpupa Njthyaj;jpw;F mz;ikapy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; jbf Rkd vDk; je;j nrJf;fy;
nra;gtu; gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; jbf vd;gJ je;jij MFk;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; md;whlk; cgNahfpj;j nghUl;fspy;
kl;ghz;lq;fs; gy vdNt kl;ghz;l ifj;njhopy; ,f; fhyj;jpy;
kpfTk; gutyhf fhzg;gl;l ifj;njhopyFk;.
gy ,lq;fspy; gy;NtWgl;l njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfspy; kl;ghz;lq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
Rkhu; 2250 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; $l
kl;ghz;lq;fis tidgtu; Fk;gfhu (Fgfu) vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; ntn`unfk vDkplj;jpy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;by; jjta vDk; nrhy;yhy; E}y;
E}w;gtu;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
E}y; E}w;wy; Xu; nerTf; ifj;njhopypy; xU gq;fhFk; vdNt ,k;
%yhjhuk; ,yq;ifapy; nerTf; ifj;njhopy; fhzg;gl;likf;F
rhd;whfpd;wJ.
,t;thW Guhjd rKfj;jpdu; gy;NtWgl;l ifj;njhopy;fis
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;gJk; jkJ mwpthYk; ciog;ghYk; rpwg;ghf
tho;e;Js;sdu; vd;gJk; njspthf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
tu;j;jfk;
Guhjd fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;lik gw;wpa gy
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mDuhjGu efu; njw;F thapypd; mUNf fhyRkz vDk; tu;j;jf
re;ij fhzg;gl;ljhf %yhjhuq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.
tu;j;jfs; cs;ehl;bYk;/ ntspehLfSlDk; Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;J
eilngw;W te;jik gw;wp gy Mjhuq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
rPfpupa ePu;g;G+q;ftpd; fy;ntl;by; “mgytgy” vDk; egu; gw;wp
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ mjhtJ Mk;y tpahghuk; vd gioa rpq;fsj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Gsp tpahghuj;jpid Fwpg;gjhFk;.
,f; fy;ntl;L 2250 Mz;Lfs; goikahdjhFk;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
rpW njhifapdiuj; jtpu tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;Nlhupy; gyu;
r%fuPjpahf xd;Wgl;L fhzg;gl;ldu;. mjhtJ rq;fk; mikj;J
nray;gl;ldu;.
mt;thwhd rq;fq;fis “g;fa”> “thgu” vDk; nrhw;fshy;
Fwpg;gpl;lg;gl;lJ.
,t;thW tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLk; $l;lj;jpdiu tzp[ my;yJ thgu
vd mioj;jdu;.
Guhjd fhyj;jpy; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;fs; r%fj;jpy;
nry;te;ju;fshfNt fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; ,tu;fs; gpf;FfSf;Fk;
nfhilfis toq;fpAs;sdu; mJ gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gy
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; gz;lfy vDkplj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
fy;ntl;L Rkd vDk; tzpfuhy; jhdkspf;fg;gl;l fw;Fif gw;wpaJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
mk;ghe;Njl;il khtl;lj;jpy; ntn`unfk vDk; ,lj;jpYk; Rkd
vDk; tdpfuhy; gpf;FfSf;F fw;Fif xd;W jhdkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy; n`uf;fk vDkplj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w
fy;ntl;by; “jjta Gf`” vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ mjhtJ E}w;Fk;
rq;fk; my;yJ Jzp nea;J tdpfk; nra;Ak; rq;fk; xd;wpd; %yk;
gpf;FfSf;F Fif xd;W jhdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
tu;j;jf efuq;fSk; fpuhkq;fSk; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl re;ijfs; gy
fhzg;gl;lJ.
kfhfikapy; ,Ue;J te;j Ru epky vd;gtu; thridj;jputpaq;fs;
thq;fpajhf tuyhw;wpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
kw;Wk; 4k; cjad; ([Link] 946 - 954) kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; N`hgpbfk
J}z; fy;ntl;by; re;ij epu;thfk; gw;wp murdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l
rl;lq;fs; gy (tuptR+ypg;G> ntw;wpiy tpw;gid Kiw vd gy)
$wg;gl;Ls;sik gw;wp Guhjd fhy re;ij gw;wp mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
Nghah jpdq;fs; tpLKiw jpdkhfTk; tu;j;jfk; nra;af; $lhJ
vdTk; ,f; fy;ntl;by; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; ,j; jpdq;fspy; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;ltu;splkpUe;J jz;lg;gzk;
mwtplg;gl;lJ. mt;thW <Lgl;ltu;fs; rpyUf;F kfpaq;fid
tpfhiuf;F tpsf;Nfw;Wtjw;F vz;iz toq;f gzpf;fg;gl;bUjdu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
[Link] 11k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; [Link] 13k; E}w;whz;L tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpapy; njd;dpe;jpa tk;rhtspfspd; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs;
gw;wp Kyhjhuq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld.
ehdhNjrp> tyQ;rpau;> Ie;E}w;wtu; vd;gd rpythFk;
mk;ghe;Njhl;ilapy; ehdhNjrpapd; Kj;jpiufs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; njd;khfhzj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by;
”fk;Ngh[ k`h Gfpa” vDk; thrfk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ mjhtJ
fk;Ngh[fu;fspy; ngU tu;j;jf mikg;gpid gw;wpahFk;. fk;Ngh[
vdg;gLtJ Mg;ghdp];jhdpy; ,Ue;J te;jtu;fis MFk;.
NkYk; mDuhjGuk; xU efukhf tsu;rr ; p ngw;wikf;F fhuzkhf
mike;jJ ,e;j ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhFk;. mjhtJ ,yq;ifapd; Nkw;F
fiuapy; khe;ij vdg;gLk; khNjhl;l JiwKfKk;> fpof;F fiuapy;
Nfhfz;z vd;g;gLk; jpUNfhzkiyj;JiwKfk; ,JNghy; tlf;F
fiuapy; [k;GNfhsg;gl;bdk; (rq;fkpj;j nts;suRf; fd;W nfhz;L
te;jJ) fpof;F gFjpapy; cs;s; yq;fh gl;bdk; vDk;
JiwKfj;jpD}lhf ,sturp N`kkhyTk; ,sturd; je;j vd;Nghuhy;
Gj;jupd; Gdpj je;j jhJ nfhz;L tug;gl;ljpypUe;J ,yq;ifapid
R+o gy rpwpa JiwKfq;fs; fhz;g;gl;lik GydhfpwJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
njhopy;fs;
Mrpupau;fs;
itj;jpau;fs;
tof;fwpQ;Qu;fs;
Mrpupau;fs;: Mrpupaj; njhopy; Guhjd fhyj;jpy;ypUe;Nj
fzg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fs Mrhu;a vd %yhjhuq;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fiyfspid fw;gpg;Nghu; kw;Wk; fiyfspy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;Nwhu;
,t;thW miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
ahidia gof;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; = `];jp Mrhu;a
Fjpiu rthup gof;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; = m];t Mrhu;a
mk;G va;Jk; fiyapid fw;gpj;Njhu; = JD Mrhu;a vd
%yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
itj;jpau;fs;: kf;fspy; eydpy; itj;jpau;fspd; gq;fspg;G kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ. gioa fhyk; njhl;L itj;jau;fs; r%fj;jpy; kpf
cau;thf kjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
,tu;fis nt[ vd mioj;jdu;. [Link] 9k; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;by;
itj;jpau;fis k`htpjdh vd mioj;jdu; ,tu;fs; mWit
rpfpr;ir nra;Ak; itj;jpau;fshf ,Uf;fyhk; vd fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
tof;fwpQ;Qu;: 2000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;Ng rl;lq;fs; gw;wp ed;fwpe;j
gyu; tho;e;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fs; murd; ePjp toq;Ftjw;F murDf;F
(MNyhrid toq;Ftjd; %yk;) Jizepd;wdu;.
,tu;fis nth`hu vd mioj;jdu;. ,J rk];fpuj nrhy;yhFk;.
mf;fhy r%fj;jpy; ,tu;fs; thz;ik kpF egu;fsf cau;Tld;
fUj;jg;gl;ldu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
Vida fiyQ;Qu;fs;: ,tu;fSk; jkJ fiyfs; %yk; r%fj;jpw;F
Nritahw;wpdu;fs;.
eldkhLNthu;.
rpj;jpuk; tupgtu;fs;
ftpQ;Qu;fs; vd gy fiyQ;Qu;fs; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
FUzhfy; khtl;lj;jpy; nkjfktpy; fhzg;gLk; tpfhiuapy; 2200
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; nrJf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; jp];] vDk;
eldf; fiyQ;Qu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,tuJ kidtp xu;u; gUkfY vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
rpj;jpuf; fyQ;Qu;fs; rpjfu (rpj;jpuf;fhuu;fs;) my;yJ ygj (Nyhgj)
vd miof;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
Nyhgj vd;gJ rk];fpujkhFk; mjhtJ myq;fhug;gLj;jy; MFk;
epwq;fs; nfhz;L myq;fhuk; nra;tjdhy; ,tu;fs; Nyhgj vd
miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
mk;khe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; nel;Lfe;j vDkplj;jpy; cs;s
fy;ntl;by; ygd jp];] vd;gtiug; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fiyQ;Qu;fspy; ftpQ;Qu;fSk; kpf Kfpak; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
,tu;fis ftp vd mioj;jdu;. NkYk; ygd jp];]; vd;gtupd;
kfd; rQ;ad; Xu; ftpQ;Qd; vd mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lj;jpy;
nel;Lfe;j ,lj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;g;ll
; fy;ntl;by;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
gz;ila r%fk;
juk; 10 4k; ghlk;
ghl tpsf;fKk;
Fwpg;Gf;fSk;
gFjp 3
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
epu;thf mikg;G
ntspAwTf; nfhs;if
nghUshjhuk;
tptrhak;
Nridg; gapu;rn
; ra;if
ifj;njhopy;
tu;jj
; fk;
fyhrhuk;
rkak;
Vida rkaq;fs;
,dq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ,zf;fg;ghL
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
fyhrhuk;
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
fyhrhuk;
rKfj;jpy; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; rkak; kpf
Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
rkak;
fp.K 3k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J kfpe;jNjuu;
,q;F tUif je;J Gj;j rkaj;ij
Nghjpf;f njhlq;fpajpypUe;J mr; rkak;
,yq;ifapd; gpujhd rkakhf tpsq;fpaJ.
mjid njhlu;e;J ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;j
tu;j;jfu;fs; %yk; ,yq;iff;F ,e;Jrkak;
gutpaJ
mjd; gpd;du; ,];yhk; rkaKk; njhlu;e;J
fj;Njhypf;f rkaKk; ,yq;ifapy; gutpaJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
ngsj;jk; mwpKfkhdJ Kjy; mJ ,yq;ifapy; Ntfkhf gutpaJ
,jdhy; gpf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if Ntfkhf mjpfupj;jJ ,jdhy;
Muhikfs; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gl fw;Fiffspid Rj;jk; nra;J
gpf;FfSf;F toq;fp te;jdu;.
mt;thW 1600f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fw;Fiffs;
ehl;by; gy ,lq;fspy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;ld.
fw;Fifapid Rj;jk; nra;J kioePu;
tope;Njhlhky; gPypfis mikj;J toq;fpdu;.
rpyu; mg; gPypfspy; toq;fpatupd; tpguq;fis Fwpj;jpUe;jdu;.
,it gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Guhjd fhy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; gpuhfpuj vDk; Guhjd rpq;fs nkhopapy;
vOj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
kpfpe;jiy> upbfy> nt];]fpup> rPfpupa Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
,lq;fspy; gy fy;ntl;Lfs; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.
fw;Fiffs; jtpu gd;drhy vDk; fl;llq;fSk; gpf;FfSf;F
jhdkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,it Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Xiy> ,Yf;F Gw;fshy; $iu
mikf;fg;gl;L khz;zhyd Rtu;fis nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; nrq;fw;fs; kw;Wk; fUq;fw;fs; %yk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
gd;drhy vDk; nrhy;ypd; %yk; gd;ry vDk; nrhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
Guhjd fhy Muikfspy; tho;ej ; gpf;FfSf;F Xu; jiytu;
fhzg;gl;lhu; ,tu; Njuu; vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tUld; tho;e;j
Vida gpf;Ffs; me;Njthrpg; gpf;Ffs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;. kw;Wk;
jiyik gpf;Ffis mz;b thOk; khztg; gpf;Ffs; rjptp`hfupa
vd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngsj;j Nghjidfs; kdg;glk; nra;ag;gl;L fhyk; fhykhf
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. ,t;thW ghJfhj;jtu;fs; ghzf vd
miof;f;g;gl;ldu;.
Nghjidfspy; gFjpfspy; kddk; nra;j;jpUe;j gpf;FfSf;F
jdpj;jdpNa miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
cjhuzkhf jPfepfhait kddk; nra;jpUe;j gpf;Ffs; jPf ghzf
vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
rq;fAj;j vDk; gFjpapid kddk; nra;jpUe;jtu;fs; Aj;j ghzf
vdTk; mwpag;gl;ldu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
Mdhy; tyk;gh kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ngsj;jupd; Nghjidfs;
khj;jis mYtpfiuapy; vOj;JUg; ngw;wJ. ,J jpupgplhfk; vdTk;
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
FUehfy; khtl;lj;jpy; n`yk;gfy vDkplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
fy;ntl;by; trtrpf vDk; nrhy; kiofhyj;jpy; gpf;FfSf;F
jq;fpapUf;f miog;G tpLj;J mf;fhyk; Kbtila tpoh vLg;gJ
vd;gjhFk;.
NkYk; gpf;F xUtupd; cwtpdu; xUtuhy; ijf;fg;gl;l; fhtpj;Jzp
jhdkspf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wpa fy;ntl;Lk; ,g;gFjpapy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,it 2200 tUlq;fs; goikahditahFk;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
Vida rkaq;fs;
ngsj;j rkak; mDuhjGuj;jpy; epiyj;j fhyj;jpy; gpuhkzpa
kf;fs; efupYk; efiu mz;ba gFjpfspYk; tho;e;jjhf
rhl;rpaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tu;fs; ,e;J rkaj;jtu;fshtu;. NkYk; ,tu;fspd; rka
elntbf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;s mikf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fis
nrhj;jprhy vd kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $Wfpd;wJ.
rPtrhy vDk; nrhy;Yk; rptypq;fk; gpujp];il nra;ag;gl;l ,lk; vd
kfhtk;r ciu E}yhd Bfht $Wfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
njd;dpe;jpah ,yq;iff;F mz;ikapy; ,Ujikahy; gy tj;jfu;fs;
,yq;iff;F te;Js;sdu; mtu;fs; gw;wp fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; jnkl vd
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ ,J Guhjd rpq;fs gpuhfpuj nkhopapy;
Fwpg;gjhFk;.
[Link] 7k; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; gpujhd JiwKfq;fis mz;b
Fwpg;gplf;$ba msT jkpo; kf;fs; tho;e;j Mjhuq;fs;
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
khNjhl;il JiwKfj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; jpUf;NfjP];tuk; ,e;Jf;
NfhapYk;> Nfhfz;z JiwKfj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; jpUf;NfhNz];tu
MyaKk; kf;fspd; tpopghl;blq;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
rpYit milahsk; nfhz;l fy;ntl;L mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fj;Njhypf;f rka gpupTfspy; xd;whd
ne];lhupau;fspd; rpYitahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tu;fs;
ghurPfj;jpid ikahkhfnfhz;L to;e;jtu;fs;.
[Link] 5k; E}w;whz;L Njr rQ;rhupahd nfh];nkh]; ,z;bnfhg;Nyl];
mDuhjGuj;jpy; tho;e;j ne];Nlhupau;fs; gw;wp Fwpj;Js;shu;.
,tu;fs; topghl;bw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;lNj ,r; rpYitahFk; NkYk;
,J [Link] 8k;>9k; E}w;whz;bw;Fupajhf fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
[Link] 9k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; ,];yhkpa fUj;Jf;fSk; ,yq;ifapy;
epytpaJ vd;gjw;F gy rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
muG G+Nfhstpay; E}yhd “fpjhg; my; k];ypf; ty; kkhypf;” vDk;
E}ypy; ,yq;ifapid nruz;bg; vd Fwpj;Js;sdu;.
,];yhkpaupd; tu;j;jf Mjpf;fk; Mrpahtpy; NkNyhq;fpa
fhyg;gFjpapy; f;6k; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 13k; E}w;whz;L
fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapYk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpapUe;jJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
fy;tp
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
fy;tp
,yq;ifapy; kpfg; gioa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj fy;tp mikg;G
fhzg;gl;Ls;sikf;F rpwe;j Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gl;Ls;Sd.
,e;j mwpTg; gupkhw;wk; gapw;rp %yk;> Nfs;tp Qhdj;jpd; %yk;
guk;giu guk;giuahf nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ
Vwj;jhs 4400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu kz; Xlq;fspyhd kahdq;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j kahdq;fspy; m];jp itf;fg;gl;l kl;ghz;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
mtxNu mstpidf; nfhz;ljhfTk; mk; kl;ghz;lq;fs;
itf;fg;g;l;bUe;j Kiw vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; mf;fhy r%fj;jpd;
njhopEl;g mwptpid mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
Kd;dNu ehk; fw;wJ Nghy; fy;tpf;F Mrhu;a vDk; nrhy; %yk;
Mrpupau;fs; gy tplaq;fis fw;gpj;jdu; vd fw;Nwhk;
ngsj;j rkak; gutpaij njhlu;e;J fy;tp epiyaq;fs; ngsj;j
tpfhiufshf tpsq;fpd.
ngsj;j FUkhu;fs; rpq;fsk;> ghsp> rk];fpujk;> gpuhfpUjk; Mfpa
nkhopfNshL Gj;j ju;kk; njhlu;ghd Mo;e;j mwpitAk;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,tu;fNs Kjw;ju Mrpupau;fshf tpsq;fpdu;fs;.
mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; k`htpfhiu ngsj;jrkaj;jpd; kj;jpa
epiyakhfTk; fy;tp epiyakhfTk; tpsq;fpaJ ntspehl;L ngsj;j
FUkhu;fs; $l tUif je;jdu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
jpupgplhf E}Yf;F tpsf;f E}y; vOjpa Gj;jNfhru; k`htpfhiuapy;
fw;wtu; Mthu;.
fy;tp fw;gjpy; vkJ Guhjd rKfj;jpdu; kpfTk; Mu;tKilatuhf
fhzg;gl;ldu;.
fy;tp fw;fhjtu;/njhopy; mwpT ,y;yhj xUtu; fhl;Lg;G+tpw;F
xg;ghdtu; vd $wg;gl;ljd; %yk; kf;fspd; fy;tp Mu;tk; gw;wp
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,yf;fpaKk; ,uridAk;.
,uhrul;ilf; fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; ghsp> rk];fpujk; kw;Wk;
rpq;fsj;jpy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;.
jPgtk;rk;. kfhtk;rk;> mgpjhdh> gpujPg;gpf;fh> rhuhgpujPg;gjp Nghd;w
E}y;fs; ghsp nkhop E}y;fs; MFk;.
[hdfp`uza> ghytjNghjd> mDUj;j> rj;jfa vd;gd
rk];fpuj E}y;fs; MFk;.
rpag];yfu> rrhe;jhtj;j> KtNj cjhtj;j vd;gd rpq;fs
E}y;fshFk;.
2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; fhzg;gl;l fpupe;j gd;riyapy;
fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by; jhsj;Jld; ghlf;$ba Xu; ftpij
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,f; ftpij ehf ,sturd; xUtd; Gj;jupd; Nghjidfis ,q;F
itj;J Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd; vd $WfpwJ.
rPfpupa gspq;F Rtu;fspy; 600f;F Nkw;gl;l ftpijfis
fhzKbfpd;wJ
Guhjd fhy ftpijfs; epiyahikapid fUg;nghUshf nfhz;L
ghbAs;sjd; %yk; mf; fhy kf;fs; Gj;jupd; NghjidfshYk;
,aw;ifAld; nfhz;l njhlu;gpd; %yk; ngw;w KOikahd
mDgtNk vd fUjKbfpd;wJ.
mt;thwhd ftpij xd;W [Link] 9k; E}w;whz;by; mgafpup
tpfhiuapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ ,f; ftpijapy; ctkhdq;fs;
vspikahf ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,dq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd
,zf;fg;ghL
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,dq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd ,zf;fg;ghL
,yq;ifapy; gy r%fj;jpdu; tho;e;Js;sdu;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ
tpahghuj;jpd; nghUl;L gy r%fj;jpdu; ,q;F te;J tho;e;jdu;.
njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J jkpou;fSk;
fpNuf;fk;> nk]pNlhdpah Mfpa gFjpfspypUe;J mNahdpau;fSk;
Mg;fhdpypUe;J fk;Ngh[fu;fSk;
kyhf;f Flh ehl;bypUe;J [htfu;fSk; ,uh[ul;il efu;fspy;
tho;e;jjhf Mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
MapDk; mtu;fs; xUNghJ jkf;fpilNa Fog;gq;fis cUthf;fp
nfhs;stpy;iy.
gpw ehl;ltu;fis re;Njffz; nfhz;L ghu;f;Fk; gof;fk; Guhjd
fhy kf;fSf;F ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ njspT>
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
mgafpup tpfhiuapy; fp.K 250k; Mz;lstpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l
fy;ntl;L xd;wpy; jkpou; xUtu; ngsj;j FUthf ,Ue;jhu; vd
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; rpq;fs ngz; xUtiu jkpoiu
jpUkzk; nra;jpUe;jik gw;wpAk; tuyhw;wpy; gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ
jkpo; FLk;gq;fs; tPjp xd;W mDuhjGu efupy; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ vd
njhy;nghUspashyu;fshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW ehl;L tzpfu;fSk; tho;e;Js;sdu;.
ngUk;ghNyhNdhu; [Link] 9k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ ,e; ehl;L mur
rigapy; jkpo; mjpfhup vDk; gjtp fhzg;gl;ljhfTk; mtupd;
nghWg;ghf mDuhjGuj;jpYk; mjd; Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpYk; tho;e;j jkpou;
Rf eyd;fis NgZtjhFk;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
nfhOk;G mUq;fhl;l;rpafj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; 4k; kfpe;jd; fhy
fy;ntl;by; jkpo; mjpfhup gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gy jkpo; kf;fs; ,uhZt gilapYk; gzpGupe;Js;sdu;.
NkYk; njd;dpe;jpa gil cjtpapid ngw;w muru;fs; ,sehf>
mgaehf (236 – 244) Nghd;Nwhu;uhtu;.
NfushtpypUe;J te;j mtu;fshy; cUthd gil m`k;gbr; Nrid
vdg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;dDk; jyjh khspifapid ghJfhf;Fk;
nghWg;ig Nrhoupd; jkpou; gilahd Ntisf;fhu gilaplk;
xg;gilj;jhd;.
[Link] 11> 12k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; njd;dpe;jpa tu;j;jf epWtdq;fshd
ehdNjrp> Iq;FWtu; Nghd;Nwhupd; Kj;jpiufs; mk;ghe;Njhl;il
khtl;lj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
,tu;fs; rkhjhd Kiwapy; jq;fs; gzpfis nra;a ghJfhg;Gk;>
eyd;Gup elntbf;iffSk; muru;fspd; KO mDkjpAld;
fpilf;fg;ngw;wik gw;wpa fy;ntl;L xd;W yPyhtjp fhyj;jpy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;g;l;Ls;sJ.
jkpou;fs; Nghy muhgpu ,];yhkpau;fSlDk; me;epNahd;dpakhf
kf;fs; nraw;gl;ldu;.
midj;J kf;fSk; xw;Wikahf topgLk; ,lkhf rptndhspghj kiy
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ Gj;j ngUkhdpd; fhyb gl;ljhy; =ghj vdTk;
rptngUkhdpd; ghjk; gl;ljdhy; ,e;Jf;fs; ,jid
rptndhspghjkiy vdTk;
,];yhkpaUk; fj;Njhypf;fUk; ,jid Mjhkpd; kiy vdTk;
topgLfpd;wdu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
[Link] 850k; Mz;lstpy; ehLfhz; gazpahd Riykhd; mtu;fs; ,k;
kiyapid juprpf;f te;j;jhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW te;jtu;fsplk; kf;fSk; muru;fSk; ve;j ,ilA+Wk;
nra;atpy;iy.
,t;thW ,yq;ifapd; Guhjd fhy kf;fSk; kd;du;fSk;
vg;NghJk; ehl;ilAk; ehl;bd; ed;ikapidAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nl
nraw;gl;ldu;.
jkpo; Nkir [Link]
ed;wp
jkpo; Nkir [Link]