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Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network

Article in Distributed Generation and Alternative Energy Journal · November 2021

DOI: 10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3738

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 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy
System for Distribution Network

Atinkut Bayu1 , Degarege Anteneh1

and Baseem Khan2,∗

1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Debre Berhan University,
Ethiopia
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawassa University,
Ethiopia
E-mail: baseem.khan04@[Link]
∗
Corresponding Author

Received 25 June 2021; Accepted 10 November 2021;

Publication 07 December 2021

Abstract
In the real world, most countries generate electricity from fuel, which has
its own disadvantages. To minimize the usage of fuels, economic, social
and environmental effects should be studied and focus should be given on
the development of alternative power sources, such as solar photovoltaic
(PV), wind energy, micro-hydro power and others. This paper focuses on
the use of solar photovoltaic generation in conjunction with wind turbines
to generate electrical energy. Further, this work studies the hybrid electrical
energy generation system for the selected power network for Debre Berhan
City. The developed hybrid system is connected to the grid to supply the load.
Modeling of the power network and the components of the hybrid power
network is performed by using MATLAB software. Results show the outputs
of wind and solar PV generation are 168.5 kW and 173.3 kW, respectively, to
supply the demand of 200 kW. Therefore, the most suitable option to supply

Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal, Vol. 37_3, 537–556.

doi: 10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.3738
© 2021 River Publishers
538 A. Bayu et al.

the demand is the combination of solar PV and wind turbines, which produces
357.8 kW.

Keywords: Hybrid energy system, distribution network, grid integration.

1 Introduction
Solar PV and wind turbine integrated hybrid power systems are becoming
very vital due to their abundance, obtainability, and ease of harnessing energy
for electrical power generation. In most parts of Ethiopia, power generation
can be possible by using either solar PV or wind turbines, or a combination
of both. Therefore, areas should be identified for the generation of electrical
energy through solar and wind resources [1]. Electrical energy in Ethiopia
is mainly generated from hydro (around 80%) as compared to other types
of energy like wind, solar, and biomass. This makes the system unreliable,
as atmospheric factors affect the power generation from hydro plants. Usage
of renewable energy sources for electrical energy generation has a positive
impact on the system reliability and socioeconomic growth of the community
and has no adverse effect on the environment [2]. Figure 1 presents the
schematic diagram of a hybrid renewable energy system integrated into the
grid network. This research paper focuses on solar PV with wind turbines to
develop a hybrid power system that generates and supplies electrical energy
to the end user when the grid power from the utility is not enough to cover
the load of the customer for different reasons.

1.1 Background Study and Related Work

Many researchers have developed hybrid renewable energy systems for the
purpose of electricity generation. A hybrid renewable energy system gen-
erates more reliable electrical energy, as the single source of intermittent
nature can’t supply continuous generation. A hybrid system also provides an
economical solution as many investigations have been conducted to decide
the feasibility and benefits of the alternative energy sources tied to the
power network. In [3], the design and optimization of a solar PV system
is presented by utilizing a case study of KIOT administration offices. The
paper deals with a standalone system consisting of solar power with a standby
generator, battery banks, and power conditioning units to supply the KIOT
administration building. Modeling and simulation of a standalone PV electric
power supply system was done by HOMER software. Further, cost benefit
analysis is also performed. In [4], modeling of wind turbines and photovoltaic
systems is performed to illustrate the productivity and consistency, in order
 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 539

to increase production of power from the integrated network. The paper

performed the modeling of each part of the solar PV and wind turbine systems
and combined the two systems for comparing output voltage and power
variation by using MATLAB Simulink. The paper demonstrates the efficiency
of the modeled hybrid power system and concluded that the hybrid system
can generate the maximum power for the moist summer weather compared
to the individual case. In [5], simulation and control of a solar and wind
hybrid renewable power system are performed. The authors modeled the
combination of the solar and wind power supply to provide a meaningful
combination of the two energy sources to get adequate electrical power
from the renewable energy sources. The paper shows that the integration
of these energy sources can increase the system generation capacity as
compared to the individual operation of each energy source. Further, this
paper demonstrates the photovoltaic optimum size along with the battery
capacity and offers mitigation of discontinuity of wind power during low
wind speed. In [6], modeling and simulation of a hybrid microgrid system
is performed by employing a diesel generator, PV, wind, and fuel cell. Mod-
eling, simulation and output analysis of solar power along with the system
components are done in MATLAB software. For continuity of power during
scarcity of renewable energy sources, diesel generators operate and supply
electrical energy to the system. In [7], modeling, simulation, and management
of the grid-integrated PV system with wind turbine combination have been
studied. The combination of solar and wind supplies electrical power to the
system, tied to the load of the power network. Ref. [8] performs the design,
simulation, and management of a network integrated with solar and wind. By
applying the maximum power point tracking system to solar power and using
a synchronous generator for wind power, the required amount of electrical
energy is obtained from the modeled system. The combination of generated
electrical energy delivered to load buses. The economic functioning of the
integration of the power network into the hybrid system is done in [9].
Different circumstances and evaluations of the integration of alternative
energy sources for designing, management, and affordability of their costs
are considered. In [10], modeling and simulation of solar PV and double feed
induction generator-based wind turbines is performed. The paper modeled
the hybrid of solar and wind power. For the maximization of the output
power, the MPPT technique is utilized for solar systems. Further, enhanced
DC voltage from solar is obtained by using a boost converter. Moreover,
modeling of the back-to-back converter is performed for controlling wind
power generation. Table 1 shows the comparative analysis of the existing
literature.
540 A. Bayu et al.

Table 1 Comparative analysis of the existing literature

S No. Reference Applied Technique Merits Demerits
1 [5] Simulation and Many simulation Do not consider the
Control of Solar output analyses Cost of the system.
Wind Hybrid are done by Since the modeling
Renewable Power considering system uses so
System by using different cases. many components,
Matlab Software Such as the cost of the
Case 1: PI voltage modeling system
regulated inverter may be high.
Case 2: fuzzy
logic voltage
regulated inverter
2 [6] MATLAB The proposed A diesel generator
Software is used model is can be utilized as a
to model and simulated at standalone,
simulate a hybrid temperature and emergency, or
microgrid system variable standby unit. This
comprised of irradiance in may lead to
solar, wind, fuel order to environmental
cells, and diesel determine the pollution effects.
generators. system efficiency.
3 [7] By using Using an MPPT The system is
MATLAB control strategy costly since the
software based on control strategy
modeling, the measurement of needs more
hybrid system mechanical power components.
consists of two is applied to wind
photovoltaic (PV) farms to capture
stations placed at the maximum
different locations power under
and one wind changes in wind
farm that are speed.
integrated into the
main AC bus and
supply the large
plant with critical
variable loads.
4 [12] Design & The load demand The cost of system
Implementation of the given implementation
of PV Energy customer is may be higher.
Systems for clearly specified
Electrification of and modeled.
Rural Areas
(Continued)
 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 541

Table 1 Continued
S No. Reference Applied Technique Merits Demerits
5 [16] HOMER The optimal size Cost of the overall
ENERGY of the system is high
software was used photovoltaic (PV)
to design and panel, inverter,
simulate an rectifier, and
optimal mini-grid battery with a
Solar-Diesel fixed capacity
hybrid power diesel generator,
generation system electrical load
in a remote with a certain
Bangladesh to random
meet electrical variability,
energy demands fraction of
in a reliable renewable
manner. electricity, excess
electricity, and net
present cost are
calculated. The
performance of
different
components in
this system,
electrical demand,
fuel summary,
emissions, and
economic aspects
are also analyzed.

1.2 Research Gap

After detailed and critically analyzed the various researches, different tech-
niques are missing to incorporate the following issues:
• Various literatures did not utilize the practical system implementation of
the proposed work.
• Different literatures didn’t utilize the practical data for the modeling of
adopted system, while this work utilized the actual practical data.

1.3 Contribution of the Work

This work involves the design and simulation of a hybrid power network for
Debre Berhan City using MATLAB. It provides results which can be used
542 A. Bayu et al.

Figure 1 Hybrid Renewable energy system integrated to grid network.

for the planning of the future Debre Berhan city, to deliver electric power for
customers from distributed generation and to reduce customers’ dependence
on the grid system and also to save utility from power loss. The following are
the major contributions of this paper:
• Feasibility study and assessment of both solar and wind power sources
• The design of both solar and wind energy systems
• Solar, wind, and hybrid energy system modeling, simulation, and output
analysis
• Providing customers with dependable power by reducing line loss and
outage power
• Solar, wind, and hybrid power system results are compared.

2 Methodology
The methodology used to design and study solar PV with wind turbines in
a hybrid electrical power network for the city of Debre Berhan. Modeling
and simulation of the proposed system in MATLAB software is done, based
on the mathematical analysis of the system parameters after the collection of
the solar and wind data from the Debre Berhan meteorology agency as well
as NASA. Wind speed, solar PV energy, and other necessary data such as
temperature, are considered during modeling of the system. The optimized
wind turbine model and PV array model are selected to obtain the power
generated from these energy sources, and then evaluation of the hybrid, wind
and solar power network on the basis of output nature is done.

2.1 Solar PV System Modeling

The electrical circuit of the solar photovoltaic system is shown in Figure 2.
The circuit consists of solar modules to form the entire solar photovoltaic
 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 543

Figure 2 Electrical circuit diagram of solar photovoltaic module.

array. In order to get the desired amount of voltage from the solar photovoltaic
system, the solar modules are connected in series, or to get the required
amount of current, the modules are connected by means of a parallel connec-
tion. The connection type and the number of solar modules are determined
based on the desired power output from the solar PV system [2].
Based on the voltage and current behavior of Figure 2, output current is
calculated as follows:
 h Q(V +IR ) i 
s Vt + IRs
Iout = IL − Isat e nKT
−1 − (1)
Rsh
where, IL represents current produced from solar energy, Isat is saturation
current, Q is charge constant value such as 1.6 × 10−19 C, K has value of
1.38 × 10−23 J, T stands for ambient temperature of the system, Rsh and
Rs represents shunt and series value of the resistances respectively. n is the
ideal factor. By considering these solar cell parameters from Equation (1), the
power supply from the solar PV system is obtained from Equation (2).
 
VOC − In (VOC + 0.72) Rs
Pmodule = 1−
1 + VOC VOC /Isc
 γ  α
VOC1 To G1
∗ ∗ ∗ ISCO (2)
1 + βIn Go /G T1 Go
where, α indicates nonlinear characteristics of the solar current, β indicates
solar module technology, γ indicates the effect of temperature in system
voltage. G0 indicates the normal solar radiation, G1 indicates solar radiation
in the case study area, and TO and T1 are the initial and final temperature of
the solar module system. By accounting different factors [2], the electrical
power supply by solar PV array is obtained from the Equation (3).

Ppv = Np ∗ Ns ∗ Pmodule ∗ ηoverall (3)

544 A. Bayu et al.

where, ηaoverall represents the system overall efficiency and includes the
maximum power point tracking wastage due to electrical parameters and
dusts in the system [11]. Np and Ns are represents the amount of solar
modules aligned in parallel and series respectively. Ppv stands for power
supply by the system.

2.1.1 Determination of total PV solar panel size

The total load is 200 kW. In order to get the solar array size required for
the energy demand, the daily energy consumption in the form of kWh is
determined. Given that the maximum number of sun hours in the study area is
4.3 hours, the overall efficiency of the solar panel is 0.6538. The total energy
consumption (kWh) and the maximum power generated from the solar PV
system can be obtained by Equations (4) and (5), respectively.

EC = Maximum demand (kW ) × 24 hrs (4)

where, EC represents total energy consumption per day.

Pmax Generated (kW )from solar PV system

Total energy consumption per day(kWh)
= (5)
Peak Sun − hours
day ∗ overall efficency

where, Pmax represents the maximum power generated. The PV system

consists of strings of modules aligned in parallel, every string also made
from series connected modules. The selected block for this work is the
Monocrystalline module (Sun Power SPR-415E-WHT-D) taken from the
Sun Power institution. The selected module contains 128 cells, supplies a
maximum power of 415 W, the open circuit voltage is 85.3 V, and the short
circuit current is 6.09 A. At its maximum efficiency, the voltage is 72.9 V,
and the current is 5.69 A.
The power supply from the solar PV system must be equal to 1707.37 kW
in order to supply the load of the system. Therefore, the required number of
modules is obtained from Equation (6) as follows [12]:
The needed power
The number of modules(Npv ) = (6)
Maximum power of the panel
The DC link capacitor voltage is determined to 650 V, and then the
required amount of the PV modules is series connection calculated by using
 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 545

Table 2 Results of PV sizing by using analytical

P
(Max
Array
Parameters EC Output) VMPV IMPV Pdc VOC NPV NPVs NPVst Ish
Values 4800 1770.27 656.1 2606.02 1709.8 767.7 4114 9 458 2789.32
Units kWh kW V A KW VDC Module Module strings A

Figure 3 The solar network arrangement.

Equation (7).
DC nominal voltage
NP V s = (7)
Maximum power point voltage
The quantity of strings required in the solar powered system is calculated
by using Equation (8) [12]:
Number of array modules
NP V st = (8)
Number of PV series modules
The results from Table 2 to generate 1707.35 kW of power at standard
test conditions, 4114 solar modules, which has maximum power supply of
415 W, module with maximum power of 415 W is selected and arranged in 9
series modules and 458 parallel strings as illustrated in Figure 3 [18].
Power, voltage and current required by the system are obtained by using
the following expressions.

Vtotal = Ns ∗ Vmax (9)

Itotal = Np ∗ Imax (10)
Pdc = Vmpv ∗ Impv (11)
546 A. Bayu et al.

Open circuit voltage and short circuit current calculated by using Equa-
tions (12) and (13)

VOC = Number of series modules ∗ Open circuit voltage (12)

Ish = Number of parallel strings ∗ Short circuit current (13)

2.2 Wind Turbine Modeling

In order to get optimum electrical power from the wind speed, it must be high
enough to rotate the wind turbine. According to the observation, there was
regular wind speed in the area between the intervals of (4–9) ms−1 . These
wind values are enough to generate electricity in the area [13]. The power
supplied by the wind turbine power system is expressed as follows [14]:

Pwind = 0.5Ce ρAV 3 (14)

where, Pwind represents the output power from the wind turbine, Ce is the
ratio between the gross power and the net power in the turbine blade and
its maximum value is 59%. V represents the wind speed (i.e. 8 m/s utilized
in this work), ρ stands for the air density of the study area (approximately
1.225 kg/m3 ). A represents the area, equal to 1080.94 m2 .

2.3 Hybrid System of Solar PV-Wind Turbine

The supplied power from the combination of solar and wind power systems
is obtained by adding the contribution from each source and is obtained by
using Equation (15);
Ptot = PPV + Pwind (15)
where, Ptot represents power supplied by combining two sources together,
Ppv denotes for power supply from solar photovoltaic system, Pwind , repre-
sents power obtained from wind power system.

3 Feasibility Assessment of Renewable Recourse for

Debre Berhan City
Debre Berhan city is situated in the Amhara region, located at 9041◦ N
latitude and 39031◦ E longitude, 130 km from Addis Ababa and the district of
Debre Berhan Zuria. The Debre-Berhan town distribution system has started
to be electrified since 1969 by the mini-hydro power of Abogedam, which is
 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 547

found to the north of the river Veresa, and by diesel sources. Even if Debre
Berhan city is electrified early, the system’s reliability is low, with high power
outages every year [15]. Therefore, to solve the reliability issue, this work
developed the hybrid renewable energy system.
Based on the assessment and data from the meteorology agency in Debre
Berhan district and NASA, solar radiation as well as wind speed data for
the study area is enough to generate power. However, neither the utility nor
the customers used such abundant power sources during power outages and
shortages.

3.1 Electrical Load Assessment in Debre Berhan

Electrical power can be used in the area for diverse purposes, including
cooking foods (stoves and boilers), lighting in the class rooms, dormitories,
clinics, street lights, powering computers and stationery machines, laboratory
and workshop work, and other different purposes. The power consumption of
the study area, with an addition of 10% for time-varying factors for different
days, is computed. The estimated power required in this study is 200 kW,
with an energy consumption of 4,800 kWh/day.

3.2 Solar Energy Assessment

Solar irradiation data for Debre Berhan is obtained from the National Renew-
able Energy Lab Database. Daily radiation in Debre Berhan was found to
be between 4.2 kWh/m2 and 5.8 kWh/m2 per day. The mean value of solar
radiation data throughout the year is 5.23 kWh/m2 /day. Irradiance values are
enough to generate maximum power in the interval from January to May,
while minimum values occur in the months of June to September. Solar
irradiance data for the study area is shown in Table 3, which is collected
from the meteorology agency.
From Figures 4(a) and 4(b), it is clear that a solar module’s short circuit
current is determined by the output of the sun’s radiation strength. On the
other hand, temperature affects open circuit voltage. Based on the variation
of solar radiation and temperature, to get the required amount of power, a
maximum power point tracking technique is utilized.

3.3 Wind Potential Assessment

Data collected from NASA and modeling of wind speed data for Debre
Berhan at the height of 30 m are performed in MATLAB/Simulink software.
548 A. Bayu et al.

Table 3 Daily radiation in Debre Berhan (kWh/m2 /day)

Months Flat kWh/m2 /day
January 5.833333
February 5.733333
March 6.333333
April 6.033333
May 6.333333
June 5.4
July 4.8
August 4.833333
September 5.3
October 6.633333
November 6.2
December 5.866667

(a)

(b)
Figure 4 Photovoltaic (a) current (b) power behavior with variation of radiation as well as
temperature.
 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 549

Table 4 Climate and Weather Averages in Debre Berhan.

High Low Mean Wind Speed (m/s)
Months Temp Temp Temp Humidity At 30 m High
January 23◦ C 10◦ C 16◦ C 52% 6.734
February 25 ◦ C 11 ◦ C 18 ◦ C 47% 7.2
March 25 ◦ C 12 ◦ C 19 ◦ C 46% 6.734
April 25 ◦ C 13 ◦ C 19 ◦ C 54% 6.25
May 25 ◦ C 13 ◦ C 19 ◦ C 55% 5.77
June 23 ◦ C 13 ◦ C 18 ◦ C 66% 4.8
July 21 ◦ C 12 ◦ C 17 ◦ C 77% 4.8
August 21 ◦ C 12 ◦ C 16 ◦ C 79% 4.8
September 22 ◦ C 12 ◦ C 17 ◦ C 72% 4.8
October 23 ◦ C 11 ◦ C 17 ◦ C 55% 6.734
November 23 ◦ C 10 ◦ C 16 ◦ C 55% 6.734
December 23◦ C 9 ◦C 16 ◦ C 54% 6.25

Wind speeds were found in the range of between 4.888 m/s and 9 m/s. Debre
Berhan’s wind speed and frequency distribution is illustrated in Table 3. This
wind speed frequency has average values of between 4 and 9 m/s.
Therefore, these values are applicable to electricity generation [16]. Since
the mean annual wind speed at Debre Berhan is above 4 m/s, which is quite
enough for electricity generation, it is feasible to operate a wind turbine
efficiently and economically. The calmer time of year lasts for 4 months,
from June to September. In Debre Berhan, the higher wind speed occurs for
the time interval of October to May, so in this time period, the mean wind
speed is 6.25 m/s. On the other hand, the lower wind speed occurs in the time
interval from June to September, with the lowest wind speed of 4.888 m/s.

3.4 Solar-Wind Hybrid Power Network

From the electrical energy demand data of the area, accessibility of renewable
energy sources, with consideration of affordability of the appropriate grid
connected solar and wind hybrid system is done in MATLAB/Simulink
software. In the hybrid electrical energy generation system, power may be
generated from either energy source or combination of the hybrid systems at
any time, based on the availability of the energy sources in adequate quantity.
In this work, the proposed system is integrated with the Ethiopian Electric
Utility grid, and it is possible to supply power to loads even though both
sources generate very little energy. Power supply from the hybrid renewable
energy system is performed by the voltage converters.
550 A. Bayu et al.

3.4.1 DC link capacitor

The DC link capacitor for the proposed system has the main function of
collecting electrical energy, which comes from the hybrid renewable energy
system.

3.4.2 Inverter
Electrical power supply via the inverter, which transforms DC to AC electri-
cal power and draws energy stored in the DC link capacitor. The electricity
load supplied from the grid is of the AC type [17]. The inverter mathematical
model for the PV and wind turbine is depicted below:
EPHYG−INV (t) = EHYG(t) ∗ ηINV (16)
where, EPHYG−INV(t) represents energy output from inverter (kWh), EHYG(t)
represents Energy output from PV solar and wind turbine hybrid system
(kWh), ηINV represents the inverter efficiency.

3.4.3 Controller
The controller compares the load bus voltage with its reference voltage, gen-
erates pulse signals with the help of PWM, and gives the signal to the inverter.
An inverter circuit based on the response of the PWM generator converts the
DC voltage from the DC link capacitor into an AC supply. By initiating IGBT
Diode sinusoidal current drift, the inverter provides sinusoidal output within
its characteristics and gives AC electrical power to the load bus. The inverter
(IGBT-Diode) has been tied to the load bus as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Hybrid energy system modeling using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 551

The entire system’s MATLAB model, which consists of the 3-phase

voltage source of the grid (15000 V), the transformer of the customer
(15/0.38 kV), the wind turbine, and solar PV systems with their system
components, is shown in Figure 5.

4 Simulation Results and Discussions

From the output of the system, it is observed that the wind turbine generates
168.5 kW. The power generated from wind turbines is not sufficient to
balance electrical power demand in some cases, as shown in Figure 6. The
solar PV power system produces 173.3 kW. This power is not enough to
satisfy the load as illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 6 Simulation output of wind turbine system with loads.

Figure 7 Simulation output of solar photovoltaic array system with loads.

552 A. Bayu et al.

Figure 8 Simulation output of hybrid of wind turbine – Solar PV array system compare with
loads.

Therefore, for the continuous supply of power to the load throughout the
day, the best way is the power supply from a combined network of solar and
wind turbines, which produce 357.8 kW to the load. This generated power,
by considering the variations in solar radiation and wind speed throughout
the day, is enough to satisfy the load as shown in Figure 8.

5 Conclusion
This paper focused on the solar-wind hybrid energy network design for
the power network for Debre Berhan City. It is modeled and simulated
in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The demand required by the system is
covered by using electrical energy produced by the hybrid solar and wind
systems. This work considered the power demand of 200 kW, which is
supplied by the hybrid system, which generated outputs of wind and solar PV
generation are 168.5 kW and 173.3 kW, respectively. Therefore, the hybrid
system can supply the power requirements of the system. Hence, it increases
the reliability of the network. As a future enhancement of this work, the
developed model can be utilized for the purpose of handling power quality
issues of the network. Further, the controlling algorithms can also be utilized
for advanced operation of the system.
 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 553

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 Grid Integration of Hybrid Energy System for Distribution Network 555

Biographies

Atinkut Bayu is with the department of Electrical and Computer Engineer-

ing, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia. His research interest includes power
system planning, power system reliability, renewable energy integration,
renewable energy sources sizing and power quality.

Degarege Anteneh is with the department of Electrical and Computer Engi-

neering, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia. His research interest includes
distribution network reconfiguration, wind energy generation, optimal renew-
able energy system integration techniques, power system planning, power
system reliability, renewable energy integration, renewable energy sources
sizing and power quality.
 556 A. Bayu et al.

Baseem Khan (Senior Member, IEEE) received the [Link]. degree in electri-
cal engineering from Rajiv Gandhi Technological University, Bhopal, India,
in 2008, and the [Link]. and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from the
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, in 2010 and 2014,
respectively. He is currently working as a Faculty Member at Hawassa Uni-
versity, Ethiopia. His research interests include power system restructuring,
power system planning, smart grid technologies, meta-heuristic optimization
techniques, reliability analysis of renewable energy systems, power quality
analysis, and renewable energy integration.

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