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Class 9 Sound Notes Overview

Chapter 12 of the Class 9 Science notes covers the nature and properties of sound, explaining that sound is a form of energy produced by vibrating objects and requires a medium for propagation. Key concepts include the characteristics of sound waves such as frequency, amplitude, speed, and the phenomena of reflection, echo, and reverberation. The chapter also discusses the range of human hearing and categorizes sounds into infrasonic and ultrasonic frequencies.

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74 views6 pages

Class 9 Sound Notes Overview

Chapter 12 of the Class 9 Science notes covers the nature and properties of sound, explaining that sound is a form of energy produced by vibrating objects and requires a medium for propagation. Key concepts include the characteristics of sound waves such as frequency, amplitude, speed, and the phenomena of reflection, echo, and reverberation. The chapter also discusses the range of human hearing and categorizes sounds into infrasonic and ultrasonic frequencies.

Uploaded by

38Vyza Kapadia
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Sound Class 9 Notes Science Chapter 12

CBSE Class 9 Science Notes Chapter 12 Sound


Facts that Matter

A sound is a form of energy which produces a


sensation of hearing in our ears.

Propagation of Sound: Sound is produced by


vibrating objects.

Medium: The matter or substance through which


sound is transmitted is called a medium. It can be
solid, liquid or gas. Air is the most common
medium for sound propagation.

Wave: A wave is a disturbance that moves


through a medium when the particles of the
medium set neighbouring particles into motion.
They in turn produce similar motion in others. The
particles of the medium do not move forward
themselves, but the disturbance is carried forward.
This is what happens during propagation of sound
in a medium, hence sound can be visualised as a
wave. Sound waves are characterised by the
motion of particles in the medium and are called
mechanical waves.

NCERT Books
When a vibrating object moves forward, it pushes
and compresses the air in front of it creating a
region of high pressure. This region is called a
compression (C), as shown in following figure. This
compression starts to move away from the
vibrating object. When the vibrating object moves
backwards, it creates a region of low pressure
called rarefaction (R).

As the object moves back and forth rapidly, a


series of compressions and rarefactions is created
in the air. These make the sound wave that
propagates through the medium. Compression is
the region of high pressure and rarefaction is the
region of low pressure.

Experiment to show Sound needs a medium:


Activity:

 Take and electric bell and airtight jar.


 Fit the bell inside the jar and attach to battery.
 With air still in jar ring the bell.
 Now take out air by vaccumization.
 Ring the bell again.
 Ring the bell again.

Observation: Sound of bell can be heard when air is inside the


jar. When air is taken out then sound cannot be heard.

Conclusion: This shows that presence of medium is necessary


for propagation of sound waves.
Properties of Sound Waves:

Frequency: Number of oscillations of sound waves is called its


frequency. The number of peak and troughs per unit of time will
give frequency. It is represented by v (nu) and its SI unit is Hertz
(Hz).
Time Period: The time taken to complete one oscillation is
called its time period. Its unit is second and is represented by T.

Relation of frequency and time period:


v = 1/T

Amplitude: The magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the


medium on either side of the mean value is called the amplitude
of the wave. It is usually represented by the letter A. Its unit is
meter.

Softness or Loudness of Sound: If the amplitude is smaller


then the sound will be softer and if it is larger then sound will be
louder. Higher amplitude helps the sound wave is travelling
faster.

Speed of sound: It is the distance which compression or a


rarefaction travels per unit of time.
So, Speed = Wavelength Frequency
The speed of the sound remains almost the same for all
frequencies in a given medium under the same physical
condition.
Speed of Sound in Different Media at 25° C.

Reflection of Sound: Sound reflects off a surface in the same


way as light reflects and follows same rules of reflection. The
incident sound and the reflected sound make equal angles with
the normal and all three are in the same plane.
Echo: In bigger monuments and in large empty halls you can
hear reflections of your sound after you speak something. This
effect is known as echo. The sensation of sound persists in our
brain for 0.1 seconds, so to hear echo the time difference
between original sound and reflected sound should be more than
that.
As you know speed of sound in air is = 344 m/s And 344 x 0.1 =
34.4 metre
So, the minimum distance required to hear an echo from a
reflecting wall or surface should be half of 34.4, means it should
be 17.2 metres.

Reverberation: Repeated reflections of sound results in


persistence of sound and is called reverberation.

Use of Reverberation of Sound: Following instruments use


this property of sound:

1. Megaphones, Shehanais, Trumpets


2. Stethoscope
3. Curved dome of concert halls
Range of Hearing in humans:
From 20 Hz to 20000 Hz
Sounds below 20 Hz are called infrasonic.
Sounds above 20000 Hz are called ultrasonic.

Common questions

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Understanding wave characteristics, such as frequency, amplitude, and speed, is crucial in music for manipulating pitch and loudness, in communication for transmitting signals efficiently, and in medicine for diagnostic imaging using ultrasound. These applications highlight the diverse utility of sound wave principles, enabling advancements in technology and healthcare .

Amplitude affects sound loudness; a larger amplitude results in a louder sound, while a smaller amplitude produces a softer sound. Higher amplitude also contributes to faster sound wave travel as it means greater energy is being transmitted through the wave .

Echoes occur due to the reflection of sound waves following the law of reflection, where the angles of incidence and reflection are equal. For an echo to be heard, the time interval between the original and reflected sound must exceed 0.1 seconds, corresponding to a minimum distance of 17.2 meters in air, considering that sound travels at 344 m/s .

Compression refers to regions of high pressure where particles are close together, created as a vibrating object moves forward, while rarefaction refers to regions of low pressure where particles are spread apart, occurring when the object moves backward. These alternating compressions and rarefactions propagate through the medium to form sound waves .

Reverberation, the persistence of sound due to repeated reflections, affects sound quality by enhancing loudness and clarity. Architectural features like curved domes in concert halls, and devices like megaphones and stethoscopes, exploit this phenomenon to amplify sound and improve auditory experiences .

Humans can hear sounds ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Sounds below 20 Hz are termed infrasonic, while those above 20,000 Hz are ultrasonic; these are beyond human hearing capabilities, with infrasonics used in geological monitoring and ultrasonics in medical imaging .

Frequency and time period of sound waves are inversely related; frequency (v) equals the inverse of the time period (T), expressed as v = 1/T. This relationship helps understand sound properties, indicating that higher frequency implies shorter time period, essential for determining pitch and energy transfer in sound waves .

Sound wave propagation is the disturbance traveling through a medium; particles themselves do not move forward but oscillate around their equilibrium positions. This distinguishes wave transfer from actual physical movement of particles, as energy is transmitted through these oscillations without bulk flow .

Sound requires a medium to propagate as it travels through the motion of particles in solids, liquids, or gases. This necessity is demonstrated through an experiment involving an electric bell inside an airtight jar: when the air is inside the jar, the bell sound is audible; however, when the air is removed, the sound cannot be heard, signifying the importance of a medium for sound propagation .

Sound speed differs in various media due to variations in density and elasticity. It is typically faster in solids than in gases. Within a single medium, sound speed remains nearly constant under unvarying physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, due to uniform propagation properties .

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