LEARNERS NOTE

GRADE 1
WEEK 1
The sun
The sun is a star that provides light and heat to our planet. It is a big ball of hot
gases and the centre of our solar system. The sun gives light to the earth during
the day.

Uses of sun to plants and people

1. It provides daylight which helps to see.
2. It keeps the body of man and animals warm.
3. It is used to dry clothes and food items like cassava, cocoa, etc.
4. It makes plants grow well.
5. It is a source of energy e.g. solar energy.
6. The sun can be used to create electricity through solar panels.
Drawing and colouring a sun
WEEK 2 AND 3
Parts of the human body
The human body has different parts which work together to ensure it functions
well.

The human body consists of the following:

a) Head
b) Trunk
c) Hands and legs
The head is the upper part of the human body. The head contains the brain which
helps to think and learn. The neck joins the head and other parts of the body. The
neck allows the head to move from side to side.
The head has a face that includes:
a) Hair: which covers the head.
b) Eyes: helps to see.
c) Nose: helps us to smell and breathe.
d) Mouth: Helps us eat and talk.
e) Ears: helps us to hear.

The trunk is part of the body without the head, hand, and legs. The trunk is made
up of:
a) Chest
b) Belly

The hand is the end part of the arm. The arms and hands help us to lift, carry, and
hold things.
The hands consist of fingers and nails which help us to touch and feel things.
The leg is the long part of the body that enables the body to stand, walk, run, and
jump. The feet help us to balance.
The legs consist of toes with nails.
WEEK 4
The air
Air is the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth. Gases are different types of
air.
Air is all around and it is invisible.
We breathe in air from the atmosphere.
The air we breathe is called oxygen and the air we breathe out is called carbon
dioxide.
Air in motion is called wind.
Cool air is known as a breeze while violent air is called a storm.

Things that make you feel the presence of air

We can feel the presence of air around us:
 1. Through the waving of a hand fan.
2. Through air from the mouth.
3. Through standing or ceiling fans.
Uses of air
1. Humans and animals breathe in and breathe out air.
2. It is used to inflate tires, balloons, and balls.
3. It is used for cooling our body when we feel hot.
4. It supports burning.
5. It supports movement.
6. It aids transportation. For example, airplanes and helicopters.
7. It is used to generate electricity through windmills and turbines.

GRADE 2
WEEK 1 AND 2
EXERCISE
Exercise is a planned physical activity that helps our bodies stay healthy and
strong.

Types of exercise
There are different types of exercises, they are:
1. Aerobics: It is also called endurance exercise. It helps to burn excess fat in
the body. Examples of aerobics include:
a) Swimming
b) Running
c) Cycling
d) Walking
e) Jogging
f) Dancing
g) Jumping ropes

2. Strength exercise: This exercise increases the body's strength. Examples are:
a) Push-ups
b) Using weight-lifting machines.
c) Using resistant bands
 d) Lifting heavy loads
e) Crossing the monkey bars

3. Flexibility exercise: Flexibility exercise helps us to move more easily. It keeps the
muscles strong and flexible. Examples are:
a) Butterfly stretch
b) Calf stretch
c) Yoga
d) Toe touch stretch
e) Cat-cow stretch
f) Overhead stretch

4. Balance exercise: This exercise helps to prevent falls. Balance exercise helps us
in everyday activities and sports. Examples are:
a) One-leg stand
b) Tai chi
c) Tree pose
d) Heel-to-toe walk
e) Partner balance challenge

Importance of exercise
1) It helps to build a healthy heart.
2) It builds strong bones and muscles.
3) It makes us feel good.
4) It helps to burn excess fat from the body.
5) It helps us live longer.

Other forms of exercise include sports, yard work, and house chores.
WEEK 3

SIMPLE FARM TOOLS

Simple farm tools are tools that help farmers to do farm work.

Examples of simple farm tools

The following are examples of simple farm tools;
1. Cutlass
2. Hoe
3. Rake
4. Watering can
5. Wheelbarrow
6. Basket
7. Head pan
8. Hand fork
9. Garden fork
10. Axe
 11. Pick axe
12. Shovel
13. Spade
14. Hand trowel

Classification of simple farm tools

Simple farm tools are classified into the following:
1. Cutting tools: Examples are cutlass, machetes, knives etc.
2. Digging tools: Examples are pick axes, shovels, hoes, spades, etc.
3. Carrying tools: Examples are baskets, head pans, wheelbarrows, etc.
4. Gathering tools: Examples are rake, garden fork, etc.
5. Sprinkling tools: Examples are watering cans etc.

Uses of simple farm tools

1. Cutlasses are used for cutting and clearing bushes.
2. Cutlasses are used for transplanting seedlings.
3. Hoe is used for weeding.
4. Hoe is also used for planting and harvesting.
5. A spade is used for making ridges and mixing manure.
6. A shovel is used for loading materials into a wheelbarrow.
7. An axe is used for splitting wood.
8. A watering can is used to water plants

Maintenance of simple farm tools

1. Sharpen farm tools before and after use.
2. Oil or grease the metal parts.
3. Wooden handles should be strong.
4. All tools should be kept properly.
5. Dry tools after use.
WEEK 4
Rest and sleep
Rest means taking a break from work and movement or relaxing. It is when we
stop working or playing for a while to regain our energy.
Sleep means when our body and mind rest. It helps us grow, stay healthy, and give
us energy for the day. Children need about 9-12 hours of sleep each night.
Developing good sleep habits
1. Establish a regular bedtime routine.
2. Create a calm and comfortable sleeping environment.
3. Avoid screen before bedtime.
 4. Encourage quiet activities like reading or listening to music before bedtime.
Importance of rest and sleep
1. Rest helps us recharge our energy.
2. It helps us grow.
3. Rest is like a superhero that fights off illnesses.
4. It helps us think better.
5. Rest makes us feel happy and less grumpy.
6. Sleep helps our bodies grow and become strong.
7. Sleep gives us the energy we need for the day ahead.
8. Sleep helps us stay healthy.
9. It improves learning.

Difference between rest and sleep

1. Rest is a short break when one sits down or pauses during play.
Sleep is a longer rest when you lie down and close your eyes for the night.

2. When you rest, you can do it while sitting or lying down for a short while.
When you sleep, you always lie down and close your eyes.

3. Rest helps you take a quick break and relax your body and mind.
Sleep is a deeper rest that helps your body grow, repair, and get ready for a new
day.

Effects of Inadequate rest and sleep

1. Feeling tired during the day.
2. Difficulty concentrating and remembering.
3. Getting sick more easily.
4. Feeling Grumpiness and mood swings.
 GRADE 3
WEEK 1
Part of the human body
The human body is made of many parts, but the three main parts are
the Head, Trunk, and Limbs which consist of the arms and legs.
The human body consists of numerous parts, from the head down to the toes. All
the parts include:
1. Head – Houses the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth.
2. Neck – Supports the head and connects it to the torso.
 3. Torso/Trunk: The trunk area includes:
a) Chest – Contains the heart and lungs.
b) Abdomen – Contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and
other organs.
c) Back – Supports and provides flexibility.

1. Arms (limbs): The arms are made of the;

a. Shoulders – Connect the arms to the torso.
b. Upper arms – Home to the biceps and triceps.
c. Elbows – The joint between the upper and lower arms.
d. Forearms – Between the elbow and wrist.
e. Wrists – Connect the hands to the forearm.
f. Hands – Composed of palms, fingers, and thumbs.

2. Legs (limbs): The legs are made of the following;

a. Hips – Connect the legs to the torso.
b. Thighs – The upper part of the legs, containing the
quadriceps and hamstrings.
c. Knees – The joint between the thighs and lower
legs.
d. Lower legs – Home to the calves.
e. Ankles – Connect the feet to the lower legs.
f. Feet – Composed of heels, soles, and toes.

Body Parts And Their Functions

1. Nose:
 Function: The nose is responsible for smelling and helps us detect different
scents. It also filters and humidifies the air we breathe, trapping particles
before they reach the lungs.

2. Mouth:
 Function: The mouth is used for various functions, including eating,
drinking, and speaking. It is also essential for the initial stages of digestion,
as chewing breaks down food into smaller pieces.
3. Teeth:
 Function: Teeth are crucial for chewing and breaking down food into
manageable pieces, facilitating the digestion process. They also play a role
in speech and contribute to facial structure.

4. Legs:
 Function: Legs provide support and allow movement. They enable walking,
running, and other physical activities. Additionally, legs help maintain
balance and posture.

5. Eyes:
 Function: Eyes are essential for vision, allowing us to see and interpret the
world around us. They capture visual information and send signals to the
brain, enabling us to recognize shapes, colors, and objects.

6. Chest:
 Protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs.
 Facilitates breathing by expanding and contracting during inhalation and
exhalation.
 Plays a role in maintaining body posture and stability.

7. Arm:
 Enables the movement of the hand and fingers for various tasks.
 Assists in lifting, carrying, and manipulating objects.
 Supports activities requiring coordination and fine motor skills.

8. Belly (Abdomen):
 Houses and protects digestive organs such as the stomach, liver, and
intestines.
 Participates in the process of digestion and nutrient absorption.
 Allows flexibility and movement for activities like bending and twisting.
WEEK 2
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate foods are energy-giving foods. The body needs a certain amount of
carbohydrates to function well.
Some examples of energy-giving food include rice, maize, millet, wheat, guinea
corn, yam, cassava, potato, bread, oats, etc.

Local energy-giving foods

Some energy-giving food in our locality include;
1. Rice
2. Amala
3. Eba/garri
4. Pounded yam
5. Porridge
6. Tuwo
7. Fufu etc.

Classification of energy-giving foods

Energy–giving food can be classified based on how it looks and the products
obtained from it.
They can be classified as:
 1. Tubers: These are crops that have swollen underground parts in which
starch (carbohydrates) are stored. There are two types of tubers:
a. Root tubers: the swollen part is found in any part of the root.
Examples are cassava, sweet potato, cocoyams, carrots, etc.
b. Stem tubers: they have swollen stems. Examples are yam, Irish
potato, etc.
2. Grains: They are also called cereals. Examples are corn, wheat, millet, etc.

WEEK 3
Grooming and care of the body
Grooming refers to keeping one’s body clean and healthy. This means that we take
care of different parts of our bodies to prevent illness and keep ourselves looking
and feeling good.
Reasons for daily care of the body
1. It prevents diseases.
2. It boosts self-esteem.
3. It improves Social Interactions.
4. It promotes health.
5. It prevents skin infections.

Maintaining body hygiene

To stay healthy and clean, it is very important to take care of our bodies. This
means that we must keep ourselves clean and look our best. Here are five ways to
care for our body:
1. Bathing regularly with soap and water. This removes dirt and germs.
2. Brushing the teeth at least twice a day to keep your teeth clean and prevent
cavities.
3. Always wash your hands before eating and after using the restroom.
4. Wearing Clean Clothes.
5. Eating healthy foods helps keep your body strong and clean.

Materials Needed for caring for the body

1. Soap
2. Toothbrush and toothpaste
3. Clean water
 4. Towel
5. Clean clothes
6. Sponge
7. Hair cream
8. Comb and brush

WEEK 4
Protein
Protein is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in the growth, repair, and
maintenance of tissues in our bodies. They are known as body-building foods
Examples of protein foods
1. Eggs
2. Milk
3. Chicken
4. Beans
5. Fish
6. Soya beans
7. Groundnut
8. Meat etc.

Classification of protein foods

Proteins are classified into:
1. Plant Protein: Plant protein are nutrients found in plants that helps our
bodies grow and stay healthy.
Examples of Plants with Protein:
1. Beans
2. Peas
3. Lentils
4. Nuts
5. Soybeans
6. Pigeon pea
7. Pumpkin seeds etc.

2. Animal protein: Animal proteins are nutrients found in animals.

Examples of animal proteins:
1. Cheese
2. Egg
3. Fish
4. Meat
5. Chicken
6. Milk
7. Yoghurt

GRADE 4
WEEK 1
Introduction to agricultural science
Agriculture is the practice of growing crops and raising animals for various
purposes, including producing food, fiber, and other resources that are essential
for our daily lives.

Importance of agriculture
Agriculture is important to man and his existence in many ways, below are some
of the importance;
1. Source of food
2. Source of income generation
3. Source of raw materials
4. Cloth making and decorations
5. For medicine
6. Source of job creation

People in agriculture
People involved in agriculture are known according to the type of agriculture they
practice. They include:
1. Crop farmers: These people are involved in planting crops alone. They
either plant single crops or mixed crops.
2. Animal rearers: They raise and care for animals ensuring they are healthy
and productive for purposes such as producing meat, milk, eggs, or for work
 and breeding. Examples of animals commonly reared are goats, sheep,
cows, rabbits, chickens, ducks, turkeys, pigs, etc.
3. Fishermen: They are involved in rearing fish in ponds and catching fish in
rivers, lakes, and open sea.
4. Market people: They buy and sell agricultural produce and products.
5. Gardeners: Gardeners cultivate and maintain plants, like flowers and
vegetables.
6. Agricultural teachers: These people are available to teach the different
aspects of agriculture in schools.

WEEK 2
Meaning of Home Economics
Home Economics is the study and practice of skills and knowledge related to
managing a home and daily living. It includes cooking, sewing, budgeting, and
other essential life skills that help individuals maintain themselves and their
households.
Scope Of Home Economics
1. Foods and Nutrition: This area focuses on the importance of a balanced
diet, food preparation, and nutrition.
2. Clothing and Textiles: It involves care of clothing, sewing skills, and textile
materials.
3. Housing and Interior Decoration: This involves maintaining a home
environment.
4. Home Management: Home management involves household chores, time
management, budgeting, and financial literacy.
5. Child Care, Development, and Family Living: This area focuses on child-
rearing, development, and family dynamics.

Careers In Home Economics

Home Economics opens doors to exciting careers like;
1. Dietician
2. Nutritionist
3. Teacher
4. Fashion Designer
5. Researcher.
 6. Housekeeping
7. Modelling
8. Fashion Designing
9. Food Technology
[Link] care
Importance Of Home Economics
1. It teaches us how to live a good, healthy, and happy life in our homes,
community, nation, and the world.
2. It teaches people how to care for themselves and their families.
3. It teaches essential life skills such as cooking, sewing, budgeting, and time
management, contributing to self-sufficiency.
4. It teaches us to be resourceful and good home managers.
5. It helps us to influence our homes and society positively by promoting
health, sustainability, and responsible living.
6. It teaches financial literacy.

WEEK 3
Use of basic cosmetics and deodorants
Cosmetics are beauty products to enhance or alter the appearance of the face,
body, or fragrance. They include items like makeup, skincare products, and hair
care products.
Deodorants are personal care products applied to the body to prevent or mask
body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration.

Safe cosmetics
Safe cosmetics are make-up or substances that do not damage our skin. Examples
of safe cosmetics are;
1. Soap
2. Body lotion or cream
3. Pomade or oil
4. Face powder
5. Deodorant

Qualities of Safe Cosmetics

Safe cosmetics have the following features, it must be;
 1. Mild and smooth to the skin.
2. Not bleach or change the skin colour
3. Not produce a rash on the skin
4. Not cause itching or burning to the skin.

Correct use of cosmetics

1. Follow the guidelines of the manufacturer when using a cosmetic product.
2. Do not use cream or lotion meant for the treatment of infections as
cosmetics.
3. Stop the use of any cosmetics if you notice any reaction on the skin.
4. Always test cosmetics on a small area of the skin before use.
5. Always clean off cosmetics before going to bed.

WEEK 4
Adverse effects of some chemicals used in cosmetics
Some chemicals used in cosmetics can be harmful to the skin. Some of these
effects are;
1. Skin irritations
2. Fast ageing
3. Skin cancer
4. Eye irritations
5. Damage to nails
6. Hair problems
7. Dermatitis – red and swollen skin.

Examples of some of these harmful chemicals include;

1. Hydroquinone found in body creams
2. Mercury found in mascara
3. Formaldehyde is found in eye shadow, shampoo, body wash etc.
4. Sodium lauryl sulfate is found in soap, hair conditioner, etc.

Importance Of Cosmetics
1. Enhancing Appearance: Cosmetics can enhance one’s natural features,
boosting confidence and self-esteem.
 2. Creative Expression: Using cosmetics allows individuals to express their
creativity and personal style.
3. Sun Protection: Some cosmetics, like sunscreen, protect against the harmful
effects of the sun, promoting skin health.

Importance of deodorants
1. Odor Control: Deodorants help control body odor by preventing or masking
unpleasant smells caused by sweat.
2. Hygiene: Regular use of deodorants contributes to personal hygiene by
keeping the underarm area clean and fresh.
3. Boosting Confidence: Feeling confident about personal hygiene, including
odour control, is crucial for a child’s social well-being at this age.

GRADE 5
WEEK 1
Preservation of farm produce
Farm produce are crops and other agricultural products sold by farmers.

Examples of farm produce are;

1. Crops: yam, beans, potato, maize etc.
2. Animals: poultry, eggs, goat, cow, etc.
3. Other agricultural products like honey, seeds, fresh-cut flowers, etc.

The preservation of farm produce is the process of keeping farm produce in good
condition and from being damaged.

Methods of Preserving Farm Produce

1. Freezing
2. Smoking
3. Canning
4. Sun drying
5. Salting
6. Frying
 7. Refrigeration
8. Bagging
9. bottling

1. Sun drying: Peeled cassava, peeled yam, maize, and beans can be preserved by
spreading them under the sun. Drying reduces the water content of the foodstuff.
2. Smoking: Fish and meat can be smoked with coal fire. Smoking dries the meat
and fish. These meat and fish can be kept for a long time without getting spoilt.
3. Salting: Adding salt to some foodstuffs like meat and fish can preserve them for
a short period. The salt keeps germs away from the foodstuff.
4. Frying: Meat, fish, chicken, plantain, yam, and potato can be preserved by
frying. Frying removes water from the food items so that it can be kept for a long
[period.
5. Refrigeration: This is a modern way of preserving food. Food items like eggs,
fruits, and vegetables can be preserved in the fridge. For longer preservation,
meat, and fish should be stored in the freezer.
6. Canning: In factories, food is processed and canned so that it can be stored for a
long time. Such foods include fruits, pepper, tomato, sardine, corned beef, and
soup. The can is sealed after adding some chemicals called preservatives.
7. Bagging: Foodstuffs can be preserved in a bag so that they can be stored for a
long time e.g. rice.
8. Bottling: Fruit juice can be put in sealed bottles for preservation purposes.

Importance of preserving farm produce

1. It retains colour, taste, and nutritional value.
2. It prolongs shelf life
3. It reduces loss
4. It makes farm produce available in areas where they are not produced.
5. It helps to protect farm produce from insects and other pest attacks.
6. It makes farm produce remain good and viable for the next planting season.
7. It prevents possible contaminated infections from unpreserved food items.
8. It saves money.

WEEK 2
Reasons for cleaning the home and classroom environment
The reasons for cleaning the home and classroom environment are:
1. To remove dust and dirt
2. To prevent germs and pests
3. To make the environment look attractive
4. To avoid illnesses
5. To improve air quality
6. To prevent allergies
7. To increase safety
8. To create a pleasant atmosphere
9. To promote good health
10. To enhance comfort.

Cleaning Tools
Cleaning tools are essential for removing dust and dirt from various surfaces in
our homes and classrooms. These tools make our environment clean and
healthy.
Examples of Cleaning Tools:
Common cleaning tools include:
1. Broom (Short Handle): Sweeping dirt and debris from small areas like rooms
and corners.
2. Broom (Long Handle): Sweeping larger areas such as hallways and outdoor
spaces.
3. Dustpan: Collecting and disposing of swept debris.
4. Mop: Cleaning and mopping floors for a polished finish.
5. Bucket: Carrying water and cleaning solutions during the cleaning process.
6. Brush: Scrubbing and cleaning surfaces with tougher stains.
7. Rake: Gathering leaves, grass, or debris in outdoor spaces.
8. Cutlass: Trimming grass or cutting through thick vegetation.
9. Hoe: Loosening soil and removing weeds in gardening.
10. Dustbin: Collecting and containing household waste for disposal.
11. Ceiling/Wall Broom: Reaching and cleaning high surfaces like ceilings and
walls.
12. Sponge: Wiping and cleaning surfaces with a gentle touch.
13. Cloth/Towel: Drying and wiping various surfaces.
14. Gloves: Protecting hands during cleaning tasks and handling cleaning
agents.
These tools and their proper use contribute to maintaining a healthy and
hygienic home environment.

WEEK 3
Cleaning Agents
Cleaning agents are special substances that help us clean and disinfect
surfaces. They play an important role in maintaining a safe and hygienic
environment.
Examples of Cleaning Agents:
Some different cleaning agents and their uses include:
1. Detergents: For washing dishes and surfaces.
2. Disinfectants: To kill germs and bacteria.
3. Vinegar: A natural cleaner for various purposes.
4. Baking Soda: Effective for removing stains and odors.
5. Soap: For personal and general cleaning.
6. Bleach: A strong disinfectant.
7. Solvents (e.g., water, turpentine, paraffin, methylated spirit): For various
cleaning purposes.
8. Scouring powder: Helps remove tough stains.
9. Lime: Used as a cleaning agent in some contexts.
10. Ammonia: Commonly used for cleaning surfaces.
11. Toilet bowl bleach: Specifically designed for toilet cleaning.
12. Air freshener: Adds a pleasant fragrance to the environment.
13. Furniture polish: Enhances and protects furniture surfaces.
14. Carpet cleaner: Designed to clean carpets effectively.
15. All-purpose cleaner: Versatile cleaner for various surfaces.

Guideline for Cleaning the Home

To maintain a healthy home, remember to:
1. Open windows daily for fresh air.
2. Sweep the floors regularly.
3. Organize your personal belongings.
4. Clean surfaces with a damp cloth.
5. Dispose of waste properly.
6. Wash dishes and utensils after use.
7. Keep food storage areas clean.
8. Empty trash bins regularly.

Guidelines for cleaning the environment

1. Clearing of grasses.
2. Planting of flowers to beautify the environment.
3. Pick up all litter around the environment and properly dispose in a dustbin.
4. Sweep regularly.
5. Avoid littering the environment.
6. Create awareness of the importance of cleaning the environment.

WEEK 4
Packaging farm produce
Packaging of farm produce is the wrapping of farm produce with suitable
materials to protect it for easy distribution, storage, or personal use.

Packaging materials
Materials for packaging farm produce are;
1. Baskets
2. Cages
3. Trays/crates
4. Sacks or bags
5. Boxes
6. Polythene bags
7. Plastic containers
8. Drums or barrels
9. Aluminium foils

Reasons for packaging farm produce

1. To make produce appealing to buyers.
2. For ease of transportation
3. For proper identification.
4. To prevent physical damage.
5. To increase the shelf life of the farm produce.