CAIE Chemistry IGCSE
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases
Flashcards
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Describe the arrangement and
movement of particles in solids
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Describe the arrangement and movement of
particles in solids
- Closely packed together in a regular
arrangement.
- Vibrate in fixed positions.
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Describe the arrangement and
movement of particles in liquids
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Describe the arrangement and movement of
particles in liquids
- Closely packed together but able to move
past each other. Random arrangement.
- Vibrate and move around each other.
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Describe the arrangement and
movement of particles in gases
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Describe the arrangement and movement of
particles in gases
- Well separated in a random arrangement.
- Vibrate and move freely at high speeds.
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Compare the relative energies of
particles in solids, liquids and gases
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Compare the relative energies of particles in solids,
liquids and gases
Particles in a solid have the least amount of
energy and particles in a gas have the most
energy.
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What are the names for the state
changes from solid to liquid and vice
versa?
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What are the names for the state changes from solid
to liquid and vice versa?
Solid → liquid: Melting
Liquid → solid: Freezing
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What are the names for the state
changes from liquid to gas and vice
versa?
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What are the names for the state changes from
liquid to gas and vice versa?
Liquid → gas: Evaporation
Gas → liquid: Condensation
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What is the term describing when a solid
changes straight into a gas?
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What is the term describing when a solid changes
straight into a gas?
Sublimation
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Describe the forces between particles in
solids, liquids and gases
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Describe the forces between particles in solids,
liquids and gases
Solids - Strong forces of attraction between particles which
keeps them in fixed positions.
Liquids - Weaker attractive forces than in solids.
Gases - No intermolecular forces so particles move
randomly.
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Describe the effect of temperature on the
volume of a gas
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Describe the effect of temperature on the volume of
a gas
As temperature increases, the volume of a
gas will increase
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Describe the effect of pressure on the
volume of a gas
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Describe the effect of pressure on the volume of a
gas
As pressure increases, the volume of a gas
will decrease
As pressure decreases, the volume of a
gas will increase
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Use kinetic theory to describe what
happens when a solid melts
(extended only)
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Use kinetic theory to describe what happens when a
solid melts (extended only)
Particles in the solid absorb thermal energy when
heated and convert into kinetic energy. This
causes the particles to vibrate more. The solid
then expands until the structure breaks, and it
becomes a liquid.
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Use kinetic theory to describe what
happens when a liquid freezes
(extended only)
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Use kinetic theory to describe what happens when a
liquid freezes (extended only)
When cooled, the liquid particles slow down.
Eventually, the particles move slow enough for
forces to hold the particles in a regular solid
structure.
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Use kinetic theory to describe what
happens when a liquid evaporates
(extended only)
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Use kinetic theory to describe what happens when a
liquid evaporates (extended only)
Particles near the surface of the liquid gain
sufficient energy from the surroundings to
overcome the forces between molecules and
evaporate.
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Use kinetic theory to describe what
happens when a liquid boils
(extended only)
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Use kinetic theory to describe what happens when a
liquid boils (extended only)
When heated, the particles gain energy and
will eventually move fast enough to overcome
the forces between them.
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Use kinetic theory to describe what
happens when a gas condenses
(extended only)
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Use kinetic theory to describe what happens when a
gas condenses (extended only)
When cooled, the gas particles slow down and
get closer together. Eventually, the forces
between the particles will be great enough for the
substance to become a liquid.
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Use kinetic theory to describe what
happens during sublimation
(extended only)
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Use kinetic theory to describe what happens during
sublimation (extended only)
Particles on the surface of a solid gain sufficient
energy to overcome all forces between them
and become a gas. This is similar to
evaporation, but occurs with solids rather than
liquids.
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Substance A melts at -183oC and boils at
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-50 C. What state is A at -90 C?
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Substance A melts at -183oC and boils at -50oC.
What state is A at -90oC?
Liquid
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Use the kinetic particle theory to explain
the effects of temperature on the volume
of a gas (extended only)
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Use the kinetic particle theory to explain the effects of
temperature on the volume of a gas (extended only)
As temperature increases, the volume of a gas will
increase:
○ Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic
energy of the gas particles, so the gas particles
move and collide with the container more quickly,
spreading further apart.
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Use the kinetic particle theory to explain
the effects of pressure on the volume of
a gas (extended only)
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Use the kinetic particle theory to explain the effects of
pressure on the volume of a gas (extended only)
As pressure increases, the volume of a gas will decrease:
○ Pressure refers to the number of particles in a fixed volume.
○ Increasing the pressure decreases the volume of the gas,
as the gas particles are forced closer together.
○ Decreasing the pressure increases the volume of the gas,
as the gas particles can spread further apart
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CAIE Chemistry IGCSE
1.2 Diffusion
Flashcards
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This work by [Link] CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
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Explain the process of diffusion
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Explain the process of diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration. Diffusion is a passive process
(requires no energy).
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Which states of matter does diffusion
occur in?
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Which states of matter does diffusion occur in?
Liquids and gases (fluids).
The particles don’t move in a solid so diffusion
isn’t possible.
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How does a smaller relative molecular
mass affect the diffusion rate of a gas?
(extended only)
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How does a smaller relative molecular mass affect
the diffusion rate of a gas? (extended only)
The smaller the relative molecular mass of the
gas particles, the ‘lighter’ the particles and the
higher the average speed, so the particles will
move faster and the rate of diffusion will
increase
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How does a larger relative molecular
mass affect the diffusion rate of a gas?
(extended only)
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How does a larger relative molecular mass affect the
diffusion rate of a gas? (extended only)
The larger the relative molecular mass of the
gas particles, the ‘heavier’ the particles and
slower the average speed,, so the slower the
particles move and the slower the rate of
diffusion.
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