Power and Harmonics Control
4.13
4 SVC AND STATCOM
’The static var compensators were initially used for load compensation
wherethe objective is to dynamically control the power demandof
reactive po
large fluctuating loads such as rolling mills.
They were subsequently used for voltage control applications in
transmission systems, where by maintaining voltage support at specified
locations, it is possible to provide increased power transfer capabiliy
control of dynamic over voltages and improve voltage stability. bY
using auxillary control signals, it is also possible to damp low frequency
and subsynchronous frequency oscillations.
HVDCconverter, stations, the provision of SVC mainly helps to have
fast control of reactive power flow, there by controlling voltage
fluctuations and also to overcome the problem, of voltage instability.
Vref Controller
TCR FC
Fig. 4.7. The schematic diogram of FC-TCR
4.14 High Voltage Direet C°rent
SVC is a variable impedance (or susceptance) device made up of
Trarsmission
FC (or
TSC) and TCR in parallel while TSC (Thyristor switched capacitor
provides discrete control over the capacitor susceptance. while FC (on
TSCdoes not inject harmonics.
4.4.1. THYRISTORCONTROLLED REACTOR (TCR)
The single phase thyristor controlled reactor as shown in Fig.4.8. By
controlling the firing angle of the back to back connected thyristors, the
current in the reactor can be controlled.
* Fig.4.8 shows for a = 90, the current is maximum while fora-180,
the current is zero.
The fundamental component of the inductor current is given by
I,-
sin o
Fig. 4.8. Single phase thyristor controled reactor
where V is the rms voltage across the TCR, X, is the fundarnental frequen0y
reactance and a is the conduction angle related toa by the following equation
G- 2(-a)
4.15
Reactive Power and HarmonicsControl
a) a= 90°
a= 180°
Curent,
Pu
b) a = 100
a= 160
c) a= 130°
=100°
0 90° 180 240 360
Fig. 4.9. Current control in TCR
equation (1) can be written as
I, = B(o) V
-..(3)
G- sin G
where B(o) =
B() is the variable susceptance of the
reactor resulting from the control action.
4.16| High Voltage Direct Current Transmissiom
% 3 5th
%
7th
% 11th
40 80 120 160
Fig. 4.10. variation of lower order harmonics with the conduction angle o
1.0
0.8 Fundamental
Current 0.6
Pu
0.4
0.2 -
Conduction angle
a., deg
180
Fig. 4.11. Variation of the fundamental and totalharmonics
and Harmonics Control 4.17
Reactive Power
order h
The
harmonic component of the current corresponding to harmonic of
isgivenby
sin (h +l)a sin (h- ) a cosa sin(h a) ...(4)
-
2(h +1) 2(h-1) h
where hF3,5,7 ...
bythe delta connection
The triplen harmonjcs in the lines are eliminated
of the three single phase TCRs.
for a TCR
ITypical Control System
K1
Controller
Brer
Linearizer GPG
Ks Firing
pulses
V AC: Auxilary Controller
Gain Reduction GPG: Gate Pulse Generator
AC
for a TCR
Fig. 4.12. A ypical control systen
are obtained from the voltage and the reactor
where the control signals
usually an integral controller with variable gain
current. The controller is
problems of control instability. The auxilary signal us may
to avoid the
frequency, line reactive power (or) other locally
be derived from the bus
measured quantities.
Control Characteristics of a SVC
SVC in the V-I plane is
control characteristics of a
* The steady-state
shown in Fig.4.13.
shows a positive slope which can be
* The control range is AB which
feedback path.
adjusted from the gain in the current
High Voltage Direct Current
4.18
Transmission
be
& The harmonics injected by TCR into the system can considerably
reduced either with twelve pulse arrangement (or) with addition al.
filters tuned to 5 and 7 harmonics.
D Vrel
A
Isvc
Fig. 4.13. Control characteristics of a SVC
4.4.2. STATCOM
Vsc
Fig. 4.14. Shunt connected STATCOM
The VSC consists of either GTOthyristor switches (which are turned
ON and OFF only once in a cycle) or IGBT switches which have a mucn
higher speed and operate upto 2 KHz.
Using dynamic phasors, the equation for the circuit,
L4i
4.19
Power and Harmonics Control
Hhere
i-lo t/Ip: V-Vot/ V,-Vz8, E-kV, L0 +a)
V isthe voltage across the DC capacitor described by the following equation
CadtY GV,,"mk[sin (a + 0) Ip tcos (a +0) lo)
ahere Gis the conductance across the capacitor.
The losses in the converter are neglected. L and R are the inductance and
resistance of the reactor between the Vsr and the converter bus. mand a are the
ontrolvariables of the converter that affect the magnitude and phase angle of the
volage injected by the converter.
The magnitude is normally controlled by PWM.
’ The control of a affects the power flow that supply the losses in the
STATCOM. m affects the reactive power output.
’ In converters with GTO switches, mis normally kept constant and only a is
varied to control the reactive power by varying the magnitude of Dc
voltage.
’ By increasing c, the reactive current drawn is increased that the reactive
current drawn is increased that the reactive current drawn is assumed to be
positive when it is inductive.
|443.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SVC AND STATCOM
SVCis avariable impedance type compensator
STATCOM is a variable
voltage type compensator.
STATCOM has several technical advantages over a SVC as
follows
Faster reesponse (fraction of a cycle) which is
independent of the network
impedance.
High Voltage Direct Current
4.20
*
Transmis ion
Require lesser space as bulky passive components (such as reactors) are
eliminated.
Inherently modular and relocatable.
Itcan be interfaced with real power sources such as battery,
fuel cell(oe
SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage).
A STATCOM has superior performance during low voltage condition as
the reactive current can be maintained constant. It 1S even possible to
increase the reactive current in aSTATCOM under transient conditions
if the devices are rated for the transient overload. In a SVC, the
maximum reactive current is determined by the rating of the passive
components-reactors and capacitors. Also the reactive current in a SVC
drops linearly with the voltage drop at the limit.
4.4.4. CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS OF A STATCOM AND SVC
4VSTATCOM
B Vref
IsTATCOM
Fig. 4.15. Control
characteristics of aSTATCOM
Power and Harmonics Control 4.21
Characteristicss of
ontrol SVC
Vsvc
D Vrelf
Isvc
Fig. 4.16. Control characteristics of SVC
Fig.4.16 the reactive current limits (AB and CD) can be increased by
selecting devices (GTO(or) IGBT) with a higher transient rating.
The dynamic performance of aSTATCOM at an HVDC inverter feeding
a very week AC system (SCR<2) is investigated. It was observed from
a case study that the SVC exhibited poor dynamic performance during
recovery from inverter close in faults, caused by increased frequency of
commutation failures.
A simple explanation for this behavior is that the SVC causes TCR to
back off during the recovery as it senses low voltage immediately after
the fault is cleared. Such action reduces ESCR even further resulting in
repeated commutation failures.
The STATCOM performed satisfactory as its equivalent circuit is
similar to that of a synchronous condenser and the reactive current
Can be held constant ever at lower voltages,