CHAPTER 2.8 – 2.
11
Fossil Fuels: a non-renewable resource that is formed millions of years ago
Non-renewable: limited and runs out quickly
Carbon neutral: adding no carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, if added is cancelled out by trees
We are using them faster than their formation.
They form carbon dioxide, a form of greenhouse gas.
Impact climate change
Coal – generates electricity and is the cheapest fossil fuel
Gas – used for heating and cooking
Oil - in the form of petrol and diesel, burned in power stations and home system
Green electricity: generated using renewable resources like wind and solar power; no harmful emissions produced
Biomass: boil water to steam to turn turbine
Hydroelectric: fast–flowing river spins the turbine to generate electricity
Wind farm: wind turns the blade
Tide: when the tide falls and rises, it spins turbines
Solar farms: sunlight strikes photovoltaic cells, giving electricity
Type of energy Advantage Energy produced? Disadvantage
1. Solar No pollution Heat falls on Cannot produce
(energy source is the Quiet photovoltaic cells to energy during
Sun) Used in remote generate electricity the night
locations
2. Wind power No pollution The wind turns the Need a windy
(moving air pushes the Cheap turbine and the turbine space
turbine) Easy to build turns the generator to Noisy
produce electricity. Kills birds
3. Geothermal heat No pollution Water is poured down. Need hot rocks
(from hot rocks Can work 24/7 Steam is produced and
underground) the steam turns the
turbines
4. Energy from Non-pollution Flowing water turns the Needs highland
water Renewable turbines Plenty of
Produces rainfalls
electricity as Expensive to
long as there is build
rainfalls
Solar power: electricity generated from the photovoltaic cells; more intense, more electricity (getting cheaper)
Climate change: climates are changing due to Earth becoming warmer
Many species are extinct
Mass extinction: a large number of species dies after a short time
Loss of biodiversity
Biodiversity: a variety of living things in a habitat
Live sustainably:
Putting an end to hunger
Work together to limit climate change
Buying and using products in a responsible way
Protecting other species
CHAPTER 3
Good: physical objects that are bought and sold
Services: activities carried out to meet the needs of the population
Economy: all the activities going on in a country, in producing, buying, selling and distributing goods and services
There are 4 sectors of employment:
1. Primary: sector where the people in a country collect things from Earth’s resource
2. Secondary: sector where people build and make things for their country
3. Tertiary: sector where people provide services for other people
4. Quaternary: sector where people used high-level expertise to help people in other sectors; depend on
research and developments
Doncaster:
Unemployment: when people look for paid jobs and can’t find one
Area of deprivation: the area where people lack resources and opportunities for a quality life
Logistic hub for storing and distributing goods.
Aimed to become the centre of innovation
Unemployment is higher
There is an area of deprivation
What causes employment patterns to change?
1. Technology: We put scientific discoveries and inventions in practical use
2. Globalization means the increasing movement of goods, people, and services around the world, making us
more connected.
De-industrialisation: the decline in traditional manufacturing
3. Government: help by offering finance for factories and grants for research
What speeds up globalisation?
1. Containerisation: goods are transported faster and cheaper
2. IT: You can buy and sell from anywhere
3. Air travel: planes carry cargo
Who pushes globalisation?
1. Government: Governments can support globalisation if it benefits their economy. For example, they could
refuse work permits to people from overseas and impose taxes, which would increase their prices in shops.
2. Businesses: aim to buy or make goods to increase profit. Branches all across the world are called
transnational corporations (TNC).
Globalisation's slow down?
1. By events: COVID-19 pandemic – world trade in goods fell
2. By government: use tariffs to protect their industries > trade war: where countries try to damage each
other's trade.
Mobile phone:
1. Primary: plastics are made up of chemicals in oil
2. Secondary: parts of mobile phone are made
3. Quaternary: Designers and programmers work on the idea, then once you receive it, you make calls
4. Teritary: sold the phone to you
Pandemic: a disease that spreads over a large area and affects the people there
Chain store: a group of stores that is owned by 1 country
Out-of-town shopping centre: a centre built for shopping outside a town or country, with a range of shops, and
free car parking
Advantages of Working from Home:
1. Flexibility – Employees can set their schedules, making it easier to balance work and personal life.
2. Cost Savings – No commuting expenses and less money spent on office attire and meals.
Disadvantages of Working from Home:
1. Distractions – Household chores, family members, or pets can interrupt work and reduce productivity.
2. Lack of Social Interaction – Less opportunity to interact with colleagues, which may lead to feelings of
isolation.
The future works are linked to:
1. Technology – more jobs
2. Globalisation – work from anywhere in the world
3. The government – boost science research through grants
AI – machines are programmed to do jobs that usually need human intelligence
Gig economy: where you use an online platform to find short jobs rather than permanent ones
Green jobs: protect environment and other species, limit climate change and reduce the harmful imapcts
How to go carbon neutral:
Boost for electricity generation from renewable energy sources
Ban on the use of fossil fuels
Ban on petrol and diesel cars
Millions of trees planted
CHAPTER 4:
Poverty: People do not have enough resources to meet basic needs
Extreme poverty: where you have resources worth less than 1.90/ day to live
Unsafe water and poor sanitation spread diseases, causing deaths.
Development: is a process of change that improves people’s lives.
Obstacles to develop:
Lack of money, war, COVID–19, climate change.
Development indicator: helps to show how developed a country is.
Adult literacy rate
Life expectancy
% of population access to clean water
Number of doctors/ 100,000 people
Uner 5- moratlity rate
GNI per person
% of children below the age of 5 who are underweight
Life expectancy: how many years a newborn is expected to live on average
GNI – gross national income
GNI (PP) – take some things that cost more in some places
Human development index (HDI) – a score from 1 to 0 to show how developed a country is.
Life expectancy
Access to education
A decent standard of living
How does HDI fall?
Covid -19
Climate change
Wars
Malawi:
Southeast Africa
Over 19 million people
Poorest country
80% of the workers earn a living by farming
Few mineral resources
Landlocked country: surrounded by land with no coastline