Class – 6

Chapter – 1 Knowing our Numbers

1) Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... etc. are known as natural numbers.

2) 1 is the smallest natural number.

3) 0. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are called digits and a group of digits is called a numeral or a number.

4) The method of expressing a number in digits or figures is called notation and the method of
representing a number in words is called numeration.

There are two methods of numeration:

(i) Indian system of numeration (ii) International system of numeration.

5) Place value of a digit in a number = Its face value × Position value

6) 1 million = 10 lakhs

10 million = 1 crore

100 million = 10 crores

1 billion = 100 crores or 1 Arab.

7) 1 km = 1000 meter (m)

1 meter = 100 centimetre (cm)

1 cm = 10 millimetre (mm)

1 kilogram (kg) = 100 grams (gm)

1 litre = 1000 millilitres (m1)

8) In order to estimate or round off a number to the nearest -

(a) tens: (i) replace the ones digit by 0 and keep other digits as they are, if the digit at ones place is
less than 5.

(ii) increase tens digit by 1 and replace the ones digit by 0, if the digit at ones place is greater than or
equal to 5.

(b) hundreds: (i) replace each one of the digits at tens and ones place by 0 and keep all other digits
as they are, if the digit at tens place is less than 5.

(ii) increase the digit at hundreds place by 1 and replace each one of the digits at tens and ones place
by 0, if the digit at tens place is greater than or equal to 5.

(c) thousands: (i) replace each one of the digits at hundreds, tens and ones place by 0 and keep all
other digits as they are, if the digit at hundreds place is less than 5.
(ii) increase the digit at thousands place by 1 and replace each one of the digits at hundreds, tens
and ones place by 0, if the digit at hundreds place is greater than or equal to 5.

9) The roman numerals with the corresponding Hindu – Arabic numerals are:

1-I
5-V
10 - X
50 – L
100 - C
500 – D
1000 - K

10) To get the values of given roman numerals, we use the following rules:

(a) If a symbol is repeated, its value is added as many times as it occurs.

(b) If a symbol of smaller value is written to the right of a symbol of greater value, we add its value to
the value of greater symbol.

(c) If a symbol of smaller value is written to the left of a symbol of greater value, its value is
subtracted from the value of the greater symbol.

(d) The symbols V, L and D are never written to the left of a symbol of greater value.

(e) If a smaller numeral is placed between two larger numerals, it is always subtracted from the
larger numeral immediately following it.

(f) If a bar is placed over a numeral, it is multiplied by 1000.

Chapter – 2 Whole Numbers

1. A factor of a number is that number which divides the number exactly.

2. A multiple of a number is exactly divisible by the number.

3. Every number is a factor as well as a multiple of itself.

4. 1 is a factor of every number and is the only number, which has exactly one factor.

5. Every number other than 1 has at least two factors, namely 1 and the number itself.

6. Prime number: A number having no factor other than 1 and the number itself is called a prime
number.

7. A number having factors other than 1 and the number itself is called a composite number.

8. The number 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number, because it has a single factor.

9. Numbers divisible by 2 are called even numbers.

10. Numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.

11. 2 is the only even prime number.

12. Every prime number other than 2 is odd, but every odd number is not necessarily a prime
number.

13. Every even number greater than 4 can be expressed as the sum of two odd prime numbers.

14. Primes occurring in pairs with a difference of two are called twin primes.

15. Every number other than 1 can be uniquely expressed as the product of prime numbers except
for the order of prime numbers.

16.

17. The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is the largest number that divides all the given numbers.

18. The L.C.M. of two or more numbers is the smallest number which is divisible by all the given
numbers.

19. The product of H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers equals their product. This result may not be
true for more than two numbers.

20. The H.C.F. of any two prime or co-prime numbers equals 1.

21. The L.C.M. of any two prime or co-prime numbers equals their product.

22. The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is never greater than any of the numbers.

23. The L.C.M. of two or more numbers is never less than any of the numbers.

24. The H.C.F. of two or more numbers is a factor of their L. C.M.

25. If x is a factor of y, then the H.C.F. of x and y is x and L.C.M, of x and y is y.

Chapter – 3 Playing with Numbers

1. Natural numbers are all the numbers from 1 onwards, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and are used for
counting.

2. Whole numbers are all the numbers from 0 onwards, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and are used for
calculating.

3. The smallest natural number is 1 and the smallest whole number is 0.

4. The successor of a whole number is 1 more than the whole number.

5. The predecessor of a whole number is 1 less than the whole number. There is no predecessor of
zero in whole numbers.

6. A number line is a horizontal line on which there are equally spaced points. These points
represent whole numbers starting from zero.

Chapter – 4 Basic Geometrical Ideas Formula

If a, b, c, etc are whole numbers, then

1. a + b is a whole number. [Closure property of addition]

2. a × b is a whole number. [Closure property of multiplication]

3. (a − b) may or may not be a whole number.

4. a + b may or may not be a whole number

5. a + b = b + a

6. a × b = b × a

7. a − b is not equal to b − a if a and b are unequal.

8. a + b is not equal to b + a if a and b are unequal.

9. a + b = b + a if and only if a = b.

10. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) [Associativity of addition].

11. a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c [Associativity of Multiplication].

12. a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c [Distributive of multiplication over addition].

13. a × (b − c) = a × b – a × c, if b > c [Distributive of multiplication over Subtraction].

14. a + 0 = a = 0 + a [Existence of multiplicative identity].

15. a × 0 = 0 = 0 × a [Existence of multiplication identity]

16. a × 1 = a = 1 × a

17. a + 1 = a.

18. In general (a – b) – c ≠a – (b – c).

19. In general (a + b) + c ≠a + (b + c).

20. If a is dividend, b (≠0) divisor, q quotient and r remainder, then a = bq + r. [Division algorithm]

Chapter – 5 Understanding Elementary Shapes

Geometry is the study of different shapes or figures.

1. A line segment corresponds to the shortest distance between two points. The line segment joining
points A and B is denoted by \(\bar{AB}\)

2. Two distinct lines meeting at a point are called intersecting lines. Two parallel lines will never
intersect each other.

3. A polygon is a simple closed figure comprising different line segments.

a) The line segments are the sides of the polygon.

b) Any two sides with a common endpoint are said to be adjacent sides.

c) The point where a pair of sides meet is called a vertex.

d) The endpoints located on the same sides are adjacent vertices.

e) The line segment joining the endpoints of any two non-adjacent vertices is called a diagonal

Chapter – 6 Integers

1. The numbers. . . , —4, —3, —1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,. . . . etc. are integers.

2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. . . . are positive integers and —1,-2, —3,. . are negative integers.

3. 0 is an integer which is neither positive nor negative.

4. On an integer number line, all numbers to the right of 0 are positive integers and all numbers to
the left of 0 are negative integers.

5. 0 is less than every positive integer and greater than every negative integer.

6. Two integers that are at the same distance from 0, but on opposite sides of it are called opposite
numbers.
7. The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer without regard to its sign.
The absolute value of an integer a is denoted by |a| and is given by
|a| = a if a is positive
or
|a| = -a if ais negative

8. To subtract an integer b from another integer a, we change the sign of b and add it to a. Thus, a −
b = a + (−b)

9. All properties of operations on whole numbers are satisfied by these operations on integers.

10. If a and b are two integers, then (a − b) is also an integer.

11. −a and a are negative or additive inverses of each other.

12. To find the product of two integers, we multiply their absolute values and give the result a plus
sign if both the numbers have the same sign or a minus sign otherwise.

13. To find the quotient of one integer divided by another non-zero integer, we divide their absolute
values and give the result a plus sign if both the numbers have the same sign or a minus sign
otherwise.

14. All the properties applicable to whole numbers are applicable to integers in addition, the
subtraction operation has the closure property.

15. The order in which operations are performed is division, multiplication, addition and finally
subtraction (DMAS).

16. Brackets are used in an expression when we want a set of operations to be performed before the
others.

17. While simplifying arithmetic expressions involving various brackets and operations, we use
BODMAS rule.

Chapter – 7 Fractions

Fractions: In Mathematics, fractions are represented as a numerical value, can be defined as the
parts of a whole.

Parts of fraction: All fractions consist of a numerator and a denominator.

The denominator indicates how many parts the whole has been divided into. It is placed in the lower
part of the fraction.

The numerator indicates how many sections of the fraction are represented. It is placed in the upper
part of the whole
Types of Fractions: Based on numerator and denominator, which are parts of a fraction, there are
different types of fractions and those are listed below:

Proper Fraction: Proper fractions are the fractions in which the numerator is less than its
denominator. It is often smaller than the whole. Example: 5/7, 3/8, 2/5, etc.

Improper Fraction: An Improper fraction is the type of fraction in which the numerator is more than
or equal to its denominator. It is always the same or greater than the whole. Example: 4/3, 5/2, 8/5,
etc.

Unit Fraction: Fractions with numerator as 1 are known as unit fractions. Example: 1/4, 1/7, 1/9, etc.

Mixed Fraction: A mixed fraction is a mixture of a whole and a proper fraction. Example: 5(1/3),
7(6/9) etc.

Equivalent Fraction: Equivalent fractions are the fractions that represent the same value. It's the
same portion of a whole. To get equivalent fractions of any given fraction:

We can multiply both the numerator as well as the denominator of the given fraction by the same
number.

And for division, we can divide both the numerator and the denominator of the given fraction by the
same number.

Chapter – 8 Decimals

Decimals: Decimals are a set of numbers written together with a dot in between them that is called a
decimal point.

Types of Decimals

Decimals can be divided into different categories depending upon what type of digits occur after the
decimal point. Let us have a look at how the decimals are categorized based on their type here.

Terminating decimals: Terminating decimals mean it does not reoccur and end after a finite number
of decimal places. For example: 543.534234, 27.2, etc.

Non-terminating decimals: It means that the decimal numbers have infinite digits after the decimal
point. For example, 54543.23774632439473747..., 827.79734394723... etc. The Non-Terminating
decimal numbers can be further be divided into 2 parts:

Recurring decimal numbers: In Recurring Decimal Numbers, digits repeat after a fixed interval. For
example, 94346.374374374..., 573.636363... etc.

Non- recurring decimal numbers: Non- Recurring Decimal Numbers, digit never repeat after a fixed
interval. For example, 743. 872367346.., 7043927.78687564... and so on.
Chapter – 9 Data Handling

Data: Systematic record of facts or different values of a quantity is called data.

Features of data

• Frequency gives the number of times that a particular entry occurs

• Table that shows the frequency of different values in the given data is called a frequency
distribution table

• A table that shows the frequency of groups of values in the given data is called a grouped
frequency distribution table

• The groupings used to group the values in given data are called classes or class- intervals.

* The number of values that each class contains is called the class size or class width.

* The lower value in a class is called the lower class limit.

* The higher value in a class is called the upper-class limit.

Bar graph: A bar graph is a pictorial representation of data in which rectangular-shaped bars of
uniform width are drawn with equal spacing between them on the x-axis and the value of the
variable is shown on the other axis that is the y axis.

**Add any bar graph image**

Chapter – 10 Mensuration

1. The size of a line segment is its length.

2. Various units of measurement are connected by the following relations:

1 kilometre = 1000 metre (m)
1 metre = 100 centimetre (cm)
1 decimetre = 10 centimetre (cm)
1 metre = 10 decimetre (dm)
1 centimetre = 10 millimetre (mm)
1 foot= 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
22 yards = 1 chain

3. The sum of lengths of all sides of a plane figure or the length of its boundary is called the
perimeter' of the figure.
4. The measurement of the region enclosed by a closed plane figure is called the 'area' of the plane
figure.

5. A square centimetre is the area of the region formed by a square of side 1 cm.

6. Standard units of area and their relations are:

100 mm2 = 1 c m2
100 c m2 = 1 d m2
100 d m2 = 1 m2
10000 c m2 = 1 m2
100 m2 = 1 acre
100 acres = 1 hectare
100 hectares = 1 sq. km.

7. Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (Length + Breadth) or, P = 2(1 + b)

Perimeter of a square = 4 × (Side) or, P= 41
Area of a rectangle = Length × Breadth or, A= l × b
Area of a square= (Side)2 or, A= I x I.

Chapter – 11 Algebra

1. The letters which are used to represent numbers are called literals

2. The literal numbers themselves as well as the combinations of literal numbers and numbers obey
all the rules (and signs) of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of numbers along with
the properties of these operations.

3. In x9 9, is called the index or exponent and x is called the base.

4. A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.

5. A symbol which takes various numerical values is called a variable.

Chapter – 12 Ratio and Proportion

1. The ratio of a number `a' to another number 'b' (b ≠0) is a fraction a/b and is written as a : b.

2. A ratio is said to be in the simplest form if its two terms have no common factor other than 1

3. The ratio of two quantities is an abstract quantity, i.e., it has no units in itself.

4. An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. If a : b = c : d , then we write a : b :: c : d.

5. If four numbers a, b, c, d are in proportion, then a and d are known as extreme terms and b and c
are called middle terms.
6. Four numbers are in proportion if the product of extreme terms is equal to the product of middle
terms, i.e., a : b :: c : d if and only if ad = bc.

7. If a : b = b : c , then a, b, c are said to be in continued proportion.

8. If a, b, c are in continued proportion, i.e., a : b :: b : c, then b is called the mean proportional

between a and c.

9. Value of a given number of articles = (Value of one article) x (Number of articles)

10. Unitary Method: The method of finding first the value of one article from the value of the given
number of articles and then the value of the required number of articles.

Chapter – 13 Symmetry

Symmetry: In Mathematics, symmetry states that one shape is identical to the other shape when it is
moved, rotated, or flipped.

When an object has a symmetry, we say that it is symmetrical.

Line of Symmetry: The line of symmetry is a line that divides an object into two identical pieces. An
object might have one, two, or multiple lines of symmetry.

The line of symmetry can be categorized based on its orientation as:

Vertical Line of Symmetry: A vertical line of symmetry is that line that runs down vertically, divides
an image into two identical halves.

Horizontal Line of Symmetry: The horizontal line of symmetry divides a shape into identical halves,
when split horizontally, i.e., cut from right to left or vice-versa.

Diagonal Line of Symmetry: A diagonal line of symmetry divides a shape into identical halves when
split across the diagonal corners.

Chapter – 14 Practical Geometry