Unit - 2

Descriptive Statistics – Problems

Measures of Central Tendency: Mean Median and Mode.

1. Write the empirical relationship between mean, median and mode.
{Ans. Z = 3M − 2x-}
2. The mean of 200 observations was 50. Later on, it was discovered that two observations
were wrongly read as 92 and 8 instead of 192 and 88. Find out the correct mean.
{Ans. x- = 50.9}
3. Mean of 100 observations is found to be 40. If at the time of computation two items are
wrongly taken as 30 and 27 instead of 3 and 72, find correct Mean?
{Ans. x- = 41.18}
4. Calculate arithmetic mean of the weight of 10 students in a class
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Weight (in kg) 42 56 49 50 49 53 52 48 47 54
{Ans. x- = 50 Kgs}
5. Find the i) Lower quartile ii) Upper quartile iii) 7th decile iv) 60th percentile for the
following distribution.
Wages (Rs.) 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
No. of persons 1 3 11 21 43 32 9
{Ans. Q! = Rs. 67.14 Q " = Rs. 83.43 D# = Rs. 81.56 P$% = Rs. 78.37}

6. Calculate five yearly moving averages of number of students studying in a commerce

college as shown in by the following figures.

Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
No of students 332 317 357 392 402 405 410 427 405 438
{Ans. 5 Yr Moving Avg 360 374.6 393.2 407.2 409.8 417
7. Below are given marks obtained by a batch of 20 students in Mathematics and Physics.
Roll NO. Marks In Marks In Roll No. Marks In Marks In
Mathematics Physics Mathematics Physics
1 53 58 11 25 10
2 54 55 12 42 42
3 52 25 13 33 15
4 32 32 14 48 46
5 30 26 15 72 50
6 60 85 16 51 64
7 47 44 17 45 39
8 46 80 18 33 33
9 35 33 19 65 30
10 28 72 20 29 36
In which subject is the level of knowledge of students higher?
Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR
 {Ans. Average marks in Mathematics is 44 Marks while Average marks in Physics is
43.75. Hence students Knowledge in Mathematics is higher.}
8. There are two branches of a company employing 100 and 80 persons respectively
arithmetic means of the monthly salaries paid by two branches are Rs.1570 and Rs.1650
respectively, find the arithmetic mean of the salaries of the employees of the company
as a whole.
{Ans. Mean of salaries of all the employees is Rs. 1605.56}
9. Calculate median and mode for the following data. Using them find arithmetic mean.

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No. of students 8 15 22 20 10 5
{Ans. Median = 27.727 Marks; Mode = 27.778 Marks, Z = 3M − 2 x-; x- = 27.702 Marks}
10. The average daily wages of all the workers in a factory is Rs. 444. If the average daily
wages paid to male and female workers are Rs.480 and Rs.400 respectively, find the
percentage of male and female workers in that factory. {Ans. Male 55%, Female 45%}
11. Calculate the average profit for all companies of the following data by shortcut method.
Figures of profits earned by 1,400 companies is given.

Profits: (Rs. lakhs) 200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200 1200-1400 1400-1600
No. of companies: 500 300 280 120 100 80 20
{Ans. Average Profit of the companies is Rs. 605.714}
12. For a certain frequency table which has only been partly reproduced here, mean
was found to be 1.46.
No. of accidents 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Frequency (no, of days) 46 ? ? 25 10 5 200
Calculate the missing frequencies. {Ans. Missing frequencies are x = 76, y = 38}
13. The median and mode of the following wage distribution are known to be Rs. 33.5 and
34. If the total number of workers is 230, find the missing frequencies.
Wages (in Rs) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
No. of workers 4 16 - - - 6 4
{Ans. Missing frequencies are x =60, y = 100, z=40}
14. Compute 3rd quartile, 7th decile and 63th percentile from the following frequency
distribution.
Class intervals 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
Frequency 12 27 34 41 23 3
{Ans. Q3 = 37.305, D7 = 35.598, P63 = 33.207}
15. Calculate the average profits from the following data of 120 firms.
Profits No. of firms Loss No. of Firms
15 0-1000 5
5000-6000
20 1000-2000 6
4000-5000
35 2000-3000 8
3000-4000
Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR
 15 3000-4000 3
2000-3000
5 4000-5000 2
1000-2000
6
0-1000
{Ans. Average Profits of companies is Rs.2433.33}
16. A factory pays workers on a piece rate basis and also bonus to each worker on the basis
of individual output in each quarter. Calculate the average bonus/worker for a quarter
and average output/worker.
Output (in units) 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100-104
Frequency 3 5 15 12 7 6 2
Bonus (Rs) 40 45 50 60 70 80 100
{Ans. Average Bonus per worker is Rs. 59.7; Average Output Per worker is 86.1 Units}
17. The frequency distribution which has only been partly reproduced is given below
Marks 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65
No. of 3 5 - 18 14 - 2
students
If the modal mark of the 60 students is given to be 47.5, then find the missing values.
{Ans. Missing frequencies are x =14, y = 4}
18. Compute the median and 63rd percentile from the following details
Weight (kgs.) 0-4 5-9 10-14 15- 19 20-24 25-29
No. of bags 5 7 10 8 6 4
{Ans. Median = 13.5Kgs; P63 = 16.5Kgs}

19. An examination was held to decide the award of a scholarship. The weights of various
subjects were different. The marks obtained by 3 candidates.(out of 100 in each subject)
are given below
Subject Weight Students
A B C
Mathematics 4 60 57 62
Physics 3 62 61 67
Chemistry 2 55 53 60
English 1 67 77 49
Calculate the weighted arithmetic mean to award the scholarship and select the
student.
{Ans. Weighted Mean of A= 60.3 Marks;
Weighted Mean of B= 59.4 Marks; Weighted Mean of C= 61.8 Marks;
Hence scholarship can be awarded to Student C}
20. Calculate mean, median and mode for the following data :
Marks more than : 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
No. of students : 80 76 50 28 18 9 3
{Ans. x- = 56 Marks ; Median = 49.091 Marks; Mode = 36.923 Marks}
Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR
21. Find the mean, median and mode for the following data.
x: 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99
f: 2 3 11 20 32 25 7
{Ans. x- = 72.5 ; Median = 73.875; Mode = 75.816}

22. From the data given below find the average income per head of the group and the
average expenditure per family. Which families spend more/less than the average
expenditure & by how much?
Family : A B C D E F
Total Income : 402.50 300.50 480.60 161.25 252.80 310.7
Exp. per head : 62.00 36.50 51.25 36.00 42.50 89.25
No. of members in family : 5 7 6 3 2 2
{Ans. Average Income per head = Rs.76.34;
Average expenditure Per family = Rs.207.417;
Family A spends Rs. 102.58 More than Average family Expenditure;
Family B spends Rs. 48.08 More than Average family Expenditure;
Family C spends Rs. 100.08 More than Average family Expenditure;
Family D spends Rs. 99.42 Less than Average family Expenditure;
Family E spends Rs. 122.42 Less than Average family Expenditure;
Family F spends Rs. 28.92 Less than Average family Expenditure}
23. Calculate the missing frequency from the following date.
X 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
f 4 7 12 ? 22 11 3
Arithmetic mean is 37. {Ans. Missing frequency is 16}
24. Calculate the lower and upper quartiles, Fourth decile and 60th percentile for the
following distribution.
Percentage of dividend 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45
declared
Number of companies 5 6 15 10 5 4 2 2
{Ans. Q3 = 25.75%, D4 = 17.867%, P60 = 21.7%}
25. Calculate the 5-yearly and 7-yearly moving average for the following data of a number
of commercial industrial failures in a country during 1988-2003.
Year No. of failures Year No. of failures
1988 23 1996 9
1989 26 1997 13
1990 28 1998 11
1991 32 1999 14
1992 20 2000 12
1993 12 2001 9
1994 12 2002 3
1995 10 2003 1
Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR
 {Ans.
Year No. of 5 Yrs Moving 7 Yrs Moving
failures Average for Average for
Failures Failures
1988 23 - -
1989 26 - -
1990 28 - -
1991 32 - -
1992 20 - -
1993 12 25.8 -
1994 12 23.6 -
1995 10 20.8 21.9
1996 9 17.2 20.0
1997 13 12.6 17.6
1998 11 11.2 15.4
1999 14 11.0 12.4
2000 12 11.4 11.6
2001 9 11.8 11.6
2002 3 11.8 11.1
2003 1 9.8 10.1
2004 7.8 9.0
}
Measures of Dispersion: Standard Deviation, Variance, Skewness,
kurtosis, Box and whisker plot, Outliers
1. The means of 2 samples of sizes 50 and 100 respectively are 54.1 and 50.3 and the
standard deviations are 8 and 7. Obtain the standard deviation of the sample of size 150
obtained by combining the two samples. {Ans. Combined S.D of two samples = 7.3667}

2. The measure of skewness for a certain distribution is -0.8. If the lower and upper
quartiles are 44.1 and 56.6 respectively, find the median. {Ans. Mean = 50.75}

3. Define range of data, and calculate range and coefficient of range for the following data,
which are prices of shares of a company from Monday to Saturday.
Day : Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Price : 200 210 208 160 220 250
Also calculate the mean, median and mode for the above.
{Ans. Range = Rs. 90; Coefficient of Range = 0.2195; Mean = Rs. 208;
Median = Rs. 209; Z = 3M − 2 x-; Z = Rs. 211}

Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR

4. Compute quartile deviation and co-efficient of quartile deviation from the following data.
Marks 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
No. of students 3 2 7 9 12 6 3
{Ans. QD = 20 Marks; Coeff of QD = 0.2222}
5. Find i) Interquartile Range ii) Quartile deviation iii) Coefficient of Quartile deviation for
the following distribution.
CI 0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90 90-105
F 8 26 30 45 20 17 4
{Ans. IQR = 30.875; QD = 15.4375; Coeff of QD = 0.327152}
6. Find the mean deviation "from mean for the following frequency distribution of sales
(Rs. in thousands) in a Co-operative store.
Sales: 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350
No. of days: 11 23 44 19 8 7
{Ans. Mean = Rs.1,79,910.7; AMD&' = Rs. 47,018.49}
7. Find the standard deviation from the following data.

X 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Y 15 30 53 75 100 110 115 125
{Ans. S.D of x is 19.02652}
8. For a group of 50 male workers, the mean and standard deviation of their monthly
wages are Rs.6300 and Rs.900 respectively. For a group of 40 female workers, these are
Rs.5400 and Rs.600 respectively. Find the standard deviation of monthly wages for the
combined group of workers. {Ans. Combined S.D = Rs. 900}
9. Compute the range and quartile deviation for the following data :
10, 5, 15, 20, 35, 25, 30
{Ans. Range = 30; Q1 = 10; Q3 = 30; Q.D = 10}

10. Calculate the average deviation and co-efficient of average deviation from the following
data.. Income (Rs): 4,000 4,200 4,400 4,600 4,800
∑ |(!'!" )| AMDx!
{Ans. AMD!" = )
= Rs. 240; Coeff of AMD!" = x"
= 0.0545}

11. Find S.D and CV from following

X 90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39
F 2 12 22 20 14 4 1
{Ans. S.D = 12.50493; CoV = 18.3626%}
12. Calculate mean and standard deviation from the data given below :
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of students 7 12 24 10 7
{Ans. Mean = 24.667 Marks; S.D = 11.397 Marks}
13. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of a set of 20 items were calculated by a
student as 20 cm and 5 cm respectively. But while calculating them an item 13 was
misread as 30. Find the correct arithmetic mean and standard deviation.
Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR
 {Ans. Correct mean = 19.15 cm, Correct S.D = 4.661277 cm}
14. Calculate Bowley's coefficient of skewness for the frequency
Mid-value : 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Frequency : 35 40 48 100 125 80 50 22
{Ans. SKB = -1.8625; Coeff. of SKB = -0.0321467}
15. For a moderately skewed data, the arithmetic mean is 200, the coefficient of variation is
8 and Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness is 0.3. Find the mode and the Median?
{Ans. Mode = 195.2; Median = 198.4}
16. The scores of two batsmen A and B in ten innings during a certain season are given
below. Find which of the two batsmen A or B is more consistent in scoring?
A 32 28 47 63 71 39 10 60 96 14
B 19 31 48 53 67 90 10 62 40 80
{Ans. CoVA = 55.424%; CoVB = 48.859%; Hence batsman B is more consistent.}
17. Find the mean deviation from median for the following frequency distribution of sales
(Rs. in thousands) in a Co-operative store.
Sales: 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350
No. of days: 11 23 44 19 8 7
{Ans. Median = 1,75,000; AMD, = Rs. 45,089.29}
18. From the prices X and Y of shares A and B respectively given below, state which is more
stable in value:
Price of Share A 55 54 52 56 58 52 50 51 49

Price of Share B 108 107 105 106 107 104 103 104 101

{Ans. CoVA = 5.262%; CoVB = 2.008%; Hence Prices of share B are more stable}
19. The following is the information about the settlement of an industrial dispute in a
factory. Comment on the gains and losses from the point of view of workers and that of
management.

Before After
Number of workers 3000 2900
Mean wages (Rs.) 2200 2300
Median wages (Rs.) 2500 2400
Standard deviation 300 260
{Ans. Workers:
• Average wages per worker increased - Increase in Mean.
• More Workers drawing higher wages were been fired. – Decrease in median.
• Variations in Wages among workers have decreased – decrease in CoV.
• 100 Workers lost Jobs.
Management:
• Dependency on workers reduced – reduction in no of workers.
• Total wages have increased by Rs.70,000. }

Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR

20. Following is the distribution of daily wages of workers of Two factories.
Wages (in Rs) 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
No. of workers Factory A 2 7 10 6 5
No. of workers Factory B 3 8 13 4 2
i) In which factory is total daily wages more?
ii) In which factory is daily wages variation more?
{Ans. i) Total daily wages in factory A = Rs.2300; Total daily wages in factory B =
Rs.2190; Hence in Factory A, Daily wages are more. (ii) CoVA = 15.093%; CoVB =
13.88%; Hence daily wages variation is more in Factory A}

21. Goals scored by two teams A and B in a football season were as shown below.
No. of goals in a match 0 1 2 3 4
No. of Team A 27 9 8 5 4
matches Team B 17 9 6 5 3

Which team is more consistent?

{Ans. CoVA = 123.898%; CoVB = 108.9725%; Hence team B is more consistent}

22. Particulars regarding the income of two villages are given below :
Village X Village Y
Number of persons 600 500
Average income (in Rs.) 175 186
Variance of income (in Rs.) 100 81
i. In which village is the variation in income greater?
ii. What is the combined standard deviation of the village X and village Y put together.
{Ans. (i) CoVX = 5.714286%; CoVY = 4.83871%; Hence income variation is more in
Village X; (ii) Combined S.D = Rs. 11.01652}
23. The following data relates to the number of accidents in 30 cities. Find Karl Pearson's co-
efficient of skewness:
No. of accidents 10 11 12 13 14 15
No. of cities 2 4 10 8 5 1
{Ans. x- = 12.4333 accidents; Z = 12 accidents ; σ = 1.202313 accidents;
&'./
Coef of SK - = 0 = 0.360416}
24. Find the Skewness from the following data

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No of Students 8 12 20 30 15 10 15
{Ans. x- = 36.091 Marks; Z = 34 Marks; SK - = x- − Z = 2.091 Marks}

Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR

25. The following data relate to the profits of 1000 companies:
Profits (Rs '000s) Number of companies
100- 120 17
120- 140 53
140- 160 199
160-180 194
180-200 327
200-220 208
220-240 2
Calculate the co-efficient of skewness and comment on its value (Use Karl Pearson's Co-
efficient of skewness)
{Ans. x- = Rs. 1,77,860; Z = Rs. 1,90,555.6 ; σ = Rs. 25,191.7;
&'./
Coef of SK - = 0 = −0.503963}

26. Calculate variance and coefficient of variation from the following data
Profits (Rs crore) No. of companies
Less than 10 8
Less than 20 20
Less than 30 40
Less than 40 70
Less than 50 90
Less than 60 100
1
{Ans. x- = Rs. 32.2 Crores ; Variance (σ ) = 192.16 Square Crores Rupees;
CoV = 43.05024%}

27. Suppose that samples of polythene bags from two manufacturers A and B are tested by
a Buyer for bursting pressure, giving the following results:
Bursting Pressure Number of Bags
A B
5.0-9.9 2 9
10.0-14.9 9 11
15.0-19.9 29 18
20.0- 24.9 54 32
25.0 - 29.9 11 27
30.0 - 34.9 5 13
i) Which set of bags has the highest bursting pressure
ii) Which has more uniform pressure? If the prices are the same, which
manufacturer's bags would be preferred by the buyer and why?
{Ans. (i) Mean A = 20.99545, Mean B = 21.81364; Bursting pressure of B bags
are the highest.
(ii) CoVA = 23.23287%; CoVB = 32.43188%; Hence bags of A are having more
Uniform pressure. If the prices of bags are the same, buyer would prefer bags
of Manufacturer A}
Compiled by: Prof. M R Sai Prawin, DOC, MAHE-BLR