Chemistry

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Intext Questions
Question 2.1:
Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of
carbon tetrachloride.
Answer 2.1:
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻6
Mass percentage of 𝐶6 𝐻6 = × 100 %
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻6 22
= × 100 % = × 100 % = 15.28 %
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻6 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑙4 22 + 122
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑙4
Mass percentage of 𝐶𝐶𝑙4 = × 100 %
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑙4 122
= × 100 % = × 100 % = 84.72 %
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻6 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑙4 22 + 122

Alternatively, Mass percentage of CCl4 = (100 − 15.28) % = 84.72%

Question 2.2:
Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
Answer 2.2:
Let the total mass of the solution be 100 g and the mass of benzene be 30 g.
Mass of carbon tetrachloride = (100 − 30) g = 70 g
Molar mass of benzene (C6H6) = (6 × 12 + 6 × 1) g mol−1 = 78 g mol−1
30
Number of moles of 𝐶6 𝐻6 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.3846 mol
78
Molar mass of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) = 1 × 12 + 4 × 355 = 154 g mol−1
70
Number of moles of CCl4 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.4545 mol
154
Thus, the mole fraction of C6H6 is given as:
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻6 0.3846
= = 0.458
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻6 + 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑙4 0.3846 + 0.4545

Question 2.3:
Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O in 4.3 L of solution (b) 30 mL of 0.5 M
H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL.
Answer 2.3:
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity is given by: 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒

(a) Molar mass of Co (NO3)2.6H2O = 59 + 2 (14 + 3 × 16) + 6 × 18 = 291 g mol−1

30
Moles of Co (NO3)2.6H2O = mol = 0.103 mol
291
0.103 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Therefore, molarity = = 0.023 𝑀
4.3 𝐿

(b) Number of moles present in 1000 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 = 0.5 mol

0.5×30
Number of moles present in 30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 = mol = 0.015 mol
1000
0.015 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Therefore, molarity = = 0.03 𝑀
0.5 𝐿

Question 2.4:
Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution.
Answer 2.4:
Molar mass of urea (NH2CONH2) = 2(1 × 14 + 2 × 1) + 1 × 12 + 1 × 16 = 60 g mol−1
0.25 molar aqueous solution of urea means: 1000 g of water contains 0.25 mol = (0.25 × 60)g of urea = 15 g of urea
That is,
(1000 + 15) g of solution contains 15 g of urea
15×2500
Therefore, 2.5 kg (2500 g) of solution contains = g = 36.95 g = 37 g of urea (approximately)
1000+15
Hence, mass of urea required = 37 g

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Question 2.5:
Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202
gmL-1.
Answer 2.5:
(a) Molar mass of KI = 39 + 127 = 166 g mol−1
20% (mass/mass) aqueous solution of KI means 20 g of KI is present in 100 g of solution.
That is,
20 g of KI is present in (100 − 20) g of water = 80 g of water
20
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼
Therefore, molality of the solution = = 166
m = 1.506 m = 1.51 m (approximately)
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 0.08
(b) It is given that the density of the solution = 1.202 g mL−1
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 100 g
Volume of 100 g solution = = 1.202 𝑚𝐿−1 = 83.19 mL = 83.19 × 10−3 L
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
20
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Therefore, molarity of the solution = 166
−3 = 1.45 M
83.19 ×10 𝐿
20
(c) Moles of KI = = 0.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙
166
80
Moles of water = = 4.44 𝑚𝑜𝑙
18
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 0.12
Therefore, mole fraction of KI = = 0.12+4.44 = 0.0263
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼+𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Question 2.6:
H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H 2S in water at STP is 0.195
m, calculate Henry’s law constant.
Answer 2.6:
It is given that the solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, i.e., 0.195 mol of H2S is dissolved in 1000 g of water.
1000 g
Moles of water = −1 = 55.56 mol
18 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑆 0.195
Mole fraction of H2S, 𝑥 = = 0.185+55.56 = 0.0035
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑆+𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
At STP, pressure (p) = 0.987 bar According to Henry’s law: p = KHx
𝑝 0.987
⇒ 𝐾𝐻 = = 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 282 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑥 0.0035

Question 2.7:
Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 × 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when
packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
Answer 2.7:
It is given that: KH = 1.67 × 108 Pa
𝑃𝐶𝑂2 = 2.5 atm = 2.5 × 1.01325 × 105 Pa = 2.533125 × 105 Pa
According to Henry’s law: 𝑃𝐶𝑂2 = 𝐾𝐻 𝑥
𝑃𝐶𝑂2 2.533125 × 105
⇒𝑥= = = 0.00152
𝐾𝐻 1.67 × 108
𝑛𝐶𝑂2 𝑛𝐶𝑂2
We can write, 𝑥 =𝑛 ≈𝑛
𝐶𝑂2 +𝑛𝐻2 𝑂 𝐻2 𝑂
[Since, 𝑛𝐶𝑂2 is negligible as compared to 𝑛𝐻2𝑂 ]
In 500 mL of soda water, the volume of water = 500 mL [Neglecting the amount of soda present]
We can write:
500
500 mL of water = 500 g of water = mole of water = 27.78 mole of water
18
𝑛𝐶𝑂2 𝑛𝐶𝑂2
Now, 𝑥= ⇒ 0.00152 =
𝑛𝐻2𝑂 27.78
⇒ 𝑛𝐶𝑂2 = 0.00152 × 27.78 = 0.042 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Hence, quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water = (0.042 × 44) g = 1.848 g

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Question 2.8:
The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition of
the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.
Answer 2.8:
It is given that:
𝑃𝐴 𝑜 = 450 mm of Hg
𝑃𝐵 𝑜 = 700 mm of Hg
ptotal = 600 mm of Hg
From Raoult’s law, we have:
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑜 𝑥𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵 𝑜 𝑥𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵 𝑜 (1 − 𝑥𝐴 )
Therefore, total pressure, 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵
⇒ 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑜 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 𝑜 (1 − 𝑥𝐴 )
⇒ 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑜 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 𝑜 − 𝑃𝐵 𝑜 𝑥𝐴
⇒ 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝑃𝐴 𝑜 − 𝑃𝐵 𝑜 )𝑥𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 𝑜
⇒ 600 = (450 − 700)𝑥𝐴 + 700
⇒ −100 = −250𝑥𝐴
⇒ 𝑥𝐴 = 0.4
Therefore, 𝑥𝐵 = 1 − 𝑥𝐴 = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6
Now, 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑜 𝑥𝐴 = 450 × 0.4 = 180 mm of Hg and
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐵 𝑜 𝑥𝐵 = 700 × 0.6 = 420 mm of Hg
𝑃𝐴
Now, in the vapour phase: Mole fraction of liquid A =
𝑃𝐴 +𝑃𝐵
180 180
= = = 0.30
180 + 420 600
And, mole fraction of liquid B = 1 − 0.30 = 0.70

Question 2.9:
Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH 2CONH2) is dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate
the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering.
Answer 2.9:
It is given that vapour pressure of water, 𝑃1 𝑜 = 23.8 mm of Hg
Weight of water taken, w1 = 850 g
Weight of urea taken, w2 = 50 g
Molecular weight of water, M1 = 18 g mol−1
Molecular weight of urea, M2 = 60 g mol−1
Now, we have to calculate vapour pressure of water in the solution. We take vapour pressure as p1.
Now, from Raoult’s law, we have:

Hence, the vapour pressure of water in the given solution is 23.4 mm of Hg and its relative lowering is 0.0173.

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Question 2.10:
Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at
100°C. Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52 K kg mol −1.
Answer 2.10:
Here, elevation of boiling point ∆Tb = (100 + 273) − (99.63 + 273) = 0.37 K
Mass of water, wl = 500 g
Molar mass of sucrose (C12H22O11), M2 = 11 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16 = 342 g mol−1
Molal elevation constant, Kb = 0.52 K kg mol−1
We know that:

= 121.67 g (approximately)
Hence, 121.67 g of sucrose is to be added.

Question 2.11:
Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C 6H8O6) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower its melting point by
1.5°C. Kf = 3.9 K kg mol−1.
Answer 2.11:
Mass of acetic acid, w1 = 75 g
Molar mass of ascorbic acid (C6H8O6), M2 = 6 × 12 + 8 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 176 g mol−1
Lowering of melting point, ∆Tf = 1.5 K
We know that:

= 5.08 g (approx)
Hence, 5.08 g of ascorbic acid is needed to be dissolved.

Question 2.12:
Calculate the osmotic pressure in Pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of molar mass
185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37°C.
Answer 2.12:
It is given that:
Volume of water, V = 450 mL = 0.45 L
Temperature, T = (37 + 273) K = 310 K
1
Number of moles of the polymer, 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
185000
𝑛
We know that: 𝜋 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑉
1 1
Osmotic pressure, = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × × 8.314 × 103 𝑃𝑎 𝐿 𝐾 −1 × 310 𝐾
185000 0.45 𝐿
= 30.98 Pa
= 31 Pa (approximately)

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