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Decoding consumption: On the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey

The 2022-23 household spending survey signals shifts in people’s priorities

In an uncharacteristic late Saturday release, the Statistics Ministry unveiled the broad findings of the
Household Consumption Expenditure Survey done between August 2022 and July 2023. This is
significant as it is the first major survey-based data released since 2011-12 that captures ground
realities at the household level — especially with the once-a-decade Census, due since 2021, nowhere
in sight. Conducted every five years by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), the results of the
last such consumption survey in 2017-18, along with a similar employment survey, were junked with
the government citing “quality issues” with the data — viewed as a euphemism for the unhappy
tidings it may have showed. If the 2017-18 Survey was abandoned because it captured the
deleterious after-effects of the demonetisation of high-value currency notes in late 2016 on India’s
largely informal economy, and the subsequent onset of the Goods and Services Tax, the 2022-23
survey also needs to be interpreted with a dash of salt. For, it may likely magnify the exuberance
seen in consumption after two years of pandemic-induced curbs and income losses — what
economists call the release of pent-up demand.

To be clear, the Survey suggests some interesting transitions in consumption patterns and the
complete findings must be published swiftly to enable deeper analysis. Households’ average monthly
per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE) rose 33.5% since 2011-12 in cities to reach ₹3,510, and
40.4% in rural India to ₹2,008. The government has sought to paint this as a signal of rising incomes,
narrowing inequality, and a sharp slippage in poverty levels. But this only implies a 3.5%
compounded annual growth in rural spends over 11 years, with a 3% growth for urban households —
well below the inflation and GDP growth rates in this period. Puzzlingly, even after adding the
imputed values of free goods received through a myriad of welfare schemes such as the PM Garib
Kalyan Anna Yojana, the average MPCE only rose to ₹2,054 for rural households and ₹3,544 for urban
peers. That the proportion of monthly spends on food has slipped below 50% in rural homes (to
46.4%), and under 40% in urban homes, with cereals seeing the sharpest drop, is remarkable, and
may ease inflation trends if used to rejig Consumer Price Index weightages. However, it is pertinent to
recall that food inflation began spiking last June just ahead of the Survey’s completion, and has
remained elevated since. So, proportional spends have likely changed. A clearer picture, devoid of
pent-up demand and inflation flip-flop effects, is expected from the fresh Survey that concludes this
July. So, any recalibration of poverty, inflation or GDP calculations must wait till those results are
compiled, and released as well. [Practice Exercise]

 Red/blue coloring of words in the sentence indicates subject verb relationship; where ‘red’
denotes ‘subject’ and ‘blue’ denotes ‘verb’.

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Vocabulary
1. Decode (verb) – Interpret, decipher, 12. Tidings (noun) – News, information,
translate, unravel, explain report, announcement, update /

2. Signal (verb) – Indicate, gesture, motion,

beckon, signify 13. Abandon (verb) – Forsake, leave, desert,
discard, give up
3. Uncharacteristic (adjective) – Atypical,
unusual, uncommon, abnormal, irregular
14. Deleterious (adjective) – Harmful,
damaging, detrimental, injurious, adverse

4. Unveil (verb) – Reveal, disclose, expose,

uncover, present 15. After-effects (noun) – Consequences,
aftermath, repercussions, results,
5. Findings (noun) – Results, conclusions,
outcomes
outcomes, discoveries, revelations
16. Demonetisation (noun) – The act of
6. Decade (noun) – period of ten years श stripping a currency unit of its status as
legal tender
7. Due (adjective) – expected, scheduled
17. Informal economy (noun) – The part of an
economy that is neither taxed nor
8. Nowhere in sight (phrase) – Not visible,
monitored by any form of government
not apparent, not in view, undetectable,
not to be seen ज आ
18. Subsequent (adjective) – Following,
9. Junk with (phrasal verb) – Discard, throw
ensuing, succeeding, later, consequent
away, dispose of, get rid of, scrap
आ
10. Cite (verb) – Refer to, mention, quote,
19. Onset (noun) – Beginning, start,
allude to, point out
commencement, outset, initiation आ
11. Euphemism (noun) – Polite term, mild
20. Interpret (verb) – Explain, elucidate,
expression, indirect term, softening
expound, clarify, translate
expression, underplaying expression
21. Dash of salt (phrase) – A small amount of
skepticism or caution added to a situation

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22. Magnify (verb) – Enlarge, amplify, 33. Slippage (noun) – Decline, decrease,
increase, enhance, intensify reduction, drop, fall

23. Exuberance (noun) – Enthusiasm, 34. Imply (verb) – Suggest, indicate, hint,
excitement, energy, liveliness, vitality insinuate, signify

35. Compounded annual growth (noun) – The

24. Pandemic-induced (adjective) – Caused or year-over-year growth rate of an
brought about by a widespread outbreak investment over a specified period of time
of disease -

25. Curb (noun) – Restraint, check, control, 36. Well below (phrase) – Significantly lower
limitation, restriction than, far below, much less than

26. Pent-up demand (noun) – A situation in 37. Inflation (noun) – Rise in prices, increase in
which there is a strong demand for goods costs, price increase, cost increase
or services that has not been satisfied

38. Puzzlingly (adverb) – In a manner that

27. Transition (noun) – Change, causes confusion or perplexity,
transformation, shift, passage, move mysteriously, bewilderingly ज

39. Imputed value (noun) – An estimated

28. Swiftly (adverb) – Quickly, rapidly, value assigned to goods or services when
speedily, promptly, fast ज the actual value is not readily available
आ
29. Per capita (adjective) – Per person, for
each person, per individual 40. Myriad (adjective) – Countless,
innumerable, numerous, many, multiple
30. Seek (verb) – try, effort, endeavour,
attempt
41. Remarkable (adjective) – Extraordinary,
31. Paint (verb) – Depict, portray, represent, outstanding, exceptional, amazing,
describe, illustrate astonishing

32. Narrowing (adjective) – Becoming 42. Ease (verb) – Reduce, alleviate, lessen,
narrower, reducing, constricting, relieve, diminish
contracting, shrinking

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43. Rejig (verb) – Rearrange, reorganize, 48. Flip-flop effect (noun) – A situation where
adjust, alter, modify there is a reversal or back-and-forth
movement or change -
44. Pertinent (adjective) – Relevant,
applicable, germane, appropriate, fitting 49. Conclude (verb) – Finish, end, terminate,
close, complete

45. Recall (verb) – Remember, recollect, bring 50. Recalibration (noun) – The process of
to mind, reminisce, think of adjusting or resetting something in
response to changes or new information
46. Elevated (adjective) – Raised, heightened, ज
increased, uplifted, enhanced आ
51. Compile (verb) – Assemble, gather, collect,
47. Devoid (of) (adjective) – Lacking, without, put together, accumulate
free from, empty of, bereft of

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Summary of the Editorial

1. The 2022-23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey provides significant data on
household spending patterns, the first since 2011-12.
2. Conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) every five years, the last survey in
2017-18 was discarded due to "quality issues."
3. The 2022-23 survey may reflect the impact of pent-up demand following pandemic-induced
restrictions and income losses.
4. The survey suggests shifts in consumption patterns, with average monthly per capita consumer
expenditure (MPCE) rising 33.5% in urban areas and 40.4% in rural areas since 2011-12.
5. The government interprets this as a sign of rising incomes, narrowing inequality, and reduced
poverty levels.
6. However, the growth rates in MPCE are below the inflation and GDP growth rates for the same
period.
7. Even with the inclusion of free goods from welfare schemes, the average MPCE only slightly
increased.
8. The proportion of monthly spending on food has decreased below 50% in rural areas and 40%
in urban areas.
9. Cereals have seen the sharpest drop in consumption, which may influence inflation trends if
used to adjust Consumer Price Index weightages.
10. Food inflation began spiking just before the survey's completion and has remained high since.
11. The survey's results should be interpreted cautiously, considering the potential impact of pent-
up demand and fluctuating inflation.
12. A clearer picture of consumption patterns is expected from the next survey concluding in July
2024.
13. Any recalibration of poverty, inflation, or GDP calculations should wait until the results of the
next survey are compiled and released.
14. The complete findings of the 2022-23 survey should be published swiftly for deeper analysis.
15. The survey signals important transitions in consumption patterns that need to be understood
in the context of broader economic trends.

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Practice Exercise: SSC Pattern Based

1. Why is the 2022-23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey significant? [Editorial Page]
A. It is the first survey conducted after the demonetization of high-value currency notes.
B. It is the first major survey-based data released since 2011-12 that captures ground realities
at the household level.
C. It shows a decrease in household spending compared to previous years.
D. It was conducted by the Statistics Ministry instead of the NSSO.
2. Which of the following best describes the change in households' average monthly per capita
consumer expenditure (MPCE) according to the survey?
A. MPCE decreased in both urban and rural areas.
B. MPCE increased by over 50% in both urban and rural areas.
C. MPCE increased by 33.5% in cities and 40.4% in rural areas since 2011-12.
D. MPCE remained the same as the previous survey
3. What is a notable trend in consumption patterns suggested by the survey?
A. An increase in spending on luxury goods.
B. A decrease in the proportion of monthly spends on food.
C. A rise in spending on education and healthcare.
D. An increase in expenditure on entertainment.
4. What can be inferred about the impact of the pandemic on household consumption
according to the survey?
A. It led to a permanent decrease in household consumption.
B. It resulted in a temporary increase in consumption due to the release of pent-up demand.
C. It had no significant impact on household consumption patterns.
D. It caused a shift towards more spending on healthcare and less on food.
5. Based on the survey, what can be inferred about the government's interpretation of the
data?
A. The government believes that the increase in MPCE indicates a reduction in poverty levels.
B. The government is concerned about the rising inequality reflected in the survey.
C. The government considers the survey results to be inaccurate due to quality issues.
D. The government is planning to revise the Consumer Price Index weightages immediately.
6. Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.
Hit a brick wall
A. Demolish a brick wall
B. Not able to make any progress
C. Use physical force
D. Fight a powerful foe
7. Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.
To sit on the fence
A. Occupy a bench next to a boundary

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B. Avoid taking sides

C. Take a high seat
D. Place something on a barrier
8. Select the option that can be used as a one-word substitute for the given group of words.
A person who collects or studies stamps
A. Numismatist
B. Hoarder
C. Collector
D. Philatelist
9. Select the option that expresses the given sentence in active voice.
Rishabh was declared fit to play the next match.
A. Rishabh declared them fit to play the next match.
B. They will declare Rishabh fit to play the next match.
C. They declared Rishabh fit to play the next match.
D. They had declared Rishabh fit to play the next match
10. Select the most appropriate option that can substitute the underlined segment in the given
sentence. If there is no need to substitute it, select ‘No substitution required’.
Whom was the person that you wanted me to contact there?
A. No substitution required
B. Who is the person
C. Whom is the person
D. Whom were the persons
11. Sentences of a paragraph are given below in jumbled order. Arrange the sentences in the
correct order to form a meaningful and coherent paragraph.
A. The British were exploiting the indigo farmers in the area.
B. He lived in the district until the exploitation of the farmers was successfully stopped.
C. Gandhiji’s Satyagraha for India’s Independence began with the famous ‘Champaran
movement’ in Bihar.
D. So, Gandhiji visited Motihari, the district headquarters of Champaran, in 1917 to protest
against the British.
A. ADBC
B. CABD
C. ACBD
D. CADB
12. The following sentence has been split into four segments. Identify the segment that contains
a grammatical error.
Paul was / bited by a dog / when he / was a child.
A. when he
B. bited by a dog
C. Paul was
D. was a child
13. The following sentence has been divided into parts. One of them contains an error.

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Select the part that contains the error from the given options.
You and I / have submitted / your work / on time.
A. on time
B. your work
C. have submitted
D. You and I
14. The following sentence has been divided into parts. One of them may contain a grammatical
error. Select the part that contains the error from the given options. If you don’t find any
error, mark ‘No error’ as your answer.
They ordered the whole area / to be disinfected / on the earliest.
A. to be disinfected
B. They ordered the whole area
C. on the earliest
D. No error
15. Select the INCORRECTLY spelt word
A. Voluntary
B. Disparity
C. Continuanse
D. Convincing
16. Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word.
Honest
A. Secretive
B. Sincere
C. Daring
D. Strange
17. The following sentence has been split into four segments. Identify the segment that contains
a grammatical error.
I did not / buy neither / of the / two dresses
A. two dresses
B. of the
C. I did not
D. buy neither
18. Select the option that expresses the given sentence in passive voice.
She baked a large blueberry cake.
A. A large blueberry cake was being baked by her.
B. A large blueberry cake has been baked by her.
C. A large blueberry cake was baked by her.
D. A large blueberry cake is baked by her.
19. Select the most appropriate ANTONYM of the given word.
GRACEFUL
A. Awkward
B. Dignified

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C. Refined
D. Polite
20. Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word.
Imbue
A. Remove
B. Clear
C. Instil
D. Deprive
Comprehension:
In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Select the most appropriate option
to fill in each blank.
(1) ______ changes in science and technology lead to modernisation of technology as well as
upgradation of knowledge. In order to upgrade or modernise technology, management must
(2) ______ employees to accept new technology. (3) ______ training of staff becomes
necessary to update their knowledge and to (4) ______ their skills. This is possible only (5)
______ effective communication between the management and the employees
21. Select the most appropriate option for blank 1.
A. No
B. Slow
C. Ultimate
D. Rapid
22. Select the most appropriate option for blank 2.
A. dissuade
B. discourage
C. persuade
D. Deactivate
23. Select the most appropriate option for blank 3.
A. Intermittent
B. Irregular
C. Regular
D. Improper
24. Select the most appropriate option for blank 4.
A. hamper
B. enhance
C. imitate
D. Decrease
25. Select the most appropriate option for blank 5
A. by
B. through
C. throughout
D. with

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Answers
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. C 10.B 11.D 12.B
13. B 14.C 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.C 21.D 22.C 23.C 24.B
25. B [Practice Exercise]
Explanation
1. B) The passage mentions that this survey is significant as it is the first major survey-based data
released since 2011-12 that captures the ground realities at the household level, especially
with the once-a-decade Census, due since 2021, nowhere in sight.
2. C) The passage states that households' average monthly per capita consumer expenditure
(MPCE) rose 33.5% since 2011-12 in cities to reach ₹3,510, and 40.4% in rural India to ₹2,008.
3. B) The passage highlights that it is remarkable that the proportion of monthly spends on food
has slipped below 50% in rural homes (to 46.4%), and under 40% in urban homes, with cereals
seeing the sharpest drop.
4. B) The passage suggests that the 2022-23 survey may likely magnify the exuberance seen in
consumption after two years of pandemic-induced curbs and income losses, which is referred
to as the release of pent-up demand. This implies that there was a temporary increase in
consumption due to the pandemic.
5. A) The passage mentions that the government has sought to paint the increase in households'
average monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE) as a signal of rising incomes,
narrowing inequality, and a sharp slippage in poverty levels. This indicates that the
government interprets the data as a positive sign of reduced poverty levels.
6. B) Hit a brick wall (idiom) – Not able to make any progress आगे बढ़ने में असमर्थ
7. B) To sit on the fence (idiom) – Avoid taking sides पऺ न ऱेना
8. D) Philatelist (noun) – A person who collects or studies stamps. डाक टिकि संग्राहक
 Numismatist (noun) – a person who collects or studies coins, paper currency, and
medals. ससक्का संग्रहक
 Hoarder (noun) – a person who accumulates things and hides them away for future
use. संग्रहकर्ाथ
 Collector (noun) – a person who collects things of a specified type, professionally or as
a hobby. संग्राहक
9. C) They declared Rishabh fit to play the next match.
10. B) 'Whom was the person that' के फदरे 'Who is the person' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक महाॉ
interrogative Relative Pronoun 'who' Subject के रूऩ भें प्रमोग हो यहा है , इसलरए 'whom' जो
कक Object के लरए प्रमुक्त होता है , का प्रमोग गरत है ; जैस—
े Who is the person you wanted
me to contact there?

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 'Who is the person' will be used instead of 'Whom was the person that' because here
the interrogative Relative Pronoun 'who' is used as a subject, thus the use of 'whom',
which is used for an object, is incorrect; Like— Who is the person you wanted me to
contact there?
11. D) CADB
Gandhiji’s Satyagraha for India’s Independence began with the famous ‘Champaran
movement’ in Bihar The British were exploiting the indigo farmers in the area. So, Gandhiji
visited Motihari, the district headquarters of Champaran, in 1917 to protest against the British.
He lived in the district until the exploitation of the farmers was successfully stopped.
12. B) bited by a dog' के फदरे 'bitten by a dog' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक 'bite' का Past Participle
'bitten' होता है औय Passive Voice के Sentence भें Verb का Third form प्रमोग होता है ; जैसे— He
was bitten by a dog.
 'bitten by a dog' will be used instead of 'bited by a dog' because the Past Participle of
'bite' is 'bitten', and in a Passive Voice sentence, the Third form of the Verb is used;
Like— He was bitten by a dog.
13. B) 'your work' के फदरे 'our work' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक वाक्म के Subject 'You and I' हैं, जो
कक Plural हैं ज 'our' का प्रमोग होता है ; जैस—
े You and I have submitted our work on
time.
 our work' will be used instead of 'your work' because the subject of the sentence 'You
and I' is plural and in the first person, for which 'our' is used; Like— You and I have
submitted our work on time.
14. C) 'on the earliest' के फदरे 'at the earliest' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक 'at the earliest' का अथथ है
'जजतना जल्दी हो सके' औय मह एक ननजचित Phrase है . इसलरए, 'on the earliest' का प्रमोग
गरत है .
 'at the earliest' will be used instead of 'on the earliest' because 'at the earliest' means
'as soon as possible' and is a set phrase. Therefore, the use of 'on the earliest' is
incorrect.
15. C) The incorrect spelling in the options given is 'Continuanse'. The correct spelling is
'Continuance' 'जारी रखें
16. B) Honest (adjective) – Free of deceit and untruthfulness; sincere, morally correct or virtuous,
upright, trustworthy. ईमानदार
Synonym: Sincere (adjective) – Saying what they genuinely feel or believe; not lying or
pretending. सच्चा

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 Secretive (adjective) – Inclined to conceal feelings and intentions or not to disclose

information. गुप्र्
 Daring (adjective) – Adventurous or audaciously bold. साहसी
 Strange (adjective) – Unusual or surprising; difficult to understand or explain. अजीब
17. D) 'buy neither' के फदरे 'buy either' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक जफ हभ 'neither' का प्रमोग कयते
हैं तो वह दो नकायात्भक ववकल्ऩों के फीि भें होता है औय 'not' के साथ प्रमोग नहीॊ होता।
'Neither' का प्रमोग कयते सभम sentence भें अन्म कोई नकायात्भक शब्द नहीॊ होना िाहहए।
जैस—
े I bought neither of the two dresses. अगय हभ 'not' का प्रमोग कय यहे हैं तो हभें 'either'
का प्रमोग कयना िाहहए; जैस—
े I did not buy either of the two dresses.
 'buy either' will be used instead of 'buy neither' because when 'neither' is used, it refers
to not one or the other of two negative options and is not used with 'not'. When using
'neither', there should be no other negative word in the sentence. For example— I
bought neither of the two dresses. If 'not' is being used, then 'either' should be used
instead; Like— I did not buy either of the two dresses.
18. C) A large blueberry cake was baked by her.
19. A) Graceful (adjective) – Characterized by elegance or beauty of form, manner, movement, or
speech; elegant. सुंदर
Antonym: Awkward (adjective) – Lacking grace or ease in movement or manner; clumsy.
अनाडी
 Dignified (adjective) – Having or showing a composed or serious manner that is worthy
of respect. गररमामय
 Refined (adjective) – With impurities or unwanted elements having been removed by
processing. पररष्कृर्
 Polite (adjective) – Having or showing behavior that is respectful and considerate of
other people. विनम्र
20. C) Imbue (verb) – Inspire or permeate with a feeling or quality, infuse, saturate.
Antonym: Instil (verb) – Gradually but firmly establish an idea or attitude into a person’s mind.
धायणा मा वविाय फोना
 Remove (verb) – Take away, eliminate or get rid of something. हटाना
 Clear (verb) – Easy to perceive, understand, or interpret. स्ऩष्ट
 Deprive (verb) – Deny the possession or use of something. वॊचित कयना

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21. D) 'Rapid' का use होगा क्मोंकक "rapid" का अथथ होता है तेजी से होने वारा। sentence भें मह
दशाथमा गमा है कक ववज्ञान औय तकनीकी भें तेजी से हो यहे ऩरयवतथन तकनीकी औय ज्ञान के
आधनु नकीकयण की ओय रे जाते हैं, इसलरए 'Rapid' महाॉ सही है । वहीॊ, 'No' का अथथ होता है कोई
नहीॊ, 'Slow' का भतरफ होता है धीभा, औय 'Ultimate' का भतरफ होता है अॊनतभ मा सवोच्ि, जो
इस context भें कपट नहीॊ फैठते।
 Rapid' should be used because it implies occurring quickly. The sentence indicates that
swift changes in science and technology lead to the modernisation and upgrading of
technology and knowledge, making 'rapid' the correct choice here. Whereas 'No'
means none, 'Slow' implies lacking speed, and 'Ultimate' means last or final, which do
not fit in this context.
22. C) Persuade' का use होगा क्मोंकक "persuade" का अथथ होता है ककसी को याजी कयना मा
भनाना। Sentence भें mention ककमा गमा है कक management को employees को नई
technology स्वीकाय कयने के लरए भनाना िाहहए, इसलरए 'persuade' महाॉ सही है । 'Dissuade'
का अथथ होता है ककसी को ककसी काभ से योकना, 'Discourage' का अथथ होता है हतोत्साहहत
कयना, औय 'Deactivate' का अथथ होता है ककसी िीज को अकिम कयना, जो इस context भें सही
नहीॊ है ।
 'Persuade' should be used because it means to convince someone to do something.
The sentence states that management must convince employees to accept new
technology, making 'persuade' the correct choice. 'Dissuade' means to convince
someone not to do something, 'Discourage' means to make someone feel less
confident or enthusiastic, and 'Deactivate' means to make something inactive, which
don't fit in this context.
23. C) Regular' का use होगा क्मोंकक "regular" का अथथ होता है कुछ ननमलभत अॊतयार ऩय होना।
Sentence भें कहा गमा है कक staff की training जरूयी है ताकक उनके ज्ञान को अऩडेट ककमा जा
सके औय उनके कौशर को फढामा जा सके। ननमलभत ट्रे ननॊग से मह सॊबव हो ऩाता है । दस
ू यी
ओय, 'Intermittent' का भतरफ होता है अननमलभत अॊतयार ऩय होना, 'Irregular' का भतरफ होता
है अननमलभत मा बफना ककसी तम ऩैटनथ के होना, औय 'Improper' का भतरफ होता है अनुचित,
जो इस सॊदबथ भें उऩमक्
ु त नहीॊ हैं।
 'Regular' should be used because it means occurring at fixed intervals. The sentence
implies that training of staff is necessary to update their knowledge and enhance their
skills. Regular training would facilitate this. On the other hand, 'Intermittent' means

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occurring at irregular intervals, 'Irregular' means not regular or lacking consistency, and
'Improper' means not suitable, all of which do not fit in this context.
24. B) enhance' का िमन होगा क्मोंकक "enhance" का अथथ होता है ककसी िीज की गण
ु वत्ता मा
भल्
ू म भें ववृ ि कयना। Sentence भें फतामा गमा है कक स्टाप की training की जरूयत है ताकक
उनके knowledge को update ककमा जा सके औय उनके skills को ______ ककमा जा सके।
'Enhance' इस खारी जगह के लरए सही शब्द है क्मोंकक महाॉ उद्देचम skills को फेहतय फनाने का
है । 'Hamper' का भतरफ होता है फाधा डारना, 'Imitate' का भतरफ होता है नकर कयना, औय
'Decrease' का भतरफ होता है घटाना, जो कक इस context भें उचित नहीॊ हैं।
 enhance' should be selected because "enhance" means to increase the quality or value
of something. The sentence explains that training of staff is necessary to update their
knowledge and to ______ their skills. 'Enhance' is the correct word for this blank as the
intention here is to improve skills. 'Hamper' means to obstruct, 'Imitate' means to copy,
and 'Decrease' means to reduce, which are not suitable in this context.
25. B) 'through' का use होगा क्मोंकक "through" का अथथ होता है ककसी process मा सीधे भाध्मभ से
कुछ कयना। Sentence भें मह हदखामा गमा है कक प्रबावी सॊवाद से ही कभथिायी औय प्रफॊधन के
फीि सभझ ववकलसत होगी, इसलरए 'through' महाॉ सही है । वहीॊ 'by' का प्रमोग कयने ऩय बी
अथथ सही रग सकता है , रेककन महाॉ 'through' ज्मादा सही फैठता है क्मोंकक मह direct
involvement औय continuous process को दशाथता है । 'Throughout' का भतरफ होता है ऩूयी
अवचध भें औय 'with' साथ भें का इस्तेभार होता है , जो कक इस सॊदबथ भें सही नहीॊ फैठते।
 'Through' should be used because it denotes a process or a means by which something
is achieved. The sentence implies that understanding between management and
employees can only develop through effective communication, making 'through' the
correct choice. 'By' could also seem correct, but 'through' is more appropriate here as it
suggests direct involvement and a continuous process. 'Throughout' means during an
entire period, and 'with' implies accompaniment, which do not fit the context here.

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