CHAPTER TWENTY ONE: COMPLEX NUMBER
A number of the form ‘x +iy ‘where x & y are any real numbers as well as i = 1
or i2 = -1 is called a complex number.
x+ iy
Imaginary part of complex number
Real part of complex number
i = is called imaginary unit.
A pair of complex numbers x + iy and x – iy are said to be conjugate of each other.
PROPERTIES–
1. If x1 +iy1 = x2 + iy2 then x1 - iy1 = x2 - iy2.
2. Two complex numbers x1 +iy1 = x2 + iy2 are said to be equal when
x1 = x2 and y1 = y2
3. Sum, difference, product and quotient of any two complex numbers is itself
a complex number.
x1 +iy1 and x2 + iy2 are two given complex numbers, then
(a) Sum = (x1 +iy1) + (x2 + iy2)
= (x1 + x2) + (y1 +y2) i
(b) Difference = (x1 +iy1) - (x2 + iy2)
=(x1 – x2) – (y1 – y2) i
(c) Product = (x1 +iy1) * (x2 + iy2)
= x1x2 + (y1y2)i2 + (x1y2 + x2y1) i
= ( x1x2 - y1y2) + (x1y2 + x2y1) i (since i2 = -1)
(d) Quotient = (x1 + iy1) = (x1 + iy1) * (x2 - iy2)
(x2 + iy2) (x2 + iy2) * (x2 - iy2)
= x1 x2 + y1y2 + (x2y1 – x1y2) i (since i2 = -1)
(x22 + y22) (x22 + y22)
= (x1 x2 + y1y2) + (x2y1 – x1y2) i
(x22 + y22)
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4. Every complex number z = (x + iy) can be expressed in the form of
z = r (cos + i sin )
Q •P (x, y)
OS = x units
X’ O S X PS = y units
OP = r units
Y’ POS =
Let horizontal line XOX’ be the axis of real numbers and vertical line YOY’ be the
axis of pure imaginary numbers. Let direction along X’OX and Y’OY be positive.
Corresponding to any complex number x + yi, point P(x,y) is plotted as shown in
above figure. Thus any complex number can be shown by point(x,y) in plane by
measuring ‘a’ units on real axis X’OX and ‘b’ units on imaginary axis Y’OY then
drawing lines parallel to the axes. Plane determined by two axes is called complex
plane.
Join OP
OS / OP = x / r = cos
x = r cos --------- (1)
PS /OP = y / r = sin
y = r sin -------- (2)
Squaring both sides of (1) and (2); then adding them.
x2 = r2 cos2
y2 = r2 sin2
x2 + y2 = r2 (sin2 + cos2 )
x2 + y2 = r2 ( since sin2 + cos2 = 1)
Taking square-root of both sides
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r= x2 + y2
The length of line joining origin to the point which represents complex number is
called as modulus or absolute value of complex number z = (x + iy).
x2 y 2
Modulus = r =
x2 y 2
z =
Modulus is represented by z
Angle made by the line joining origin to the point representing complex number
with positive real axis is called amplitude or argument of complex number.
Amplitude of complex number z = x + yi
tan = (y/x)
= tan-1 (y/x)is called as amplitude or argument of complex number
(x + iy) and written as amp (x + iy) or arg (x + iy)
(5) If z = (x +iy) then conjugate z = (x - iy)
z z = (x + iy) * (x - iy) = x2 + y2 = z2 (since i2 = -1)
z z = z2 = z
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Complex numbers obey the four fundamental operations: - addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. Geometric representation of
(z1 + z2) Y P(x1 +x2 , y1 +y2)
P2 z2 y2
z2 z1+z2 P1 x2 K
y2 z1 y1 y1
O x2 M x1 L x2 N X
Let P1, P2 be the complex numbers.
P1 z1 = x1 + iy1
P2 z2= x2+ iy2
Complete the parallelogram OP1PP2. Draw P1L, P2M and PN perpendicular to ‘OX’.
Draw P1K perpendicular to PN, P1K to OX
ON = OL + LN
LN = P1K (Opposite sides of rectangle.)
In OMP2 & P1KP
OP2 = P1P = z2 (opposite sides of parallelogram P2OP1P)
P2OM = PP1K
PKP1 = P2MO = 900
OMP2 P1KP
OL = x1
P1K = OM = x2
ON = OL + P1K
= x1 + x2
KP = MP2 = y2
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NP = NK + KP
NK = LP1 = y1
NP = LP1 + MP2
NP = y1 + y2
The coordinates of ‘P’ are (x1 + x2, y1 + y2) and it represents complex number.
z = x1 + x2 + i (y1 + y2)
= (x1 + iy1) + (x2 + iy2)
= z1 + z2
OP = z1 + z2 (By law of parallelogram)
mod (z1 + z2) = OP and amp = XOP
GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF (Z1 - Z2)
Y P2
z1 – z2
z2 z1 P1
X’ O -z2 X
- z2 Q
R z1 OP1 = RQ = z1
OQ = z1 - z2
Y’
Let P1, P2 represent complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2. Then subtraction
of z2 from z1 will be considered as addition of z1& - z2. Produce P2Q backward to ‘R’
so that OR = OP2. Coordinates of ‘R’ are (- x2, - y2) and corresponds to complex
number
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-z2 = - x2 – iy2
Complete parallelogram ORQP1. Then sum of z1 and –z2 is represented by OQ.
z1 – z2 = OQ = P2P1 (By law of parallelogram)
GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF (Z1 * Z2)
Y P
r1r2 P2
r2
1 r1 P1
1 2
O A X
Let P1, P2 represent complex numbers
z1 = x1 + iy1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1)
z2 = x2 + iy2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2)
Measure off OA = 1 unit along ‘OX’. Construct OP2P on ‘OP2’ directly similar to
OAP1
In OP2P & OAP1
POP2 = P1OA = 1
So that OP = OP2
OP1 OA
i.e. OP * OA= OP1* OP2
OP = OP1* OP2 = r1 * r2 (since OA = 1 by construction)
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and AOP = AOP2 + P2OP
= AOP2 + AOP1
= 2+1
P represents the number r1 * r2 [cos ( 1 + 2) + i sin ( 1 + 2)]
Hence product of two complex numbers z1, z2 is represented by point ‘P’ such that
1) z1 z2 = z1 * z2
2) amp (z1 z2) = amp (z1) + amp (z2)
Geometric representation of (z1 / z2)
Let P1, P2 represent complex numbers
z1 = x1 + iy1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1)
z2 = x2 + iy2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2)
Measure off OA = 1 unit along ‘OX’. Construct OAP on ‘OA’ directly similar to
OP2P1
So that OP = OP1 = r1 (since OA = 1 by construction)
OA OP2 r2
and XOP = P2OP1
= AOP1 - AOP2
=1-2
P represents the number r1 / r2 [cos ( 1 + 2) + i sin ( 1 + 2)]
Hence product of two complex numbers z1, z2 is represented by point ‘P’ such that
1) z1 / z2 = z1 / z2
2) amp (z1 / z2) = amp (z1) - amp (z2)
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To find square-root complex number (x + iy)
Let x iy = a + ib where a & b are real numbers. ----------- (1)
Squaring both sides
x + iy = (a + ib)2
= a2 + 2abi +i2b2
= a2 - b2 + 2abi (since i2 = -1)
Comparing real and imaginary parts (By AanauÉPyaoNa sutra)
a2 - b2 = x ------------------------------- (2)
2ab = y -------------------------------- (3)
Value of a & b is found by ivalaaoknama\ sutra from (2) and (3).
Putting value of a & b in (1) Square-root of complex number is obtained.
e.g. Express complex number 1 in the form of a + ib and hence find its modulus
and amplitude 3 - 4i
Using conjugate concept
Let z = 3 – 4i & its conjugate will be z = 3 + 4i
Multiplying Numerator & Denominator by z = 3 + 4i
1 * (3+4i)
(3+4i) (3 - 4i)
T (z) = (3, - 4)
T ( z ) = (3, 4)
T (z * z ) = [(3*3 – 4*- 4), (3*4 + 3*- 4), ____ ]
= [(9 + 16), (12 – 12), _____]
= (25, 0, _____)
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(z * z) = 25 + 0i
= 25
1 = 3 + 4i
3-4i 25
1 = 3 + 4 i
3-4i 25 25
z= a2 +b2 a = 3/25 & b = 4/25
= (3/25)2 + (4/25)2
z= (9/625) + (16/625)
= (25/625)
= (1/5)
Modulus (z) = 1/5 = 0.2
tan = b/a
= (4/25)
(3/25)
tan = 4/3
= tan-1 (4/3)
Amplitude ( ) = tan-1 (4/3)
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CUBE – ROOT OF UNITY
Show that w = -1 + 3 i is a cube root of unity
Let w = 3 1 then w3 = 1
Transposing by prava%ya- yaaojayaot\ sutra
w3 – 1 = 0
(w – 1) (w2 + w +1) = 0
(w – 1) = 0 or (w2 + w +1) = 0
w =1 or w = -1 -3
Thus cube roots of Unity are 1, -1 + -3 and -1 - -3
2 2
Exercise: -
Using triplets of complex number evaluate the following where i = 1
1. (6 + 7 i) x (4 – 3 i)
2. (2 + 11 i) x (1 + 3 i)
Find Z1 * Z2 if Z1 = 2 + 3 i Z2= 1 – 2 i where i = 1
Find (Z1 + Z2) and (Z1 - Z2) if Z1 = 3 - 4 i Z2= 1 + i where i = 1
Find modulus and amplitude of a complex number 1 + 3i
Put 1 in the form of a + ib and hence find its modulus and amplitude.
3–4i
Express the number 1 + i in the form of a + ib
2–3i
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Find reciprocal of the complex number 7 + 4 i
Find positive square root of 7 + 24 i
If x = 1 + i, find the value of x2 - 2x + 3
Find the value of i16 – i20 + i24 where i = 1
Find the square root of 15 + 8 i
Value of sum i + i2 + i3 +........... + i10
Show that w = -1 + 3 i is a cube root of unity
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