PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
opposite.
Importance of Nonverbal Communication
● Substitution
Nonverbal communication refers to messages Nonverbal cues can replace words.
sent without words. It plays a major role in how Example: A smile can express
people interact, often carrying more weight than happiness without saying a word; a
spoken words. Research shows that only 35% of raised eyebrow can question something
communication is verbal, while around 65% silently.
is nonverbal, meaning our body language, tone,
facial expressions, and gestures speak volumes ● Complementing
even when we are silent. Adds emotional depth or context to
verbal messages.
It also holds cultural significance—what might Example: A comforting hug or a warm
be a friendly gesture in one culture (e.g., eye smile while saying “I’m proud of you”
contact) could be considered rude in another. enhances sincerity.
This makes understanding and interpreting
nonverbal cues essential in global ● Accenting
communication. Emphasizes parts of a message.
Example: Pounding a fist on the table to
Quote: “The most important thing highlight a point.
in communication is to hear what
isn’t being said.”
Types of Nonverbal Communication
— Peter F. Drucker
1. Paralanguage (Vocalics)
Roles of Nonverbal Communication
This refers to how something is said, not what is
Nonverbal cues serve five primary roles in said. It includes:
communication:
● Rate: Speed of speaking (fast may show
● Repetition excitement or nervousness, slow may
Nonverbal behaviors can reinforce what reflect thoughtfulness or sadness)
is being said.
Example: Nodding while saying “yes” ● Pitch: High or low tones can convey
strengthens the message. different emotions
● Contradiction ● Volume: Loud may indicate anger, soft
Sometimes, nonverbal behavior may suggest gentleness or secrecy
contradicts verbal communication,
indicating a hidden emotion or ● Vocal Fillers: “Uh,” “um,” and “like”
deception. can show hesitation or nervousness
Example: Saying “I’m fine” with teary
eyes and a shaky voice suggests the
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
● Quality: Includes rhythm, fluency, ● Mood
resonance, articulation, etc.
People often make quick judgments based on
Paralanguage shapes the emotional tone and appearance.
intent behind spoken words.
5. Physical Attractiveness
2. Facial Expressions
This aspect affects first impressions. While
Facial expressions are powerful tools of physical features do not define personality,
communication. With 80 facial muscles, certain body types may unfairly lead to
humans can produce over 7,000 unique stereotypes:
expressions.
These expressions can show joy, sadness, anger, ● Ectomorph (slim): Often seen as
surprise, fear, or disgust—many of which are intelligent or shy
universally recognized across cultures.
● Mesomorph (muscular): Seen as
3. Oculesics (Eye Behavior) assertive or outgoing
This is the study of eye movement, contact, and ● Endomorph (rounder): Viewed as
gaze. Eye contact can express honesty, friendly or lazy
confidence, interest, or aggression.
● Dilated pupils may show attraction or These are social constructs, not scientific truths.
excitement.
6. Body Language and Posture
● Avoiding eye contact can indicate
nervousness, dishonesty, or respect This includes gestures, stance, and overall
(depending on the culture). movement. For example:
● Crossed arms may indicate
4. Appearance and Artifacts defensiveness
These include clothing, hairstyles, makeup, ● Leaning forward shows interest
tattoos, jewelry, and other items we wear or
carry. They reflect: ● Slouching can suggest tiredness or
disinterest
● Personality
● Cultural background 7. Kinesics
● Social status The broader field that studies body motion in
communication. This includes:
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
● Gestures (e.g., waving, pointing) Touch conveys warmth, power, or aggression.
Examples:
● Posture
● A handshake: professional or respectful
● Facial expressions greeting
● Eye behavior ● A hug: affection or support
● A tap on the shoulder: comfort or
Kinesics analyzes how movement conveys attention
feelings and intentions.
Touch interpretation varies by culture and
relationship.
8. Proxemics
This refers to the physical distance maintained
between people. The space can reflect: 10. Olfactics (Smell Communication)
● Intimacy Even smell communicates—often
subconsciously.
● Formality
● Pleasant smells may draw people in
● Cultural norms
● Unpleasant odors may push them away
Subcategories: ● Pheromones can affect attraction
● Intimate Distance (0–18 inches): For
close relationships
● Personal Distance (1.5–4 feet): For
friends and family
● Social Distance (4–12 feet): For
acquaintances and formal interactions 11. Chronemics (Time Communication)
● Public Distance (12+ feet): For How people perceive and use time in
speeches or performances interaction.
Two main types:
9. Haptics (Touch Communication)
● Monochronic (M-time):
Cultures that value punctuality,
scheduling, and doing one task at a time.
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
Examples: USA, Germany. ● Pay attention to non-verbal signals:
Observe others’ facial expressions,
● Polychronic (P-time): tone, gestures, and posture.
Cultures that value relationships over
schedules. Multitasking is common. ● Look for incongruent behavior:
Examples: Latin American, Filipino, If words and actions don’t match, trust
and Middle Eastern cultures. the nonverbal more.
● Concentrate on tone of voice:
How late or early someone arrives can send a How something is said often reveals the
message of respect, urgency, or disinterest. true meaning.
12. Chromatics (Color Communication) ● Use good eye contact:
It builds trust and shows engagement.
Color use can evoke emotions, signal status, or
convey messages:
● Ask questions about signals:
If confused, gently ask for clarification.
● Red: Passion, danger, or power
● Use nonverbal signals purposefully:
● White: Purity (in Western cultures) or
Smile, nod, or use expressive gestures
mourning (in some Asian cultures)
to enhance your message.
● Black: Elegance or grief Colors can
● Look at signals as a group:
have different meanings in different
Don’t judge based on one cue—look for
cultures.
a cluster of behaviors.
Problems in Nonverbal Communication ● Consider the context:
Environment, culture, and relationships
Sometimes, nonverbal messages are: matter when interpreting signals.
● Misinterpreted (due to cultural ● Be aware that signals can be misread:
differences or personal bias) Always be open to feedback or
correction.
● Contradictory (mixed signals)
● Practice, practice, practice:
● Incongruent with verbal speech Improve your awareness and use of
nonverbal communication daily.
● Unintentional, yet still impactful
Remedies and Tips to Improve Nonverbal
Communication
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
Importance of Speaking Clearly Fluency and Its Importance in Public
Speaking
Clear speaking is the foundation of effective
communication. It means delivering your Fluency is the ability to speak smoothly and
message in a way that the listener can easily continuously without unnecessary pauses or
understand. This is crucial in all areas of filler words. In public speaking, fluency is a sign
life—whether you are presenting in class, of preparation, confidence, and comfort with
talking to friends, or delivering a public speech. your topic.
Why is it important? Why is fluency important?
● Avoids Misunderstanding: If your ● Smooth Delivery: Fluency ensures your
words are mumbled or rushed, listeners thoughts flow logically, helping your
might misinterpret your message. audience follow along.
● Builds Credibility: Clear speakers are ● Confidence: A fluent speaker looks and
seen as confident and knowledgeable. sounds more self-assured.
● Shows Respect: When you speak ● Professionalism: In formal settings,
clearly, you show you value the fluent speech is associated with
listener’s time and attention. intelligence and competence.
● Increases Engagement: People are ● Connection: Fluent speech helps
more likely to listen and respond when maintain the audience’s attention and
they understand what’s being said. creates a better speaker-listener
connection.
Tips to Speak Clearly:
Common Obstacles to Fluency:
● Speak at a moderate pace (not too fast or
too slow). ● Nervousness or lack of preparation.
● Enunciate each word—open your mouth ● Overuse of filler words (uh, um, like,
fully and use proper articulation. you know).
● Use pauses between important points. ● Forgetting the next idea or word.
● Practice tongue twisters to improve
diction. How to Improve Fluency:
● Practice regularly (e.g., impromptu
● speaking, reading aloud).
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
● Record and listen to yourself to identify ● Play on Words: Puns or witty language.
areas of improvement.
● Learn to pause naturally rather than Important Considerations:
filling silence with filler words.
● Keep it appropriate for the audience
● Familiarize yourself deeply with your and occasion.
topic.
● Never target individuals with hurtful
jokes.
Delivering a Humorous Speech
Humor is a powerful tool in speeches—it can ● Avoid overusing humor—balance it with
relieve tension, entertain, and connect the substance.
speaker with the audience. However, humorous
Importance of Proper Pronunciation
speeches require balance, timing, and relevance.
Pronunciation refers to the correct way of
Why is humor useful?
articulating words. Mispronouncing words can
cause confusion and even embarrassment in
● Engages the Audience: Laughter
formal settings.
breaks barriers and makes people more
receptive.
Why pronunciation matters:
● Enhances Memorability: A funny story ● Clarity of Message: Listeners can
or line sticks with listeners longer. understand your words more easily.
● Shows Personality: Humor reveals the ● Perceived Intelligence: Clear
speaker’s character and relatability. pronunciation often reflects knowledge
and preparation.
● Breaks Monotony: Especially in long
talks, humor prevents boredom. ● Improves Confidence: When you
pronounce words correctly, you feel
more self-assured.
Types of Humor You Can Use:
● Cultural Respect: Using correct
● Self-deprecating Humor: Making fun
pronunciation shows respect for the
of yourself in a light way.
language and audience.
● Observational Humor: Pointing out
funny truths about everyday life.
How to Improve Pronunciation:
● Hyperbole: Exaggeration for comedic ● Practice with dictionaries or apps that
effect. provide audio (like Oxford or
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
Cambridge). Varieties of Global English
● Listen to native speakers through ● British English
podcasts or YouTube.
- More formal tone, uses “have
● Break words into syllables and practice
got”, and spelling differences
them slowly.
(colour)
● Focus on common mispronounced - I’ve got a pen. / He’s at
words (e.g., comfortable, colonel, university.
entrepreneur).
● American English
Importance of Global English
- Simpler grammar, direct
What is Global English? expressions, different
spelling (color, center)
Global English refers to the varieties of English
- I have a pen. / He’s in
spoken worldwide. English is no longer just
college.
“British” or “American”—it has evolved based
on how different cultures and regions use it. This
includes Filipino English, Indian English, ● Filipino English
Singaporean English, and many more.
- Mix of English and Tagalog,
Why understanding Global English matters: use of “open/close the light”,
respect forms
● Promotes Inclusivity: Accepts and - Let’s eat already. / Ma’am,
respects how others use English based
can you pass the paper?
on their culture.
● Prepares You for Global
● Singaporean English (Singlish)
Communication: Useful in work,
school, and travel, especially when - Informal speech, ends with
interacting with people from different "lah", simplified structure
countries. - You coming later, lah? / Can
or not?
● Reduces Language Anxiety: You don’t
have to sound “native” to be a good ● Australian English
English speaker.
- Informal expressions, uses
● Fosters Open-mindedness: Helps you
slang, rising intonation
appreciate linguistic diversity.
- G’day mate! / Let’s grab a
brekkie.
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
What is an Extemporaneous Speech? Marketing and Business Promotion in the
Philippines
An extemporaneous speech is a type of
public speaking where the speaker delivers a The Philippines, like many countries, has a
message with only a brief outline or notes, competitive and fast-growing market.
rather than a fully written script. It lies There are many products and
between two extremes: services—from gadgets and fashion to
health and entertainment. This has led to:
● Manuscript Speech: Read
word-for-word from a written script. ● High consumerism: People
It’s formal and often used in regularly buy new things, which
significant historical or official powers the economy.
events.
● Strong competition: Both among
● Memorized Speech: Every word is similar and different products due to
remembered and recited without overlapping customer bases.
notes. Eye contact is maintained, but
there's a risk of forgetting.
In this environment, businesses need to:
Extemporaneous speech is: ● Innovate constantly.
● More natural and flexible. ● Offer unique selling propositions
(USPs).
● Often used in classrooms, business
pitches, or company events. ● Communicate clearly why their
products are better.
● Ideal for situations where you are
expected to speak intelligently and
fluently with minimal preparation That’s where extemporaneous marketing
time. and business presentations become
essential—they allow quick, flexible, and
persuasive communication of your value.
It allows for eye contact, interaction, and
adaptability, which makes it engaging and
impactful.
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
The Frameworks for Marketing Spiels Strategies to Open a Marketing
Presentation
When delivering a speech or presentation for
marketing, you can follow structured How you start matters. It sets the tone and
frameworks to organize your thoughts. grabs attention. Here are six effective ways:
A. Framework for Marketing Spiel ● Question - Start by asking something
the audience relates to. E.g., “Have
Used when introducing your you tasted Starbucks at home?”
company/product: ● Rhyme - Use something catchy. E.g.,
“You’ll wonder where the yellow
● Introduction - “My name is…” and went when you brush your teeth with
mention your position and company. Pepsodent.”
Establish identity and credibility. ● Shock/Intrigue - Say something
● Product Overview - Introduce the unexpected. E.g., “We prepare for
Product/Brand. weddings—but how about preparing
● Target Audience - Identify who the for death?” (For life insurance.)
product is for and their special needs. ● Metaphor - Use comparisons. E.g.,
● Value Proposition - Explain how the “You’re a king when you dine at our
product solves their problems or restaurant.”
satisfies a need. ● Clarity Formula - Clearly lay out: the
● Competitive Edge - Compare with problem, customer satisfaction,
competitors and emphasizes your competition, product’s value, and
advantage. affordability.
● Demonstration - Physically show and
Quick Contact Sales Pitch explain the product.
● Risk Reduction - Highlight how your
Used for short, on-the-spot conversations
product eliminates fear or failure in
(elevator pitch):
use.
● Problem: Ask a question showing
the customer’s needs.
● Solution: Present your
product/service as the answer.
● Comparison: Briefly state how it is
better than other options.
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
Alan Radding’s Guide to Business ● Experience - Add personal stories to
make your pitch relatable.
Proposal Presentation
● Interaction - Ask questions or
● Know your Audience - Understand encourage participation to stay
their knowledge, needs, concerns, engaging.
potential resistance, and expected ● Graphics - Use visuals like charts
reaction and videos to aid understanding.
● Develop Solid Ideas - Ensure your ● Response - End with a clear
message has purpose and value. call-to-action (what they should do
Structure like a story to engage next).
emotionally and logically.
● Include Key Elements - See below Outline of a Presentation
for detailed explanation
● Combat Boredom - Use connection, A solid outline ensures logical flow and
questions, anecdotes, humor, visuals, coherence. Here's how to structure it:
and creative formats (e.g.,
interviews). Part I: Introduction
● Construct the Presentation - Use
● What is it about? Clearly state your
either brief bullets (short school) or
topic.
full elaboration (long school),
depending on the audience.
● Your goal: What do you want the
● Outline the Presentation - Structure it
audience to learn or do?
into intro, background, main points,
and conclusion.
● Why you?: Share your background
or qualifications.
Key Elements of a Business Presentation
Part II: Background
● Focus - Stick to a central idea or
goal. Don’t stray. ● Issue: Define the main issue or gap.
● Audience - Speak to their problems
and desires, not yours. ● Relevance: Why is this important
● Importance - Tell them why they now?
should care and how it affects them
● Authority - Prove that you’re ● Current State: What’s already being
credible through experience or done?
knowledge.
● Validation - Support your claims
with data, studies, or expert opinions.
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
● Need: Why is your solution or idea ● Start with the Title and Theory:
still necessary?
○ Begin by introducing your
research paper's title. It is
Part III: Main Point essential to explain why you
chose this specific topic and
● Main Ideas: Present the core of your how it relates to the broader
proposal. field.
● Supporting Points: Use evidence, ○ Focus on the main variables
examples, and logic. of your study and briefly
explain why these were the
● Solutions: Explain how your idea focal points of your research.
satisfies needs or solves problems.
○ Discuss the principal theory
that forms the foundation of
Part IV: Conclusion your study. The theory will
help guide your methods and
● Summary: Reinforce your message
analysis. Emphasize how this
and key ideas.
theory helps address the main
problem your research seeks
● Engagement: Ask a closing question
to solve.
or call for discussion.
● Introduction:
● Clarify: Address remaining
questions.
○ In this section, you should
present the research questions
● Action: Inspire the audience to take
that your paper will address.
the next step.
These questions serve as the
heart of your research and
should be framed clearly for
Research Paper Presentation the audience to understand.
When preparing for a research paper ○ Contextualize these questions
presentation, the goal is to deliver your by connecting them to the
findings clearly and compellingly. Here's most important existing
how to approach each part of the literature or studies. This will
presentation: help position your work
within the broader field and
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
show its relevance. Cite ○ Relate these findings to the
about three or four related literature you reviewed
studies or theories that earlier. Discuss whether your
directly inform your research. results confirm or challenge
existing theories or studies,
○ Highlight any limitations of and elaborate on their
your study here. implications.
Acknowledging the
limitations shows that you ○ It’s important to make these
have critically assessed your findings relevant by
research design and discussing their impact on
understand its boundaries. theoretical knowledge and
practical applications. For
● Method: instance, how can your
results influence future
○ Describe how the data for research or real-world
your research was collected. practices?
This might include the
research design, participants, ● Conclusion:
tools, and techniques used for
data collection. ○ End the presentation by
summarizing the main
○ Be concise, but ensure that conclusions drawn from your
the audience understands findings. This is where you
how you gathered the restate the importance of your
information and why this study and its key
method was appropriate for contributions.
your study.
○ Provide any
● Findings: recommendations for future
research or practical changes
○ Present the most important that can be derived from your
findings of your research. study's conclusions.
This could be two or three
key results that were
significant in answering your Slide Structure:
research questions.
● Title with Theory (2 slides): Include
the title of your research and the
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
main theory you are working with. the agenda clearly.
● Introduction (2 slides): Present the ● Bring Positive and Energetic
research questions and key points Vibes:
from the literature, while discussing
the limitations. ○ As the emcee, your energy is
contagious. You must bring
● Method (1 slide): Concisely explain enthusiasm and excitement to
the research methodology. the event. This energy helps
keep the audience engaged
● Data Presentation (2-3 slides): and sets a lively tone for the
Show the key findings from your proceedings.
study.
○ Engage with the crowd, make
● Conclusion with them feel welcomed, and
Recommendations (1 slide): convey that you are excited
Summarize the conclusions and offer about what’s to come.
recommendations for future research
or practice. ● Control Timing:
○ Time management is key to
Hosting a Program ensuring the event stays on
track. You must be able to
As the host or emcee of an event, your role guide the event through
is crucial in ensuring the event runs different segments without
smoothly and that the audience remains letting it drag on or speed up
engaged. Here are some tips to enhance your too quickly.
performance:
○ If the event is running
● Effective Event Opening:
behind, you need to make
adjustments to ensure it
○ When you step onto the
finishes within the scheduled
stage, ensure you are
time.
well-prepared. A smooth and
confident start sets the tone
● Focus on the Performers, Not
for the rest of the event.
Yourself:
○ Practice your opening lines
○ Your role is to make the
and be ready to introduce the
performers shine. Don’t steal
event, the participants, and
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
the spotlight; instead, ○ If a mistake is made by you
introduce each segment and or any participant, apologize,
performer in a way that but remember to do so
makes them feel special and quickly and move on to keep
appreciated. the event flowing.
○ Keep the audience’s attention ● Prepare the Closing:
focused on the performance
and create anticipation for ○ Just as you prepare for the
what’s next. opening, the closing should
be well-rehearsed.
● Engage with the Audience: Summarize the highlights of
the event, thank the
○ Make sure to maintain eye performers and audience, and
contact with the audience. provide any necessary
This helps build a connection information (like where to
and keeps them engaged. pick up presentation slides or
parking validation).
○ Speak clearly and project
your voice so everyone can ○ Leave the audience with a
hear you, especially those positive note, and ensure the
seated at the back. event ends on a high.
○ Keep your pacing
steady—don’t rush or speak Delivering Extemporaneously
too slowly. Find a rhythm
that matches the atmosphere Extemporaneous speaking is the art of
of the event. speaking on a subject with limited
preparation, often relying on notes or a brief
● Be Prepared for Mistakes: outline. It requires quick thinking,
adaptability, and a strong knowledge of the
○ Mistakes can happen, and as topic. Here’s how to excel at it:
the emcee, you must be
● Know Your Topic Thoroughly:
prepared to recover
gracefully. Stay calm and
○ Before delivering an
address any issues with
extemporaneous speech,
humor and professionalism.
research your topic well.
Understand its key concepts,
controversies, and relevant
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
examples. ○ One of the strengths of
extemporaneous speaking is
○ The more familiar you are its ability to connect with the
with the subject, the more audience in a more natural
confidently you can speak way. Speak directly to them,
without relying on a script. and adjust your tone, pace,
and language to suit their
● Create an Outline: level of understanding or
interest.
○ Develop a clear outline with
key points. This outline ○ Use anecdotes, examples, or
should be flexible enough to humor to make your points
allow for changes during the memorable.
speech, based on audience
reactions or new information ● Adapt to the Situation:
that may arise.
○ Extemporaneous speech
○ The outline should be simple allows you to adjust in
and contain keywords or real-time. For example, if you
phrases that will trigger your learn something new during
memory, so you don’t have to the event or discover that
memorize the entire speech. your audience is struggling to
understand a concept, you
● Practice: can modify your delivery.
○ Practice delivering the speech ○ You can also add or remove
multiple times. This helps content based on the
you become familiar with the audience's reactions, making
flow of your arguments, and the speech more relevant and
ensures you’re ready to engaging.
present without a script.
○ During practice, focus on Advantages of Extemporaneous
speaking naturally, rather Speaking:
than reading from a script or
● Promotes spontaneity and
memorizing lines.
naturalness, making it feel more
personal and less formal.
● Engage Your Audience:
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P
PURCOM MIDTERM REVIEWER
● Encourages audience participation
because the speaker seems more
approachable and responsive.
● Enhances the delivery of the speech,
as it’s delivered with more
enthusiasm and engagement.
● Allows the speaker to be more
flexible with time and content,
making it easier to adapt to the
audience's needs.
Challenges of Extemporaneous Speaking:
● It requires a lot of preparation,
practice, and confidence to deliver a
coherent and effective speech.
● If the speaker is not well-prepared,
they may struggle to keep the speech
organized or on track.
How to Stay Organized While Speaking
Extemporaneously:
● Use a keyword or phrase outline to
guide your speech, ensuring that you
stay on track.
● Focus on key points, arguments, and
examples to back up your position.
● Don’t worry about speaking too
formally or precisely—focus on
conveying the message clearly and
engagingly.
Nayra, Jan Nathan B.
202P