Elementary mathematics –Statistics
CDS
Data : The numerical representation of facts is called data.
Observation : Each entry in the data is called an observation.
Variable : The quantities which are being considered in a survey are called variables.
Variables are generally denoted by x i , i = 1,2,3,…,n.
Frequencies : The number of times, a variable occurs in a given data is called the
frequency of that variable. Frequencies are generally denoted as f i , i = 1,2,3,…,n
Measures of depressions are
Range
Mean deviation
Quartile deviation
Standard deviation
Variance
Co-efficient of variation
Range: difference between the largest value and the smallest value
Range = L – S
Co-efficient of range: L – S / L + S
Where, L – largest value and S – Smallest value
Note;
If the frequency of initial class is zero, then the next class will be considered
for the calculation of range
Deviations of mean: For a given data with n observations x 1, x 2, …, x n the deviations
from the mean x’ are x – x’, x - x’, …, x – x’
Variance: The mean of the squares of the deviations
Variance = mean of the squares of deviation
Standard deviation: positive square root of variance
Calculation for standard deviation for ungrouped data
Direct method
Note;
While computing standard deviation, arranging data in ascending order is not
mandatory.
If the data values are given directly then to find standard deviation we can use
the formula
Elementary mathematics –Statistics
CDS
If the data values are not given directly but the squares of the deviations from
the mean of each observation is given then to find standard deviation we can
use the formula
Mean method
Assumed mean method
Step deviation method
Calculation for the standard deviation for grouped data
Mean method
Assumed method
Calculation for standard deviation for continuous frequency distribution;
Mean method
Shortcut method or step deviation method
Co-efficient of variation: for comparing two or more data for corresponding changes
the relative measure of standard deviation
Co-efficient of variation of first data = /x 1 × 100%
Co-efficient of variation of second data = / x 2 × 100%
Elementary mathematics –Statistics
CDS
Note;
The data with lesser coefficient of variation is more consistent or stable than the other
data
Arithmetic Mean:
Arithmetic Mean = Sum of all observations
N Number of observations
Assumed mean: Sometimes we can make calculations easy by working from an entry
that we guess to be the right answer.
Steps to find the assumed mean;
Assume a mean that should be very close to the given data set or take the middle
number from the given data set
Subtract the assumed mean from the each data entry of the given data set
Find a mean for the difference
Add the mean of the difference between the assumed mean and the each data
with the assumed mean to get the final solution.
Ungrouped frequency distribution
Type of frequency distribution that displays the frequency of each individual data value
instead of groups of data values.
Mean = Sum of all f(x) / sum of all frequency ( f )
Here, x – the given individual data
f – No. of times that the individual data present in the given data set
f (x) – f × x
Grouped distribution method
Direct method
Assumed mean method
Step Deviation method
Finding mid point of the given data;
Mid point = (upper class limit – Lower class limit) / 2
Direct method
Elementary mathematics –Statistics
CDS
Assumed method
Assume the mean value which is close to the given data or choose the middle
value
Calculate the deviation d = x – A for each entry
Multiply each of the corresponding frequency with the difference
Apply the formula,
Step deviation method
Note;
When xi and fi are small, then Direct Method is the appropriate choice.
When xi and fi are numerically large numbers, then Assumed Mean Method or
Step Deviation Method can be used.
When class sizes are unequal and d numerically large, we can still use Step
Deviation Method.
Properties of arithmetic mean
The sum of the deviations of the entries from the arithmetic mean is always zero.
If each observation is increased or decreased by k (constant) then the arithmetic
mean is also increased or decreased by k respectively.
If each observation is multiplied or divided by k, k ¹ 0, then the arithmetic mean
is also multiplied or divided by the same quantity k respectively.
Median: middle value of a sorted list of numbers. The middle number is found by
ordering the numbers. The numbers are ordered in ascending order.
Median – Ungrouped frequency distribution
arrange the data in ascending or descending order
construct the commutative frequency distribution. ( N – Total frequency )
If n is Odd number then, Median = ( n + 1 / 2 )nth term
If n is even number then, Median = ½ (( n/2)nth term + ( n + 1 / 2)nth term )
Median-grouped data frequency distribution
Construct the cumulative frequency distribution.
Find ( N /2 )th term.
The class that contains the cumulative frequency N/2 is called the median class.
Elementary mathematics –Statistics
CDS
Find the median by using the formula:
Where,
l = Lower limit of the median class,
f = Frequency of the median class,
c = width of the median class,
N = the total frequency
m = commutative frequency of the class proceeding the median class
Mode : The observation which repeats itself maximum number of time
Types of mode;
Unimodal - A distribution having only one mode
Bimodal - A distribution having only 2 mode
Trimodal - A distribution having only 3 mode
Multimodal - A distribution having more than 3 mode
Mode-Grouped frequency distribution
Where,
l - lower limit of the modal class
f - frequency of the modal class
f 1 - frequency of the class just preceding the modal class
f 2 - frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
c - width of the class interval
Relation between the mean, Median and mode
Mode similar to Median – 2 Mean