THERE ARE TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF hat is written in your interview
DATA BASED ON THEIR USED AND questions.
SOURCE. b. Unstructured Interview
1. PRIMARY DATA - this type of interview is the opposite of
- refers to first-hand information based structured interview. You are not
on actual experiences or observations. required to make a set of premade
- This kind of data is more reliable to questions but rather make an
use because it is gathered by the OUTLINE or what kind of questions
actual researchers. you want to ask your respondents.
- Say you want to ask people in the - calls this type of interview as life
community if they agree to a certain history interview
memorandum that is being - That is because you want to
implemented by the local government. understand the point of view of your
Their answers can be considered as respondents, hence it is not advisable
primary data. to use a pre-made question.
- Example of primary data includes data - You want them to tell you a story, your
taken personally through interview, respondents are free to talk about
personally observing people to get what they want to share with a little
visual data. guide question from you as a
researcher.
2. SECONDARY DATA c. Semi-structured Interview
- are data that are gathered from - this type of interview is a mix of
secondary sources, meaning it is not structured and unstructured interview.
you that have obtained the information - It may be one of the most common
but rather, it comes from previous types of interviews. You have to
research, audio recordings or books. prepare a set of questions; however,
- One advantage of secondary data is you are also free to ask to follow up
that it is readily available to use, questions to your respondents if you
comparing it to primary data where want to clarify something or add
you must gather the information information that is not available to you.
yourself. - This type of interview is also flexible
- Examples of secondary data includes that is why it is preferred to be used by
information from your barangay most researchers.
census on the number of populations
in the area 2. OBSERVATIONS
- Another data gathering instrument that
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS is being used most in ethnography is
1. Interview observations. This happens when a
- doing interviews is the most common researcher observes and takes notes
type of instrument that is being used. of the behavior of people that they
- Interviews are done by having a set of want to be a part of their research.
questions to your respondents and a. Naturalistic Observation
letting them answer as truthfully as - this happens when a researcher
possible. observes the behavior of a group of
a. Structure interview people in their natural setting.
- this type of interview has a set of b. Participative Observation
predetermined questions that are - this observation happens when a
ready to use. researcher takes part on the activities
- If you are using a structured interviews of the group of people that they are
as your instrument to gather data, take observing.
note that you should not ask beyond c. Non-naturalistic Observation
- this type of observation happens when - You will serve as the moderator or
you take your respondents out of their facilitator.
natural environment and put them in - Put three or more people around a
an environment of your choice. table and give them guide questions
- You observe how people behave when for them to discuss among
they are not in their usual settings. themselves.
- One situation for this is taking a group - Your role as the researcher and
of high school students and letting facilitator is to take note of their
them attend one or two college discussions.
classes where you must observe their
learning behaviors. DO’S IN COLLECTING DATA TABLE OF
- is where you as a researcher decides CONTENT
what is the “ideal” environment for you ● Ask permission to record, respect
to complete your research. response. Plan to take notes. Debrief
3. QUESTIONNAIRES immediately followings
- also one of the most common types of ● Limit yourself to 5 questions. Use
instruments that is being used by questions that will encourage
qualitative researchers. discussion,
- This is somewhat similar to interviews ● Plan a group that allows participants to
based on the format of questions that engage in various ways (through
is being used talking and writing)
a. Closed-ended questionnaires ● Remember to remind the participants
- this type of questionnaire is similar to that their honest answer helps improve
a structured interview your paper. Remind participants that
- This is mostly used when you want to all answer is welcome
conduct surveys on your respondents. ● Create questions/ goals specific to the
- This is mostly for statistical purposes interview/group
and the questions are already
prepared for your respondents to DON’Ts IN COLLECTING DATA TABLE OF
answer. CONTENT
- These types of questionnaires usually ● Assume recording will happen
have boxes for the respondents to put ● Overload your script/protocol. Use
a check mark. yes/no questions
b. Open-ended questionnaires ● Plan a group where participants just sit
- unlike close-ended questionnaires, around the table and talk
this type of questionnaire leaves a ● Assume you can’t facilitate with your
blank space for the respondents to own clients/participants
give their point of view about a specific ● Go into the interview/group without a
question. clear set of goals
c. Combination of both
- this type of questionnaire combines Chapter 4
both the close-ended and open-ended Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of
questionnaires. Data
4. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
- This type of data gathering instrument
focuses on groups of people being 1. Write the introductory statement.
interviewed at the same time - This chapter provides the presentation
- This relies on the respondents to give of data relative to the problems
a discussion amongst themselves on posited. The corresponding analysis
the questions that you, the researcher, and interpretation of data are
give. incorporated in this portion of the
study.
2. Present the demographic profile in a
table form.
3. Present a narrative interpretation of
the data
4. Create another set of tables for each
SOP
ID – refers to the code given representing the
participants
Transcript – written copy of a recorded
material (verbatim)
Theme – topics and ideas that come up
repeatedly
Notes – citing relevance of a source to the
response
Code – refers to the classification of the
identifies theme
- Analyze and interpret if there are
answers which repeatedly come up.
Explain in detailed as a whole.
Chapter 5
Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and
Recommendations
1. . Write the introductory statement.
2. Proceed to the Summary of Findings
- The findings of the study were
summarized according to the
statement of the problem stated in
Chapter 1.
- With numeric value
- taken from Chapter 4 Interpretation of
Data
3. Write the Conclusions
- Based on the indicated findings, the
following conclusions were drawn
- Based on the Summary of Findings
(Realizations)
4. Write the Recommendations
- This study revealed the …… . Thus,
the following recommendations are
hereby presented
- Should
- Must
- May
- 2 Elements
Doer – who will implement the action
Action – specify the action being
recommended