Scribd
Upload
56 views6 pages

Entropy Change in Heat Transfer Process

The document is a tutorial for a Thermodynamics course focusing on entropy and its principles, including various problems and exercises related to entropy changes in different thermodynamic processes. It emphasizes participation, learning, and community support among students. The tutorial covers applications of entropy in real-life scenarios and includes calculations for entropy changes in various systems.

Uploaded by

Jamatul Aliff
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
56 views6 pages

Entropy Change in Heat Transfer Process

The document is a tutorial for a Thermodynamics course focusing on entropy and its principles, including various problems and exercises related to entropy changes in different thermodynamic processes. It emphasizes participation, learning, and community support among students. The tutorial covers applications of entropy in real-life scenarios and includes calculations for entropy changes in various systems.

Uploaded by

Jamatul Aliff
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

SEMM2413 THERMODYNAMICS

Tutorial: Chapter 7
Instructions:

i) A tutorial isn’t just about Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V; it’s about learning the art of Thermodynamics.
ii) Learn and Grow: My goal is to help you learn, no matter your current level.
iii) Participate: Join in, ask questions, and share your ideas.
iv) Defend Your Answers: Be ready to explain your thoughts.
v) Friendly Community: In my sections, we're going to support each other. Feel safe to ask
questions, chat with others, and don't fear making mistakes. Let's learn together!

 Entropy and the Increase of Entropy Principle


7-6C Is it possible to create entropy? Is it possible to destroy it? Defend your answer
by relating to any application in your daily life.
7-7C The entropy of a hot baked potato decreases as it cools. Is this a violation of
the increase of entropy principle? Explain your answer by relating to entropy
generation, Sgen.
7-16 Heat is transferred at a rate of 2 kW from a hot reservoir at 800 K to a cold
reservoir at 300 K. Calculate the rate at which the entropy of the two reservoirs
changes and determine if the second law is satisfied.
7-17 Heat in the amount of 100 kJ is transferred directly from a hot reservoir at
1200 K to a cold reservoir at 600 K. Calculate the entropy change of the two reservoirs
and determine if the increase of entropy principle is satisfied.

7-18 In Prob. 7-17, assume that the heat is transferred from the cold reservoir to the
hot reservoir contrary to the Clausius statement of the second law. Prove that this
violates the increase of entropy principles–as it must according to Clausius.
7-19 During the isothermal heat addition process of a Carnot cycle, 900 kJ of heat is
added to the working fluid from a source at 400°C. Determine (a) the entropy change
of the working fluid, (b) the entropy change of the source, and (c) the total entropy
change for the process.

oO 2024/2025 FKM@UTM Oo
7-21 During the isothermal heat rejection process of a Carnot cycle, the working fluid
experiences an entropy change of −1.3 kJ/K. If the temperature of the heat sink is
35°C, determine (a) the amount of heat transfer, (b) the entropy change of the sink,
and (c) the total entropy change for this process.

7-23 Refrigerant-134a enters the coils of the evaporator of a refrigeration system as


saturated liquid–vapor mixture at 140 kPa. The refrigerant absorbs 180 kJ of heat from
the cooled space, which is maintained at −10°C, and leaves as saturated vapor at the
same pressure. Determine (a) the entropy change of the refrigerant, (b) the entropy
change of the cooled space, and (c) the total entropy change for this process.
7-24 A rigid tank contains an ideal gas at 40°C that is being stirred by a paddle wheel.
The paddle wheel does 200 kJ of work on the ideal gas. It is observed that the
temperature of the ideal gas remains constant during this process because of heat
transfer between the system and the surroundings at 30°C. Determine the entropy
change of the ideal gas.

 Entropy Changes of Pure Substances


7-28 1-kg of water at 2 MPa fill a weighted piston-cylinder device whose volume is
0.07 m3. The water is then heated at constant pressure until the temperature reaches
250°C. Determine the resulting change in the water’s total entropy.
Answer: 1.38 kJ/K
7-29 A well-insulated rigid tank contains 3 kg of a saturated liquid-vapour mixture of
water at 200 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase. An electric
resistance heater placed in the tank is now turned on and kept on until all the liquid in
the tank is vaporized. Determine the entropy change of the steam during this process.
Answer: 11.1 kJ/K
7-31 The radiator of a steam heating system has a volume of 20 L and is filled with
superheated water vapour at 200 kPa and 150°C. At this moment both the inlet and
the exit valves of the radiator are closed. After a while the temperature of the steam
drops to 40°C because of heat transfer to the room air. Determine the entropy change
of the steam during this process. Answer: −0.132 kJ/K
7-35 An insulated piston-cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a
constant pressure of 150 kPa. An electric resistance heater inside the cylinder is now
turned on, and 1700 kJ of energy is transferred to the steam. Determine the entropy
change of the water during this process. Answer: 4.42 kJ/K

oO 2024/2025 FKM@UTM Oo
7-39 A rigid tank contains 5 kg o saturated vapour steam at 100°C. The steam is
cooled to the ambient temperature of 25°C.
(a) Sketch the process with respect to the saturation lines on a T-v diagram.
(b) Determine the entropy change of the steam, in kJ/K.
(c) For the steam and its surrounding, determine the total entropy change associated
with this process, in kJ/K. Answers: (b) −33.36 kJ/K, (c) 5.4 kJ/K

 Entropy Changes of Ideal Gases

7-69 Determine the final temperature when air is expanded isentropically from
1000 kPa from and 477°C to 100 kPa in a piston-cylinder device. Answer: 397 K
7-71 Which of the two gases–helium or nitrogen–has the higher final temperature as
it is compressed isentropically from 100 kPa and 25°C to 1 MPa in a closed system?
Answers: 749 K, 575 K
7-74 An insulated piston-cylinder device initially contains 300 L of air at 120 kPa and
17°C. Air is now heated for 15 min by a 200-W resistance heater placed inside the
cylinder. The pressure of air is kept constant during the process. Determine the
entropy change of air by assuming constant specific heats.
Answer: (a) 0.387 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝐾𝐾
7-80 Air at 27°C and 100 kPa is contained in a piston-cylinder device. When the air
is compressed adiabatically, a minimum work input of 1000 kJ will increase the
pressure to 600 kPa. Assuming air has constant specific heats evaluated at 300 K,
determine the mass of air in the device. Answer: 6.94 kJ/kg
7-82 Air is compressed in a piston-cylinder device from 90 kPa and 20°C to 600 kPa
in a reversible isothermal process. Determine (a) the entropy change and (b) the work
done. Answers: (a) −0.545 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘⁄𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝐾𝐾 , (b) 160 kJ/kg

 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices


7-110 Steam at 4 MPa and 350°C is expanded in an adiabatic turbine to 120 kPa.
What is the isentropic efficiency of this turbine if the steam is exhausted as a saturated
vapour? Answer: 60.3%

oO 2024/2025 FKM@UTM Oo
7-111 Steam at 3 MPa and 400°C is expanded to 30 kPa in an adiabatic turbine with
an isentropic efficiency 92%. Determine the power produced by this turbine, in kW,
when the mass flow rate is 2 kg/s. Answer: 1649 kW

7-113 Refrigerant-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapour at


100 kPa at a rate of 0.7m3/min and exits at 1 MPa pressure. If the isentropic efficiency
of the compressor is 87%, determine (a) the temperature of the refrigerant at the exit
of the compressor and (b) the power input, in kW. Also show the process on a T-s
diagram with respect to the saturation lines. Answers: 56.5°C, 3.35 kW

7-115 The adiabatic compressor of a refrigeration system compresses saturated R-


134a vapour at 0°C to 600 kPa and 50°C. What is the isentropic efficiency of this
compressor? Answer: 37.2%

7-116 Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 95 kPa and 27°C to


600 kPa and 277°C. Assuming variable specific heats and neglecting the changes in
kinetic and potential energies, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the
compressor and (b) the exit temperature of air if the process were reversible.
Answers: 81.9%, 506 K
7-118 An adiabatic steady-flow device compresses argon at 200 kPa and 27°C to
2 MPa. If the argon leaves this compressor at 550°C, what is the isentropic efficiency
of the compressor? Given specific heat ratio of argon is k =1.667. Answer: 86.7%

oO 2024/2025 FKM@UTM Oo
 Entropy Balance
7-125 Air enters a compressor steadily at the ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 22°C
and leaves at 800 kPa. Heat is lost from the compressor in the amount of 120 kJ/kg,
and the air experiences an entropy decrease of 0.40 kJ/kg.K. Using constant specific
heats, determine (a) the exit temperature of the air, (b) the work input of the
compressor, and (c) the entropy generation of this process.
Answers: 85.8°C, 184.1 kJ/kg, 0.0068 kJ/kg.K
7-126 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 7 MPa, 500°C, and 45 m/s and
leaves at 100 kPa and 75 m/s. If the power output of the turbine is 5 MW and the
isentropic efficiency is 77%, determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam through the
turbine, (b) the temperature at the turbine exit, and (c) the rate of entropy generation
during this process. Answers: 6.886 kg/s, 103.7°C, 4.01 kW/K

7-127 In an ice-making plant, water at 0°C is frozen at atmospheric pressure by


evaporating saturated R-134a liquid at –16°C. The refrigerant leaves this evaporator
as a saturated vapour, and the plant is sized to produce ice at 0°C at a rate of
5500 kg/h. Determine the rate of entropy generation in this plant. Answer: 0.115 kW/K

7-131 Air �𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 = 1.005 kJ/kg ∙ ℃� is to be preheated by hot exhaust gases in a


crossflow heat exchanger before it enters the furnace. Air enters the heat exchanger
at 95 kPa and 20°C at a rate of 1.6 m3/s. The combustion gases �𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 = 1.10 kJ/kg ∙ ℃�
enter at 180°C at a rate of 2.2 kg/s and leave at 95°C. Determine (a) the rate of heat
transfer to the air, (b) the outlet temperature of the air, and (c) the rate of entropy
generation. Answers: 205.7 kW, 133.2°C, 0.091 kW/K

oO 2024/2025 FKM@UTM Oo
7-141 Steam expands in a turbine steadily at a rate of 40,000 kg/h, entering at 8 MPa
and 500°C and leaving at 40 kPa as saturated vapour. If the power generated by the
turbine is 8.2 MW, determine the rate of entropy generation for this process. Assume
the surrounding medium is at 25°C. Answer: 11.4 kW/K

oO 2024/2025 FKM@UTM Oo

Common questions

Powered by AI

The entropy change of refrigerants like Refrigerant-134a and their surroundings must always result in a total entropy increase for the process. Even as the cooled space loses entropy, indicated by cooling at -10°C, the refrigerant absorbs heat, increasing its entropy. The total system's entropy change accounts for these variances and indicates the irreversible nature of actual refrigeration cycles .

Transferring heat from a hot to a cold reservoir involves an entropy increase, making it compliant with the second law of thermodynamics. For example, transferring 100 kJ from a 1200 K hot reservoir to a 600 K cold reservoir results in an entropy increase, calculated by the formulas ΔS_hot = Q/T_hot and ΔS_cold = Q/T_cold, showing the total entropy change is positive, satisfying the entropy principle .

Entropy cannot be destroyed because, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. It constantly increases or remains constant in ideal reversible processes. In daily life, this can be observed in the irreversible nature of processes like ice melting or coffee cooling, where energy disperses and disorder increases, adhering to the entropy principle .

When compressed isentropically, helium reaches a higher final temperature than nitrogen due to its lower molar specific heat ratio (cp/cv), which affects how energy inputs impact temperature. This variance highlights essential differences in thermodynamic behaviors, critical in applications like cryogenics or high-temperature gases use .

In an isothermal process where a working fluid rejects heat, such as a Carnot cycle, the entropy change of the working fluid is negative as heat is released. The heat transfer amount can be calculated using ΔS = Q/T. As this is in balance with the entropy change of the sink absorbing the heat, the total entropy change for the universe remains zero, as ideal reversibility implies .

High isentropic efficiency in turbines signifies minimal energy loss compared to an ideal process, indicating improved conversion of thermal to mechanical energy. It is found by comparing actual enthalpy drop to an isentropic drop, showing operational efficiency relative to theoretical maxima. For instance, evaluating conditions like high pressure and enthalpy allows quantifying this efficiency .

Yes, the entropy of the potato decreases as it cools. However, this is not a violation of the increase of entropy principle, as the total entropy change of the potato and its surroundings is positive due to the heat transfer to the cooler environment, which increases the entropy of the surroundings more than the decrease in the potato .

In the ice-making plant, entropy generation of 0.115 kW/K indicates the process's irreversibility, as entropy rises due to energy dissipation during the change from water to ice while maintaining cold evaporating conditions. This implies no process can be perfectly efficient, always generating some entropy, reflecting thermodynamic laws .

Entropy decrease during adiabatic compression, when compared to isentropic standards (constant entropy), indicates irreversibilities and inefficiencies. Real processes showing an entropy decrease but involving heat loss or gain can suggest deviations from ideal behavior, as shown when a compressor loses 120 kJ/kg of heat and has entropy decrease of 0.40 kJ/kg.K .

Attempted heat transfer from a cold to a hot reservoir against the natural gradient violates the second law of thermodynamics, as it would decrease the total entropy, contradicting the principle of entropy increase in isolated systems like those forced contrary to the Clausius statement .

You might also like