Software

CemCADE cementing design and evaluation software

Cementing in todays challenging wells is a complex task. Wells may have depleted intervals, resulting in narrow windows between pore and fracturing pressures. Deviations can make casing standoff by centralizers hard to determine. Mud removal may be difcult as a result of the standoff and exotic drilling uids. CemCADE software provides tools to assist the engineer in evaluating all the parameters and in designing cementing slurries and procedures to cement the well and achieve the required zonal isolation. The software is used for all types of wells and casings, from land to offshore in deepwater and from large-diameter conductor casing to the deepest production liner. Tools assist in calculation of centralizer placement, pump rates and spacer properties to achieve mud removal and cement placement; calculation of densities and pumping parameters help maintain well control. Additional tools evaluate the risk of gas migration and allow the engineer to select appropriate solutions to minimize this risk. A module assists engineers in designing plugs to minimize contamination during placement, resulting in much higher plug-setting success. A simulator aids in determining the temperatures to expect during cementing, providing better data for cement slurry design and better schedules for thickening-time tests and compressive-strength tests to determine optimum WOC. A key use of CemCADE software is the optimization of the mud removal process for effective mud displacement and zonal isolation using WELLCLEAN* mud removal technology. This optimization requires knowledge of the stresses placed on the mud by displacing uids. These stresses, which contribute to displacement of the mud, depend on uid densities, viscosities, ow regimes and uid velocities. An additional factor is the degree of casing standoff in the open hole, which has a large effect on localized uid velocity and ow regime. CemCADE software provides tools that integrate the standoff calculation, the uid properties, the pump rate and the U-tube phenomenon to assess the ability of a combination of uid properties and ow rates to achieve the mud removal required for zonal isolation. A proprietary placement simulator, WELLCLEAN II software, assists the engineer in evaluating the potential effectiveness of mud removal by the chosen uids.

Applications

Primary cementing on land and offshore wells Centralizer selection and centralization optimization Mud removal optimization Gas migration risk assessment and optimization Temperature simulations Preparation of cement slurry testing schedules Foamed cement design Postjob analysis Plug cementing

Cementing Services and Products

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Benets

Optimized design for effective zonal isolation Well security and control Minimized risk of annular gas migration Optimized plug design Postjob analysis for continuous improvement Real-time comparison of treatment parameter plots with design plots

Features
The uid placement simulator evaluates well control and pipe integrity by computing and comparing hydrostatic and dynamic pressures with the formation fracture and pore pressures, and tubular burst and collapse ratings. This is done for all points in the well during the cementing process.

Fluid test data (e.g., rheology and thickening time) are managed in a database. Standoff is optimized using caliper and directional survey data and properties of the centralizers. Forces to run the casing in the hole are calculated. WELLCLEAN technology and uid-uid displacement theory is used to predict mud removal and help ensure zonal isolation. Temperatures in the well during conditioning and cementing are determined, enabling slurry design for specic conditions. Schedules for thickening-time tests are constructed using temperature simulator. Temperature schedules are generated to avoid premature setting or excessive WOC time resulting from over-retardation. Postplacement analysis aids in analysis and minimization of the risk of gas migration after cement placement. Postplacement analysis aids in selection of operational procedures and slurry properties for minimization of risk of gas migration. Surge and swab calculations check well security during running and moving casing. Tables are generated to schedule and monitor foamed cement job. Foamed cement job optimization. Well data and cementing parameters are exported to external software, such as SoniCalc acoustic log calculator. Postjob evaluation is performed using quality assurance and quality control plots from data recorded during the treatment. Pressure signature evaluation of unanticipated events. Designs for balanced plug minimize chance of contamination during placement. Volumes for balanced uids are calculated. Well control and pipe integrity are checked during forward or reverse circulation following plug cementing.

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Cementing Services and Products

CemCADE simulator computes well security and control pressures experienced for all depths during the cementing process.

Temperature plots show a prole of the temperature in the casing and in the annulus at selected times during the cementing process.

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Stress analysis model

Wells are exposed to many changing conditions that create mechanical stresses on the casing and the cement sheath behind it. These stresses can come from pressure changes; uid weight changes during drilling and completion; pressure testing and pressure treating such as squeeze cementing or high-pressure stimulation treatments; changes in well pressures caused by reservoir pressure depletion. Temperature changes, especially in upper portions of a well producing high-temperature uids, can also generate mechanical stresses. FlexSTONE cement is designed to prevent cement failure caused by these mechanical stresses. This exible and expansive cement can survive the mechanical stresses and maintain isolation in the wellbore, when properly designed. A proper design requires knowledge of the current stress conditions in the well as well as the future conditions that will occur over its life. Stress analysis model software was developed by Schlumberger to predict the stresses to be experienced by the cement sheath throughout the life of the well. By analyzing the changing conditions of the well, the mechanical stresses are determined. The software also assesses the mechanical properties of the cement to determine if the cement will survive these stresses. If not, the mechanical properties of the cement can be modied so that the cement will survive to provide isolation for the life of the well.

Using stress analysis model software, set-cement properties are matched to formation properties and future well conditions.

Mechanical properties of FlexSTONE cement are adjusted through static testing.

FlexSTONE design process.

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Cementing Services and Products

Applications

Any primary cementing application

Benets

Isolation for the life of the well Cement designed for the conditions of the well

Features

Evaluates well stresses based on anticipated well operations Evaluates cement behavior under anticipated stresses Allows selection of minimum cement mechanical properties to maintain isolation

i-Handbook oileld data handbook

Oileld-related engineering calculations are dependent on well and treatment-specic information, such as details on well tubulars, hardware, well or equipment on site. During any well operation, the on-location supervisors are required to make many decisions as conditions change. Accurate information is critical to the evaluation of the situation, and real-time calculations of volumes, pressures or rates are often required. Prior to development of the i-Handbook* oileld data handbook, engineering data were only available in physical handbooks or in a static electronic format. Taking a different approach, the i-Handbook tool is interactive, providing not only the data lookup features of previous products but also simple-to-use calculators for commonly used computations, such as tubular or tank volumes, cementing load quantities, and hydrostatics.

Applications

Pipe and cementing data lookup Cementing computations Typical fracturing calculations Coiled tubing calculations Basic materials formulation (cement, hydrochloric acid, brines) Volume calculations for tanks, pits, tubing and annulus Engineering calculations Unit conversions in multiple standards Field quality checks

Benets

Faster, more consistent computations through user-friendly calculators Fewer calculation errors Intuitive extrapolation of computations from single-point entry Faster, more accurate volume calculation for intricate geometries and hanger scenarios Rapid access to database Better understanding of forces through enhanced graphics and animations Archiving of data and calculations for future use

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Features

Pipe data for both API standard and non-API tubulars Exchange of data among users Useful calculators to assist in multiple well operations such as drilling and workover, cementing, fracturing, acid, oil and brines and coiled tubing Library of predened wellbore diagrams Engineering data with source equations Data from tables can be copied and pasted into other applications such as spreadsheets or word processing software View of page can be copied into other applications to use in reports or presentations

The Schlumberger i-Handbook tool retains the familiar appearance of a book, making use of the program intuitive. A right click on the section tab displays a table of contents for the section. Clicking on an item in the list opens that part of the book. Standard oileld and metric units are supported, and changing the units is as simple as clicking on the displayed unit and selecting the alternate. Users can also save a particular units format under the custom units option, thus having the exibility of using multiple units systems. Tubing and casing data tables can be expanded so that additional physical properties may be viewed. Data entered in any calculator or wellbore conguration can be saved and sent to another user, thus facilitating quick and accurate exchange of information.

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Cementing Services and Products

Information and calculations unavailable in printed handbooks can be found in the i-Handbook tool. These include tubular data supplied by the vendors and several calculators for common fracturing and cementing computations. Presentation of comprehensive engineering data, complete with source equations, and rapid interactive calculations offer substantial time savings throughout a project. For drilling and workover operations, pipe stretch, free point and critical buckling forces can be calculated by the i-Handbook tool. Typical cementing calculations include slurry formulation, volumes and properties of cement slurries, bulk plant load quantities, displacement volumes, balanced plug volumes, and pressures to land the plug and casing lift forces. For fracturing operations, calculations can be made for slurry density and proppant ll, proppant gate settings for blenders, proppant settling, screenout, sand plugs, and pressure drop. Acid density and dilution tables, API density, and hydrostatic pressures for oils and brine density requirements can be calculated. Ovality of coiled tubing can be calculated as well. For general use, units conversions can be made, and hydrostatic pressures and gradients and volumes in tanks (strap conversions) can be calculated. The i-Handbook tools interactive wellbore diagram enables the user to build a graphical view of the wellbore by dragging and dropping data from the tubular tables. After drawing the wellbore, the user can dene various ow paths in the well and the volumes of dened sections will automatically be calculated and displayed on the diagram. Congurations can be saved and modied as conditions change during the operation.

Wellbore diagrams can be created by dragging and dropping the elements, and the i-Handbook tool automatically calculates volumes.

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A thorough understanding of the treatment and effects of recommended actions are communicated through visual, sometimes animated, schematics. Using various input, the user can prepare diagrams illustrating the various combinations of strings and sizes, thus creating multiple realistic design options in one session. With a zoom feature, wellbore features can be examined closely. Wellbore elements are automatically labeled, and the user can color code volumes pertaining to different sections in the wellbore. The completed wellbore schematic can be presented as a picture le pasted in a report by using copy feature. In addition to providing views of various uid positions during the job, the i-Handbook tool can be used to generate congurations corresponding to hangers and wellbore geometries associated with washouts and under-reaming. An automated check corrects elements of the well scenario or alerts the user to an inconsistency so that corrections can be made. For example, the system issues an alert if the input for the outer diameter of a pipe is greater than the wellbore diameter. The i-Handbook tool includes data not included in printed versions of the engineering handbook and each section has been updated with new content. Supplier databases have also been updated and expanded. New offerings include the following.

General (pipe, tubing, casing, tanks)

Enhanced casing and tubing database with a wide range of pipe diameters and with mechanical properties Drillpipe, drill collar and coiled tubing database Calculator to compute effects of axial loading on collapse pressure Connection interchange list for various thread types Enhanced list of drill bits and clearance Stretch and free-point tables Buckling force calculations for deviated wells Visual and tabular data on tanks of various geometries Visual and tabular information on ange and ring specications

Volume

Annulus and tubular volume calculation Volume-to-depth conversions

Fracturing

Expanded proppant database Slurry density tables and proppant ll tables Calculation of gate settings for various blender types Proppant settling rates in various uid types Calculation of ow of gas through chokes Calculation of pressure drop across an orice Calculation of perforation friction

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Cementing Services and Products

Cement

Quick estimation of borehole circulating temperatures Ofcial Schlumberger cementing materials database Calculations for preparation of cement slurry Bulk-plant loading quantities for cementing materials Calculations for balanced plug Pressure to land plug Casing lift calculation

Acid, oil, brines

Brine formulation by percent weight or density Calculator for computing salt requirements for various types of brine Calculator for densities and dilutions of hydrochloric acid Calculator for API gravity of oils Calculation of hydrostatic pressure and gradient based on uid density Calculation of buoyancy factor

The i-Handbook tool makes it easy to calculate volumes for a balanced cement plug.

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