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Understanding Trigonometry Basics

The document provides an overview of trigonometry, focusing on the definitions and relationships of trigonometric ratios, including sine, cosine, tangent, and their respective identities. It also explains the unit of angles, the relationship between degrees and radians, and the signs of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants. Additionally, it includes various trigonometric identities and solved examples to illustrate the application of these concepts.

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227 views13 pages

Understanding Trigonometry Basics

The document provides an overview of trigonometry, focusing on the definitions and relationships of trigonometric ratios, including sine, cosine, tangent, and their respective identities. It also explains the unit of angles, the relationship between degrees and radians, and the signs of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants. Additionally, it includes various trigonometric identities and solved examples to illustrate the application of these concepts.

Uploaded by

caedlabmama123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

UPSC CDS Exam

Study Material for Mathematics


TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry is made of three words “tri”, “gono”, “metry”. Where “tri” means “three”, “gono”
means “side” and “metry” means measurement. So, trigonometry is study of measuring three
side figure which is triangle.
Usually we use right angle triangle to solve problem based on trigonometry.
Problem in trigonometry are usually based on trigonometric ratio.

Trigonometric Ratio
Trigonometric ratio are the ratio between two sides of a triangle. At particular angle the ratio
between two sides will remain same irrespective to their length.
There are six Trigonometric Ratios which are as:
Sine: It is a ratio between a perpendicular and hypotenuse. It is represented as “sin” in all
trigonometric identities.
sin =

Where represents the angle for which the ratio is derived.

Cosine: It is a ratio between a base and hypotenuse. It is represented as “cos” in all trigonometric
identities.
cos = =

Secant: It is a ratio between a hypotenuse and base. It is represented as “sec” in all trigonometric
identities.
sec =

Cosecant: It is a ratio between a hypotenuse and perpendicular. It is represented as “cosec” in all


trigonometric identities.

cosec =

Tangent: It is a ratio between a perpendicular and base. It is represented as “tan” in all


trigonometric identities.

tan =

Cotangent: It is a ratio between a base and perpendicular. It is represented as “cot” in all


trigonometric identities.
cot =
Angle: When two rays (initial and terminal) meet at a point after rotation
in a plane then they are said to have described an angle. In other words we can say, the circular
distance between two inclined lines is called angle.

Unit of Angle:
● Degree (o)
● Radian (c)

Relationship between degree and radian:


rad = 180o
For below particular angles the value of trigonometric ratios are constant.

0° 30o 45o 60o 90o

sin 0 1

cos 1 0

tan 0 1 N.D/

N.D/
cot 1 0

sec 1 2 N.D/
N.D/
cosec 2 1

Signs of Trigonometric Ratio in quadrants:


1st quadrant: All positive
2nd quadrant: sin and cosec positive
3rd quadrant: tan and cot positive
4th quadrant: cos and sec positive

Relation between Trigonometric Ratios:


sin × cosec =1
cos × sec = 1
tan × cot =1
tan = =
cot = =

Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:


With
sin (- )=- sin

cos (- )= cos

tan (- ) ) = - tan

cot (- ) = - cot

sec (- ) = sec
cosec (- ) = - cosec

With (90o – )

sin (90o – ) ) = cos

cos (90o – ) ) = sin

tan (90o – ) ) = cot

cot (90o – ) ) = tan


sec (90o – ) ) = cosec
cosec (90o – ) ) = sec

With (90o + ) )
sin (90o + ) = cos
cos (90o + )) = – sin
tan (90o + ) = – cot
cot (90o + ) = – tan
sec (90o + ) = – cosec
cosec (90o + ) = – sec

With (180o – )
sin (180o – ) = sin

cos (180o – ) = – cos

tan (180o – ) = – tan

cot (180o – ) = – cot

sec (180o – ) = – sec


cosec (180o – ) = cosec

With (180o + )
sin (180o + ) = – sin

cos (180o + ) = – cos

tan (180o + )= tan

cot (180o + )= cot

sec (180o + ) = – sec


cosec (180o + ) = – cosec

With (270o – )
sin (270o – ) = – cos
cos (270o – ) = – sin
tan (270o – ) = cot
cot (270o – ) = tan
sec (270o – ) = – cosec
cosec (270o – ) = – sec

With (270o + )
sin (270o + ) = – cos
cos (270o + ) = sin
tan (270o + ) = – cot
cot (270o + ) = – tan
sec (270o + ) = cosec
cosec (270o + ) = – sec
With (360o – )
sin (360o – ) = – sin
cos (360o – ) = cos
tan (360o – ) = – tan
cot (360o – ) = – cot
sec (360o – ) = sec
cosec (360o – ) = – cosec

With (360o + )
sin (360o + ) = sin

cos (360o + ) = cos

tan (360o + ) = tan

cot (360o + ) = cot

sec (360o + ) = sec


cosec (360o + ) = cosec

Some Useful Identities


1) sin2 + cos2 = 1
It can also be expressed as
sin2 = 1 – cos2
cos2 = 1 – sin2

2) sec2 – tan2 = 1
It can also be expressed as
sec2 = 1 + tan2
sec2 – 1 = tan2

3) cosec2 – cot2 = 1
It can also be expressed as
cosec2 = 1 + cot2
cosec2 – 1 = cot2
4) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
5) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
6) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
7) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
8) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
9) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B ) – sin (A – B)
10) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B ) –sin (A + B)
11) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B ) + cos (A – B)
12) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B) sin (A – B)
13) cos2 A – cos2 B = cos (A+B) cos (A – B)
14) tan (A + B) =

15) tan (A – B) =

16) cot (A + B) =

17) cot (A – B) =

18) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A =

19) cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 2cos2A –1 = 1 – sin2A =

20) tan 2A =

21) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3A

22) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A

23) tan 3A =

24) sin C + sin D = 2 sin . cos

25) sin C – sin D = 2 cos . sin

26) cos C + cos D = 2 cos . cos


27) cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin

28) If 4 < 60
i. sin . . sin 2 . sin 4 = ¼ sin 3
ii. cos . cos 2 . cos 4 = ¼ cos 3
iii. tan . tan 2 . tan 4 = tan 3
iv. cot . cot 2 . cot 4 = cot 3

29) For all value of


i. sin (60 – ) sin . sin (60 + ) = sin 3
ii. cos (60 – ) cos . cos (60 + ) = cos 3
iii. tan (60 – ) tan . tan (60 + ) = tan 3
iv. cot (60 – ) cot . cot (60 + ) = cot 3

30) If A + B = 45o
i. (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2
ii. (1 – cot A) (1 – cot B) = 2

31) If A + B = 90o
i. sin A = cos B
ii. cosec A = sec B
iii. tan A = cot B

32) If A + B + C = 90o
i. tan A .tan B + tan [Link] C + tan C. tan A = 1
ii. cot A + cot B + cot C = cot A. cot B. cot C

33) If A + B + C = 180o
i. tan A + tan B +tan C= tan A. tan B. tan C
ii. cot A. cot B + cot [Link] C + cot C. cot A = 1
iii. sin 2A + sin2B + sin 2C = [Link] C

34) tan (45 + ) = =


35) tan (45 – ) = =

Solved Examples:

1. If 12tan = 5, then find the trigonometric ratio.


Solution:
tan =
It means perpendicular is 5 and base will be 12. By using Pythagoras Theorem, we can easily find
hypotenuse.
Hypotenuse2 = perpendicular2 + base2
Hypotenuse = = 13
sin = =
cos = =
sec = =
cosec = =
cot = =

2. If tan = , then find the value of

Solution:

Divide both numerator and denominator by

tan = =

OR
As both numerator and denominator have sin and cos, which have hypotenuse their denominator
thus we can use a as sin and b as cos
Now,
3. sin 720o – cot 270o – sin 150o cos 120o is equal to –
Solution:
sin (2×360o + 0o) – cot (360o – 90o) – sin (180o – 30o). cos (90o + 30o)
sin 0o – cot 90o – sin 30o. sin 30o

0–0+ =

4. If tan (x + y) . tan (x – y) = 1, then find the value of tan x


Solution:
tan (x + y) = = cot (x – y)
x + y + x – y = 90o

2x = 90o
x = 45o
tan 45o = 1

5. If cot 2A cot 3A = 1 , then find the value of sin . cos .

Solution:
2A + 3A = 90o

A = 18o
Sin .cos
sin 45o × cos 45o = =

6. If = then find the value of tan .

Solution:
Apply componendo and dividendo –
=

= tan= = =
7. If tan + cot = 2, then find the value of tan100 + cot110
Solution:
tan100 + cot110 = 1 + 1 =2

8. If sin2 + sin = 1, then find the value of cos4 + cos2 .


Solution:
sin = 1– sin2 = cos2
cos4 = sin2
cos4 + cos2 = sin2 + sin =1

9. Solve: tan1o.tan2o.tan3o … tan89o


Solution:
tan1o.tan2o.tan3o … tan45o … cot [Link] [Link] 1o
tan1o cot 1o tan2o cot 2o tan3o cot 3o… tan45o 1×1×1….×1 = 1

10. Solve cos1o. cos2o. cos3o…… cos179o.


Solution:
cos1o. cos2o. cos3o… cos 90o … cos179o

cos 90o = 0
cos1o. cos2o. cos3o…0… cos179o = 0

Common questions

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Degrees and radians are units for measuring angles, with radians being a standard unit in mathematics for angular measurement. The relationship between degrees and radians is given by the formula π radians = 180 degrees. This means that to convert from degrees to radians, you multiply by π/180, and conversely, to convert from radians to degrees, you multiply by 180/π .

The equation tan(x + y) * tan(x - y) = 1 implies that tan(x + y) = cot(x - y), which suggests that the angles x + y and x - y are complementary, summing to 90°. Thus, 2x = 90°, meaning x = 45°. This solution demonstrates the power of trigonometric identities in deriving solutions for complex angle equations and is foundational in fields requiring precision angle measurements such as navigation and robotics .

The identities for sin(A + B) and cos(A + B) are fundamental in trigonometry as they allow the expansion and simplification of expressions involving the sum of two angles. The identity for sin(A + B) is sin A cos B + cos A sin B, while the identity for cos(A + B) is cos A cos B - sin A sin B. These formulas are crucial because they form the basis for solving various trigonometric equations and proving other trigonometric identities .

The signs of trigonometric ratios vary depending on the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle lies. In the first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. In the second quadrant, only sine and cosecant remain positive, while in the third quadrant, tangent and cotangent are positive. In the fourth quadrant, cosine and secant are positive. This distribution of signs is crucial for solving trigonometric problems involving angles beyond 90 degrees or angles that perform rotations around the unit circle .

Knowing trigonometric values at standard angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) is crucial for simplifying and solving many mathematical problems, like evaluating integrals or derivatives of trigonometric functions and in geometric proofs. For instance, they simplify calculations in pendulum motion, optics, and even in art for perspective drawing. The predefined values at these angles form the basis of constructing angle identity tables which are extensively used in various scientific applications .

Trigonometric identities account for negative angles by inverting the sign of certain functions. For example, sin(-θ) = -sin(θ), cos(-θ) = cos(θ), and tan(-θ) = -tan(θ). This inversion reflects the symmetrical properties of the sine and tangent functions about the origin when graphed, whereas cosine's symmetry about the y-axis maintains the same value. These transformations are vital in analyzing wave functions and modeling periodic behavior in physics and engineering .

The identities sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, sec²θ - tan²θ = 1, and cosec²θ - cot²θ = 1 are used to simplify trigonometric expressions by replacing squared trigonometric terms with expressions involving other trigonometric functions. For instance, sin²θ can be rewritten as 1 - cos²θ, allowing substitution in calculations to reduce complexity or transform equations for solutions. These identities are essential in trigonometric proofs and when integrating or differentiating trigonometric functions as part of calculus applications .

Trigonometric ratios are crucial in solving problems involving right-angle triangles because they allow the measurement of angles and sides based on one known angle and one side. These ratios remain constant irrespective of the size of the triangle at a given angle. The six primary trigonometric ratios are sine (sin), cosine (cos), secant (sec), cosecant (cosec), tangent (tan), and cotangent (cot). Each of these ratios is defined as a relationship between two sides of a right-angle triangle: sin is the perpendicular over hypotenuse, cos is the base over hypotenuse, sec is the hypotenuse over base, cosec is the hypotenuse over perpendicular, tan is the perpendicular over base, and cot is the base over perpendicular .

Given tan θ = 5/12, the perpendicular is 5 and the base is 12. Using the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse can be calculated using the formula hypotenuse² = perpendicular² + base². Therefore, hypotenuse² = 5² + 12² = 25 + 144 = 169, resulting in a hypotenuse of 13. This process illustrates the practical application of trigonometric ratios in conjunction with the Pythagorean theorem to determine unknown sides of right triangles .

To analyze tan(45° + θ) and tan(45° - θ), apply the tangent addition and subtraction formulas: tan(45° + θ) = (tan 45° + tan θ) / (1 - tan 45° tan θ) and tan(45° - θ) = (tan 45° - tan θ) / (1 + tan 45° tan θ). Given that tan 45° = 1, these simplify to tan(45° + θ) = (1 + tan θ) / (1 - tan θ) and tan(45° - θ) = (1 - tan θ) / (1 + tan θ). These transformations allow precise calculations of angle adjustments crucial for circuits, waves, and angular motion analyses .

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