STREMA 1

Topics: Formulas:
Axial Stress and Strain AXIAL STRESS AND STRAIN
○ Axial Stress:
𝑃
σ= 𝐴
○ Axial Strain:
δ ∆𝐿
ε= 𝐿
= 𝐿
σ 𝑃
ε= 𝐸
= 𝐴𝐸
○ Deformation:
δ = ∆𝐿
𝑃𝐿 σ𝐿
δ= 𝐴𝐸
= 𝐸

STREMA 2
Topics: Formulas:
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel THIN-WALLED PRESSURE THERMAL DEFORMATION TORSION
Thermal Deformation VESSEL δ𝑇 = α𝐿∆𝑇 ○ Torsion Shear Stress:
CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE 𝑇𝑟
Simple Shear Stress and Strain ∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 τ= 𝐽
VESSEL
Torsion 𝑃𝐿 σ𝐿 ○ Torsion Shear Strain:
○ Tangential Stress: δ𝑃 = =
𝐴𝐸 𝐸 δ𝑠 𝑟θ
𝑝𝐷
σ𝑇 = ○ Case 1:
γ= 𝐿
= 𝐿
(θ is in radians)
2𝑡
○ Longitudinal Stress: δ𝑇 = δ𝑃 ○ Modulus of Rigidity:
𝑝𝐷 𝑊 τ
σ𝐿 = = 𝐺= γ
4𝑡 π𝐷𝑡
○ Angle of Twist:
SPHERICAL PRESSURE
𝑇𝐿
VESSEL θ= 𝐽𝐺
(θ is in radians)
○ Case 2:
○ Tangential Stress: ○ Polar Moment of Inertia:
δ𝑇 = δ𝑃 + 𝑥
𝑝𝐷
σ𝑇 = 𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
4𝑡
4
π𝐷
𝐽= 32
(solid circular shaft)
4 4
𝐽 = ( 32 )
π 𝐷 −𝑑

(hollow circular shaft)

STREMA 3
Topics: Formulas:
Helical Spring HELICAL SPRING
Shear and Moment in Beams ○ Maximum Shear Stress Due to Torsion Alone:
16𝑃𝑅
𝑆𝑠 = 3
π𝑑
○ Maximum Shear Stress:
𝑆𝑠 =
16𝑃𝑅
π𝑑
3 (1 + ) 𝑑
4𝑅
R – mean radius of spring
d – spring or wire diameter
○ Wahl’s Formula:
𝑆𝑠 =
16𝑃𝑅
π𝑑
3 ( 4𝑚−1
4𝑚−4
+
0.615
𝑚 )
m – spring index
2𝑅
𝑚= 𝑑
○ Deformation:
3
64𝑃𝑅 𝑛
δ= 4
𝐺𝑑
○ Spring Constant:
∆𝑃
𝑘= δ
○ Equivalent Spring Constant:
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 (springs in parallel)
1 1 1
𝑘𝑒𝑞
= 𝑘1
+ 𝑘2
(springs in series)

STREMA 4
Topics: Formulas:
Flexural Stress FLEXURAL STRESS ○ Shearing Resistance:
𝑀𝑐 𝑅 = 𝐹𝑣 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑁𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑁𝑣
Flexural Shear Stress 𝑓𝑏 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 𝐹𝑣 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝐴𝑣𝑁𝑣
6𝑀
𝑓𝑏 = 2 (rectangular) ○ Spacing of Bolts:
𝑏𝑑
𝑅𝐼
𝐸𝑐 𝑠=
𝑓𝑏 = ρ
𝑉𝑄
(use smallest Q)
○ Superimposed Members:
+ OTHER FORMULAS
(no connection, no friction)
○ Max Shear Stress:
1 𝑀
ρ
= 𝐸𝐼 𝑓𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3𝑉
(rectangular)
2𝐴
𝑀1 𝑀2
= 4𝑉
𝐸1𝐼1 𝐸2𝐼2 𝑓𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝐴
(circular)
𝑀1 𝐸1𝐼1 9𝑉
= 𝑓𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8𝐴
(diamond)
𝑀2 𝐸2𝐼2
○ Average Shear Stress in Web:
FLEXURAL SHEAR STRESS
○ General Shear Stress:
𝑓𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 𝑓𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 +
2
3 (𝑓𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑓𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑉𝑄 ○ Vertical Shear Force Carried by Web:
𝑓𝑣 = 𝐼𝑏 𝑉𝑤𝑒𝑏 = 𝑓𝑤𝑒𝑏𝐴𝑤𝑒𝑏
○ Shear Flow: ○ Factor of Safety:
𝑉𝑄
𝑞= 𝑓𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝐼 𝐹𝑆 = 𝑓𝑣 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
○ First Moment of Area:
𝑄 = Σ𝐴𝑦
y – distance of centroid to NA
STREMA 5
Topics: Formulas:
Composite Beams COMPOSITE BEAMS AXIAL AND BENDING STRESS
Axial and Bending Stress (not limited to two materials only) 𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑡 = 𝐴
± 𝐼
★ Steps for Timber and Steel:
1. Transform steel to timber by n 𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 =
𝑃
+
𝑀𝑐
2. Locate NA by Varignon’s Theorem 𝐴 𝐼
3. Solve for INA of whole section 𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 𝐴
− 𝐼
4. Solve fb max of timber by:
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑐 𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒
𝑓𝑤 = 𝐼
5. Solve fb max of steel by:
𝑓𝑠
𝑛
𝑓𝑤
𝑐𝑠
= 𝑐𝑤
6. Solve for support reactions by:
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0
(or solve for Vmax)
7. Solve for M of timber by:
6𝑀𝑤
𝐹𝑏 = 2
𝑏𝑑
8. Draw FBD with Mmax and Mw
9. Cut FBD at x
10. Solve for x by: Σ𝑀 = 0
11. 𝐿𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐿𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 2𝑥

STREMA 6
Topics:
Shear Flow Diagram – q @ A, B, C, etc.
Axial and Shear Stress in Plane AB – solved by FBD and stress formula (P/A) or by Mohr’s Circle
Bending and Flexural Shear Stress – same with Steel Course
Tree Log and Rope Shear Problem – just memorize the steps