Socialism and the Simon Commission
Uploaded by
RoahikSocialism and the Simon Commission
Uploaded by
RoahikSOCIALISM, SIMON AND CDM
C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
Theory of Socialism: Karl Marx Only option to remove the rich classes from society
is mass struggle
Reasons for Socialism
Russian Revolution (1917)
Formed by: M N Roy
C
Formation of Party
Communist Party of India: 1920; Tashkent, Uzbekistan
SS
1925: formalised in Kanpur
In 1924: the party was involved in
People involved: S A Dange, Muzaffar
Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case
Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani, etc.
1929: Meerut Conspiracy Case
1920: All India Trade Union Congress
Joseph Baptista ·
R N M Joshi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Dewan Chaman Lal,
Father of Trade Union: NM Lokhande, he founded Bombay Mill Association
A
Caste Movements
Self Respect Movement: E V Ramaswamy Naicker (1924)
RM
Mahad Satyagraha (1927): Dr. B R Ambedkar
Novels and Books
Bandi Jeevan: Sachin Sanyal
Pather Dabi: Sharat Chandra Chatterjee
PA
Philosophy of Bomb: B. C. Vohra
In Punjab-UP-Bihar
1. Formation of Hindustan Republican Association (1924) Kanpur
Formed by: Ram Prasad Bismil, J. C. Chatterjee, Sachin Sanyal
Kakori Incident (1925) Kakori village, Lucknow
Participants: Ashfaqulla, Roshan Singh, Ram Prasad Bismil*
,Ranjendra Lahiri
Hanged till death
Transformed to
2. HRA HSRA (1928) in Feroz Shah Kotla
"Y
Socialist
L
·
By: Chandra Shekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev
=
↑ By
1926: Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha By Bhagat Singh
C
/
I
1928: Lala Lajpat Rai lead against Simon Commission and recited slogan “Simon go back”
Killed by Scott through Lathi Charge
1928: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Raj Guru killed Saunders instead of Scott
SS
-
>
-
↓ To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai
In Lahore
&
1929: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwer Dutt bombed Central Legislative Assembly
Reason?
-
This Bill was Anti-
Against “Public Safety Bill” (1928) Nationalism as said by Swaraj
23 March 1931: Martyred -
V
-
R
Purpose: to make deaf hear
Celebrated as “Shaheed Diwas”
Party
A
&
>
1931: C S Azad killed himself
1929: tried to kill Irwin Alfred Park, now known as
RM
Chandrashekhar Azad Park where he
killed himself on 27 Feb (Allahabad)
In Bengal
1930: Chittagong Armoury Raid
- Lead by Surya Sen (also known as Master Da)
PA
Women participants:
↑
Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutta, Suniti
Chanderi, Bina Das
GOI ACT 1919: Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
10 years later (But) “Why I Am an Atheist?” Book by: Bhagat Singh
1927: Simon Commission under the chairmanship of John Simon
Then PM in Britain: Stanley Baldwin
C
Simon Commission
1928: This commission arrived India This slogan coined by “Yusuf Meherally”
SS
Revolt against it “Simon Go Back” 7 membered Commission (all white, no
Indians)
Madras Session of Congress (1928) Decision to boycott
Chairman: John Simon Simon Commission
Special session (only in Emergency)
President: M A Ansari
Response to Simon Commission
R
Then Secretary: Birkenhead challenged Indians
A
Nehru Report (1928): under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru
S C Bose, J L Nehru and Srinivasa Iyengar
Demands: formed Indian Independence League in 1928
RM
B R Ambedkar Were in Support of
Hindu Mahasabha 3 Simon Commission To end Separate Electorate
Founded in 1915 by Madan Mohan Malaviya
Demand for Dominion status
Delhi Proposals by Muslim League
14 points by Jinnah given
PA
Basic framework of Pakistan Constituition
Calcutta Session of Congress
Nehru Report Accepted
Irwin’s Declaration/Delhi Manifesto
When will the Dominion Status be
Round Table Conference (in London) by Irwin
implemented?
Congress launched Delhi Manifesto
Lahore Session (Dec, 1929) ·
Dominion Status was 1st demanded by: Tej Bahadur
Presided by J L Nehru Sapru, M R Jaykar
Decisions taken:
1st Round Conference Table to be boycotted
Goal: “Purna Swaraj”
26 Jan 1930: 1st Independence Day
M
31 Dec 1930:
29 Flag hoisted on the banks of Ravi river with slogans “Inquilab
C
Zindabad” by J L Nehru
Gandhi launched Civil Disobedience Movement
Slogan by Moulana
T Hasrat
SS
Decisions Taken: Mohani
Gandhi launched Civil Disobedience Movement
>
-
31 Jan 1930: Gandhi’s 11 Demands
“Inquilab Zindabad” :- Slogan by Moulana Hasrat Mohan
-
31 Jan 1930: Gandhi’s 11 Demands
Dandi March
Allahbad Nevsari
1* miles
12 March-6 April 1930 240
R
Gandhi marched with 78 delegates from Sabarmati to Dandi
Gandhi decided to raid Dharsana Arrested: 4 May
To violate Salt Law
A
Spread of Salt Disobedience Congress Working Committee
RM
In Ryotwari Areas: non-payment of revenue
In Zamindari Areas: No chowkidar tax
In Central Province: defiance of forest laws
In Different States (leaders)
PA
Tamil Nadu: C Rajagopalachari In trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam
Malabar: K Kelappan (Vaikom Satyagraha)
Orissa: Gopalbandhu Choudhary
Bihar: Ambika Kant Sinha (Nakhas Pond chosen as site to violate salt law)
Peshawar: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan or Badshah Khan or Frontier Gandhi
And Kamala Devi “Red Shirt Movement”
Chattopadhyay Founder of: Khudai Khidmatgar
Dharsana: Sarojini Naidu Sarojini Naidu persuaded Gandhi to seek women participation
Manipur and Nagaland: Rani Gaidinliu
Said to Gandhi “Do not restrict men alone”
Forms of Mobilization
Prabhat Pheri, Vanar Sena, Manjari Sena
Gandhi-Irwin Pact 14 Feb 1931 Gandhi’s demands:
Irwin’s demands to Gandhi: 1. Release political prisoners, not convicted of voilence
2. Give the property back not sold to third-party
Suspend CDM
3. Right to produce salt for personal consumption
C
Participate in 2nd Round Table Conference
Gandhi-Irwin Pact was endorsed in here
SS
Karachi Session 29 March 1931
Presided by Sardar Patel
*
2nd Round
Congress TabletoConference
agreed participate in 2nd Round Table Conference
CDM suspended
Meaning of “Purna Swaraj” The goal of Purna Swaraj was reiterated
M *
Program
olicy
R
2 resolution adopted: Fundamental Rights and National Economic
A
Round Table Conference
To discuss Simon Commission Report in London
RM
3 RTCs:
1st: 1930
2nd: 1931 Only RTC where Gandhi and Congress participated
3rd: 1932
B R Ambedkar was the only one to attend all 3 RTCs
PA
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
Associations formed before Congress
Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha
1836: by Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s Associates
East India Association
1866: by Dadabhai Naoroji
C
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 1st Indian to qualify ICS: Satyendranath Tagore
SS
1870: M G Ranade
Indian League
1875: by Sisir Kumar Ghosh Newspaper by him in Bengali: Amrita Bazar Patrika
Indian National Association
R
1876: by Surendranath Banerjee, Anand Mohan Bose
A
Bombay Presidency Association
1885: by Pherozeshah Mehta, K. T Telang, and Badruddin Tyabji
RM
Madras Mahajan Sabha: 1884
·
1884: By M. Viraraghavachari , G. Subramanian Iyer and P. Ananda Charlu
Dadabhai Naoroji
1st British Indian Member of Parliament
1st to calculate National Income and Poverty Line (1st by him)
PA
Rast Goftar (weekly newspaper) For Parsi Community ; Voice of India
Book: “Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India” Gives Drain Theory
Used the term “Swaraj” for the 1st time
Also known as “Grand Old Man of India”
3 times Congress President (1886, 1893, 1906)
Formation of Congress
Founder: Ornithologist Allen Octavian Hume (qualified ICS, Father of Indian Ornithology)
>
-
in 1885
#
~
1885: First
Poonasession
(not possible due to
was planned to plague)
be held in Poona however not possible due to plague
I
1st session held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay -> 72 delegates attended this
No women participated and two Muslims participated
=> G
C
1st session
By Ilbert
>
-
Ilbert Bill: 1884, by Ripon
SS
-
A measure that allow senior Indian magistrates to preside over cases involving British Subjects
in India
>
- But this received a huge backlash
Different Theories
-
/
Conspiracy Theory: R. P. Dutt R o
Saftey Valve Theory: By Lala Lajpat Rai (Young
(MonthlyIndia)
magazine by him: Young India)
Journal
Lightning Conductor Theory: Gopal Krishna Gokhale
A
-
Viceroy at the time of formation of Congress > Dufferin called Congress a Factory of
-
Sedition
RM
Important Sessions of Congress
-
D8
1st: 1855 W. C Banerjee, Bombay > 72 delegates attended
2nd: 1886 >
-
Dadabhai Naoroji, Calcutta >
- 434 delegates attended
PA
3rd: 1887 >Badruddin Tyabji, Madras -
> 1st Muslim President of Congress
/
4th: 1888-
> George Yule, Allahabad > 1st British President of Congress
-
1896: in Calcutta
I
National Song (Vande Mataram) was sung for the 1st time by Tagore
Written by: Bankim Chatterjee
1901: in Calcutta
1st time Gandhi appeared
1905: in Banaras
e
# Swadeshi Movement was formally adopted
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1906: in Calcutta
C
Dadabhai Naoroji
4 resolutions: Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott, and National Education
SS
1907: in Surat
R. B Ghosh
Congress split during this time into Extremist and Moderate
1911: in Calcutta
R
1st time National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana) Sung Written by Rabindranath Tagore
A
1916: in Lucknow
Ambika Charan Mazumdar
Merger of Congress Lucknow Pact signed between the Muslim League and INC
RM
1917: in Calcutta
Annie Besant 1st Women president of Congress
1924: in Belgaum (Karnataka)
Mahatma Gandhi (president) Only Session presided by Gandhi
PA
1925: in Kanpur
Sarojini Naidu 1st Indian women President of Congress and first women Governor of any India
state (Uttar Pradesh)
1929: in Lahore
J. L Nehru (President of INC) January 26, 1930 was officially declared to be celebrated as first
-
Madan Mohan Malviya Most no. of times
Independence Day
President
1931: in Karachi
Sardar Patel -
23rd Jan: Birth Anniversary of
1937: Faizpur
S.C Bose and also celebrated as
J. L Nehru >
- 1st session held in village
!
Parakaram Divas
26th Jan 1930 was declared to be celebrated as 1st
Governor Generals
·
Independence Day
William Bentinck
1938-1939: Gandhi(1828-1835)
Vs S.C Bose
1st Governor
In 1938General of India In 1939
1835: Macaulay Minute English Education Act
1829: Abolition of Sati
>
Session Held at Haripura (Gujarat) and Session Held at Tripuri and S. C Bose was
C
Suppression of Thug
Subhash Chandra Bose was elected as re-Elected as President, but Gandhi Ji was
Abolished Circuit
President of INC Courts not in favour of S. C Bose leading to his
resign as Congress President
SS
Metcafe (1835-36)
·
Dr. isRajendra
He known asPrasad was elected
liberator asPress
of Indian President in 1939
Madan Mohan Malviya presided INC session most no. of times
I
JB Kriplani:(1848-1856)
Dalhousie President of last session of un-independent India and also during the time of
Independence
During his time
Doctrine President
Youngest of INC:
of Lapse (1849)
R
r8 Abul Kalam Azad
1st railway line (1853) From Bombay to Thane
Widow Remarriage Act (1856)
A
Governor Generals
Postal Act, Telegraph lines spread across
Warren Hasting ( 1773-85)
Wood’s Dispatch (1854)
Regulating Act 1773 1st Governor General of Bengal
RM
Pitts India Act (1784)
Mayo (1869-1872)
1st Anglo Maratha War (1775-82) Treaty of Salbai signed (1782)
↑
1st Census held at his time
2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84) (1872)
Asiatic SocietyNot
of Bengal (1784)
complete, synchronised Census
Cornawallis ( 1786-93)
Lytton (1876-1880)
3rd Mysore War (1790-92) Treaty of Seringpatnam
PA
Arms Act (1878)
Permanent Settlement (1793)
-
Brought Vernacular
Death: India (Tomb inPress Act (1878)
Ghazipur) To ban local newspapers
He was father of Indian Civil Services
-
1st newspaper “Bengal Gazette” by: James Augustus Hickey
Wellesley ( 1798-1805)
2nd Maratha
Famous war (1803-05)
Newspapers:
↑ 4th Mysore War
Prabuddha (1799)
Bharata: by Swami Vivekananda
↑
Treaty of Bassein (1802) signed during his tenure between Baji Rao II and British East India
Al-Hilal: by Abul Kalam Azad
Company
-
Mook Nayak: by B. R Ambedkar
Lord Minto (1807-13)
↑
Treaty of Amritsar (1809) signed between Ranjit Singh Vs Britishers
Hasting (1813-23)
·
3rd Maratha War (1817-19)
Anglo-Nepal War (Treaty of Sagauli signed) (1814-16)
· Ryotwari System by Munro and Reed
William Bentinck (1828-1835)
1st Governor General of India
·
1829: Abolition of Sati
Suppression of Thug
Abolished Circuit Courts
Father of Modern Education Macaulay’s Minute (1835) during his time
Metcalfe (1835-1836)
He is known as liberator of Indian Press
Auckland (1836-42)
1st Afghan War (1838-42)
Hardinge I (1844-48)
1st Anglo-Sikh War (Treaty of Lahore signed)
Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Doctrine of Lapse (1848)
1st railway line (1853) From Bombay to Thane (34 km)
Widow Remarriage Act (1856) (Canning/Dalhousie)
Postal Act, Telegraph lines spread across
Wood’s Dispatch (1854) Magna Carta of Indian Education
i
He founded Public Works Department (PWD)
2nd Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)
Viceroys
Canning (1856-57)
1857 Revolt
He became the 1st Viceroy of India
EIC abolished
Mayo (1860-1872)
1st Census held at his time (not complete Unsynchronised) in 1872
I
He established Statistical Survey of India
Lytton (1876-1880)
Arms Act (1878)
Brought Vernacular Press Act (1878) to ban local newspapers
1st newspaper “Bengal Gazette” by James Augustus Hickey was published during his time
1st Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as Empress of India
He lowered the maximum age of eligibility for Civil Services reduced from 21 to 19 yrs
Ripon (1876-1880)
Ilbert Bill Controversy
He repealed Vernacular Press Act
1st synchronised/complete Census held 1881
· Father of Local Self Government
Hunter Commission (1882) setup which was related to Education
·
Factory Act (1881)
Dufferin (1884-1888)
·
Formation of Congress
Curzon (1899-1905)
Partition of Bengal
Indian University Act
Calcutta Corporation Act
Curzon-Kitchner controversy
Young husband mission (to Tibet)
Minto II (1905-1910)
Muslim League formed in 1906 (by Aga Khan)
Surat split
Hardinge II (1910-1916)
3rd Delhi Durbar for King George V
Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi
Chelmsford (1916-21)
Government of India in 1919
: Montague Chemlsform reform
Rowlat Act
Jallianwala Bagh
Common questions
Powered by AIThe Simon Commission, set up in 1927 by the British government to review the Government of India Act 1919, faced significant opposition because it did not include any Indian members. This exclusion intensified demands for self-rule as it was seen as reinforcing colonial dominance. In response, the Indian National Congress and other political groups organized all-India protests, exemplified by the statement 'Simon go back,' which included broad participation and resistance, significantly fueling the movement towards independence .
Internal divisions within the Indian National Congress, such as the split between extremists and moderates, affected the independence movement by influencing strategies and methods of protest. For instance, the Surat Split of 1907 highlighted differences in approach, with extremists advocating direct action, while moderates preferred dialogue and reform. These divisions, although initially weakening the movement, ultimately led to a more diverse array of tactics that catered to a wider Indian populace .
The main reasons for the formation of socialist movements in India were the mass exploitation and economic deprivation faced by the working class. These movements were influenced significantly by global events such as the Russian Revolution, which demonstrated the potential for a working-class revolution to establish a socialist government. The formation of the Communist Party of India in 1920 was partly a response to this influence, advocating mass struggle to remove rich classes from society and address economic inequalities .
Bhagat Singh's ideology and actions were emblematic of the broader Indian independence movement's goals to achieve full sovereignty and social justice. He was part of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, and his actions, such as the assembly bombing and the assassination of Saunders, were meant to inspire mass revolt against colonial rule. Singh's ideas were also influenced by socialist and anti-colonial thoughts, reflecting a desire for a complete break from colonial power and the establishment of a more equitable society .
The formation of various early associations such as the East India Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, and Indian National Association provided organizational and ideological frameworks that facilitated communication and collaboration among Indian nationalists. These associations built a foundation for discussing political reforms and fostering a sense of national unity, which eventually led to the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 by A.O. Hume .
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was a significant milestone in the Indian independence movement as it led to an agreement to release political prisoners and allowed for Congress participation in the Second Round Table Conference. Despite suspending the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Pact solidified the concept of Purna Swaraj (complete independence) as a goal by gaining concessions from the British and reaffirming the legitimacy of Congress. However, the failure of subsequent discussions to achieve concrete results led to renewed activism and civil disobedience .
Women played pivotal roles in various protest movements, demonstrating leadership and resilience that galvanized broader participation. Figures like Sarojini Naidu, who led the Salt March at Dharsana, and other women activists provided vital contributions by organizing and participating in protests, boycotts, and civil disobedience campaigns. Their involvement highlighted gender inclusivity and inspired a larger section of society to join the freedom struggle, significantly bolstering its success .
The Lahore Session of 1929, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, was pivotal as it declared Purna Swaraj or complete independence as the primary goal of the Indian National Congress. This decision marked a significant shift from seeking dominion status to demanding total sovereignty. The session catalyzed the Civil Disobedience Movement and set a definite political objective that unified various factions within the Congress towards a common cause of absolute self-rule .
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 was a turning point that fueled widespread resentment and anger towards British rule across India. The brutal killing of thousands of unarmed civilians during a peaceful gathering dramatically exposed the oppressive nature of colonial governance. This event galvanized Indian sentiment against British rule, leading to a surge in support for the independence movement and strengthening leaders like Gandhi, who used this atrocity to rally for non-cooperation and change .
The abolition of Sati in 1829 under Governor General William Bentinck was a significant social reform, symbolizing a shift towards modern social policies. Along with other reforms such as the suppression of thugs and the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, these changes aimed to mitigate social injustices. While primarily serving British interests of governance, these reforms laid early groundwork for a more reformist ethos in Indian society, influencing future social and political reform efforts .