Example 235. Letf: RR’ be a homomorphism, © ret f(R)= UF @):a€ R}. Show a (R) is a subring of R’. ; . @ sf 4 mutative, then f(R) is commutative, Label a » 1, then f (1) és the unity of the subrin (c) FR has unity |, . Th 8 F(R), jon. (a) Let x.y e f (R) be arbitrary. Then Sa x=f(@,y=f(b) forsome a, bER. -y=f(a) -f(b) =f(@— 6), since fis a homomorpp; and Pe: 9 rhe f(b) =F (ab), since fis a homomorphisn a Clearly, a-b€ R and abe Rand so f(a—b) © F(R), f (ab) es) It follows that x-yef(R) and xye F(R). 4 Hence f(R) is a subring of R 5 For parts (6) and (c), refer to Theorem 2.3.2. Remark. f(R) is called the homomorphic image of R. » Example 2.3.6. Let f: RR ’ be a homomorphism and let 4 be an ideal of R. Show that f(A) is an ideal of f(R). Solution. We have f(A) ={f(a): ae A}. Then f(A) is non-empty, sinceeO¢ A = f(0)e f(A). Let x, ye f(A). Then x=f(a)), y=f(@), for a,a,€ A => x-y=f (a) -f (a) =f (a) — a2), as f is a homomorphism. Since A is an ideal of R and a, a, € A, so a; -a,€ A = fla;-m)ef(A) > x-ye f(A). Let we f(R) and x f(A). Then a=f(r),x=f(a,), for some re R, a, € A. We have : ax=f(r) f(a))=f(ra,), as fis a homomorphism. Since A is an ideal of R, so re R and YEA> rae A. Saye sa) = axe f(A), Similarly, x@ € f(A), Hence F(A) is an ideal of f(R).¢ Example 2.3.7. Let f be an isomorphism of a ring R ont oa ring R’. Show that i ‘a) If R is an integral domain, then R’ is ‘ a , Ris afield, then R’ is also a field. also an integral domain, tion. (a) Let R be an integral domain, Si: i Sou R’ i onto Heino athe mR is yg leat hat R’ is without zero divisors. Let a,b’ R’ be such that” a’ b’=0. Since f is one-to-one and onto, there exist unique a, b.< R such that f(aj=a and f(b)=b’. Now ab'=0 = f(a) fb)=0 => fa@db)=f (0), since f is a homomorphism => ab =0, since f is one-to-one > a=0 or b=0, since R is an integral domain => f@=fO) o fo)=fO = a@=0 or b’=0%, since f(0)=0. Ths a’b’=0’ = a =0' or Db =0 > R ’ has no zero divisors. Hence R’ is an integral domain. (b) Let R be a field. Since f: R> R’ is an onto homomorphism and since R is a commutative ring with unity 1, so R’ is also a commutative ring with unity f( 1) [See Theorem 2.3.2]. Finally, we show that every non- zero element of R ’ has its multiplicative inverse. Leta’ be any non-zero element of R’. Since fis one-to-one and onto, there exists a unique non-zero element ae R such that f(a) =a’. Notice that if a=0, then f (a) =f (0) =0’ and so a’=0', acontradiction. Since R is a field anda#0€ R, a e Rexists and and f we show # aq =a 'a=1. Now aa'=1 = flae')=f(l) = f@f@')=f() = af@')=f(). Similarly, @!a=1 = f@')a’=f(1). (dy '=f@ ye R’. Hence R’ is a field. « Example 2.3.8. Prove that : (a) Every isomorphic image of an integral domain is an integral domain. (b) Every isomorphic image of a field is a field. (c) Every isomorphic image of a division ring is a division ring. Solution. Same as Example 2.3.7,Example 2.3.10. Prove that the only homomorphisms from 7, ty reing the ring of integers) are the identity and zero mappings. (DU, z (% Solution. Let f:Z— Z be any homomorphism. 2009) If f@)=0V xe Z, then fis the zero mapping. Let f be a non-zero homomorphism i.e., f (x) #0 for each x #9 Then FMVP=Fd). FM) =f. D=F() #0. It follows that f(1) is a non-zero idempotent element in Z, Since the only non-zero idempotent in Z is 1, so f(1) = 1. For any ne Zandn >0, we have FM@)=f(l+14+ 4D =f f(t. +f(altlt+..+ len, aaa §Z% n times n times n times Ifn <0, we can write n=—m, m being a positive integer. Then —f(n) =f (— m) =-f(m), since f is a homamorphisin =-—™m, since f(m) =m > 0, as proved above =< f(n) =n, ifn <0. Obviously, f(0) =0, ifn=0. Hence f(n)=n V ne Zie., fis the identity mapping.Lunt. Similar to Exam ple 2.3.6} i 24 : smomorphis; Quotient Rings and Fundamental Theore™ of Ho ™ of Rings is arin 4 Theorem 2.4.1. If U is an ideal of a ring R then Be 8 aa ig a@ homomorphic image of R with kernel U. Proof. If U is an ideal of R, we define Ralaru: aeR). We define two compositions in R/U as follow = by +U, (1) (a+ U)+(b+U)=(@t (a+ U) (b+ U)=ab+ U Ee di -Q) Firstly, we show that these compositions are well defined i.e., we have to show, if DED Um bee te then (a+b)+U=(a'+b)+U and ab+U yad+U > a=a +, for ue yy =ab’+U. Wehave a=a+Oeat Similarly, b = b’ + up, for uz € U. eeboa waarmee te amt or (a+b)-(@’ +b) =u tme U; since U is an ideal of R. Thus (a+ b)+U= (a +b’) +U. [We know a+ H= b+Hoea- group (R, +)] _be H, where H isa subgroup of theAgain ab=(a’ +m) (b’ +.) =a b' 4 Pee 69 1 or ab — a'b’ = a'uy + wb’ + uyuy © U. ata [Notice that U is a two-sided ideal of R >a’ Uy, € U = a’ uy + 4 b+ uy € U) me aces te ab+U=a'b’+U. It follows that the compositions gi Next we abo shatR/U ia apingyea bitin score caer icietinng, Leta+U,b+U,c+Ue R/U. Then 1. (a+ U)+ (b+ U) =(atb)+Ue R/U, by (1). 2. (a+ U)+(b+ U)=G@+b)4+U =(b+a)+U=(b+U)+(a+U), by (1), 3. (a+ U)+{(b+ U)+ (C+ U)} = (a+ U) + ((b+c)+U}, by (1) = {a+(b+c)} +U, by (1) = {(a+b) +c} + U, by asso. law in (R, +) = {(@+b) + U} +(c + U), by (1) = {(a+ U)+ (b+ U)} +(c+U), by (1) 4. (a+ U)+ (0+ U)=(@+0)+ U=at+U V at+Ue R/U. Thus 0+ U=U is the zero element of R/U. We often write U as 0. 5. (a+ U)+ (-a+U)={a+(—a)} +U=04+U=U. Thus -a+ Ue R/U is the additive inverse of a+ U. 6. (a+ U) (b+ U)=ab + Ue R/U, by (2). 7. (a+ U) {(b+U) (c+ U)} = (a+ U) (be + U), by (2) =a (bc) + U, by (2) = (ab) c + U, by asso. law inR = (ab + U) (c + U), by (2) = {(a+ U) (b+ U)} (c + U), by (2). 8. (a+ U) (b+ U) + (c+ UV) = (at U) ((b +0) + U), by (1) a(b+c)+U, by (2) (ab + ac) + U, by dist. law inR (ab + U) + (ac + U), by (1) = (a+ U)(b+U)+(a+U)(c+U), by (2) 9. Similarly, {(a+ U) + (b+ U)} (c+ U) =(a+ U) (c+ U) + (b+ U) (c+ VU). Hence R/U is a rin;ANB DB BD ANB SrTheorem 2.4.4, If A and B are two ideals of a ring R, then A+B__B A MSE [D.U., 1995] ‘ ‘ A+B Proof. As done in Theorem 2.4.3, the mapping f: B—> A defined as f(b) =b+ AV be B is well-defined and homomorphism. Also fis onto. Let X € (A + B)/A be arbitrary. Then X = r + A, for some re A+Bie., r=a,+bj, for some a, € A, by € B. X=a,+b,+A=b,+a,+A=b, +A, since a,€ A => X=f(b)),b,€ B= fis onto. By Fundamental theorem of homomorphism, we obtain B__A+B A+B_ iB Kerf, Ae alee KerfBR, 14 yeA e xe Band f() ng re ye Band x+A=A exe Band xe A. RerfeanB. A+B. a. Hence “4 An ; “ © Theorem 2.45. if A and B are two ideals of a ring R Such a BCA, then RRB A A/B™ inti dang Re RA Proof, By the given hypothesis, the quotient rings At B Rae Wel : ing ingful, We define a mappl RR artAVreR. fgg BIB) rt r is well-defined, since sp Tt BentBon-ne Ban-neA,asBoA => ntAenta. Let X=x+B, Y=y+Be R/B. Then X+Y=xty+B, X¥=xy+B. Using (1), we obtain {K+ Nexrty+A=(e+A)+ (+ A)=f(e+ B+ f(y +B) =f(%)+f(), LON =2+A=(+A) +A) =f (+B) f(+B) =F 00 4, Thus fis a homomorphism. Now we show that fis onto. Let S¢ R/A be atbitrary. Then $= +A, for 7 © R. Using (1), We get S=f(/ +B), where /+Be R/B. Thus f:R/B— R/A is an onto homomorphism. By Fund: theorem of homomorphism, we have 7 Pindaneene RB LR RRB ors Kerf A A” Kerf ~Q) chave Kerf=(X=x4+Be RB :f(x+B)=A, zero : =A, zero of R/, Thus Xe Kerf e> X=x+Be R/B and f(@+B)=A eis © X=x+Be R/B and *+Ae A, by (1) © X=x4Be R/B and xe A © Xe ap, Kerg=4 From (2) and (3), we eke (1) 3) Ra An AB: