B.Sc. Honours in Statistics Curriculum
B.Sc. Honours in Statistics Curriculum
(Honours)
Statistics
Objectives:
Outcomes
After completing this programme beneficiaries will be enabled to
• Apply various Statistical Methods in different fields
• Handle complex problems in Data analysis and Research Design.
Course Structure- STATISTICS (Honours)
SUGGESTED READINGS:
1. Gorakh Prasad: Differential Calculus, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd., Allahabad (14th Edition -
1997).
2. Gorakh Prasad: Integral Calculus, PothishalaPvt. Ltd., Allahabad (14th Edition -2000).
3. Zafar Ahsan: Differential Equations and their Applications, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.,
New Delhi (2nd Edition -2004).
4. Piskunov, N: Differential and Integral Calculus, Peace Publishers, Moscow.
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER-II
COURSE TITLE: PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
COURSE CODE: STSC-201 COURSE NO: C- 03
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
TOTAL MARKS: 100
Total Marks- Theory: 65 End Semester: 50 In Semester: 15
Practical: 35 End Semester: 30 In Semester: 05
Practical
List of Practical
1. Testing of significance and confidence intervals for single proportion and difference of
two proportions
2. Testing of significance and confidence intervals for single mean and difference of two
means and paired tests.
3. Testing of significance and confidence intervals for difference of two standard
deviations.
4. Exact Sample Tests based on Chi-Square Distribution.
5. Testing if the population variance has a specific value and its confidence intervals.
6. Testing of goodness of fit.
7. Testing of independence of attributes.
8. Testing based on 2 x2 contingency table without and with Yates’ corrections.
9. Testing of significance and confidence intervals of an observed sample correlation
coefficient.
10. Testing and confidence intervals of equality of two population variances
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER-III
COURSE TITLE: Survey Sampling and Indian Official Statistics
COURSE CODE: STSC-302 COURSE NO: C- 06
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
TOTAL MARKS: 100
Total Marks- Theory: 65 End Semester: 50 In Semester: 15
Practical: 35 End Semester: 30 In Semester: 05
Practical
List of Practical
1. To select a SRS with and without replacement.
2. For a population of size 5, estimate population mean, population mean square and
population variance. Enumerate all possible samples of size 2 by WR and WOR and
establish all properties relative to SRS.
3. For SRSWOR, estimate mean, standard error, the sample size
4. Stratified Sampling: allocation of sample to strata by proportional and Neyman’s
methods Compare the efficiencies of above two methods relative to SRS
5. Estimation of gain in precision in stratified sampling.
6. Comparison of systematic sampling with stratified sampling and SRS in the presence of
a linear trend.
7. Ratio and Regression estimation: Calculate the population mean or total of the
population. Calculate mean squares. Compare the efficiencies of ratio and regression
estimators relative to SRS.
8. Cluster sampling: estimation of mean or total, variance of the estimate, estimate of
intra-class correlation coefficient, efficiency as compared to SRS.
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER-III
COURSE TITLE: Mathematical Analysis
COURSE CODE: STSC-303 COURSE NO: C- 07
CREDITS: 06 NO. OF CLASSES: 72
TOTAL MARKS: 100
Total Marks- Theory: 100 End Semester: 80 In Semester: 20
Course Objectives: To impart basic knowledge of Mathematical analysis and Numerical
analysis.
Course Objectives: To review and expand upon Core topics in Statistics using SPSS
UNIT I
Learn how to load data, plot a graph viz. histograms (equal class intervals and unequal class
intervals), box plot, stem-leaf, frequency polygon, pie chart, ogives with graphical summaries
of data
UNIT II
Generate automated reports giving detailed descriptive statistics, correlation and lines of
regression.
UNIT III
Random number generation and sampling procedures. Fitting of polynomials and exponential
curves. Application Problems based on fitting of suitable distribution, Normal probability
plot.
UNIT IV
Simple analysis and create and manage statistical analysis projects, import data, code editing,
Basics of statistical inference in order to understand hypothesis testing and compute p-values
and confidence intervals.
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Moore, D.S. and McCabe, G.P. and Craig, B.A. (2014): Introduction to the Practice of
Statistics, W.H. Freeman
2. Cunningham, B.J (2012): Using SPSS: An Interactive Hands‐on approach
3. Cho, M,J., Martinez, W.L. (2014) Statistics in MATLAB: A Primer, Chapman and
Hall/CRC
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER-IV
COURSE TITLE: Statistical Inference
COURSE CODE: STSC-401 COURSE NO: C- 08
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
TOTAL MARKS: 100
Total Marks- Theory: 65 End Semester: 50 In Semester: 15
Practical: 35 End Semester: 30 In Semester: 05
Practical
List of Practical
1. Unbiased estimators (including unbiased but absurd estimators)
2. Consistent estimators, efficient estimators and relative efficiency of estimators.
3. Cramer-Rao inequality and MVB estimators
4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
5. Asymptotic distribution of maximum likelihood estimators
6. Estimation by the method of moments, minimum Chi-square
7. Type I and Type II errors
8. Most powerful critical region (NP Lemma)
9. Uniformly most powerful critical region
10. Unbiased critical region
11. Power curves
12. Likelihood ratio tests for simple null hypothesis against simple alternative
hypothesis
13. Likelihood ratio tests for simple null hypothesis against composite alternative hypothesis
14. Asymptotic properties of LR tests
15. SPRT procedure- Binomial and Poisson
16. OC function and OC curve
17. ASN function and ASN curve
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER-IV
COURSE TITLE Linear Models
COURSE CODE: STSC-402 COURSE NO: C- 09
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
TOTAL MARKS: 100
Total Marks- Theory: 65 End Semester: 50 In Semester: 15
Practical: 35 End Semester: 30 In Semester: 05
SEMESTER-I
Practical
List of Practical
1. Estimability when X is a full rank matrix and not a full rank matrix
2. Distribution of Quadratic forms
3. Simple Linear Regression
4. Multiple Regression
5. Tests for Linear Hypothesis
6. Bias in regression estimates
7. F test for Lack of fit
8. Orthogonal Polynomials
9. Analysis of Variance of a one way classified data
10. Analysis of Variance of a two way classified data with one observation per cell
11. Analysis of Covariance of a one way classified data
12. Analysis of Covariance of a two way classified data
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER-IV
COURSE TITLE Statistical Quality Control
COURSE CODE: STSC-403 COURSE NO: C- 10
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
TOTAL MARKS: 100
Total Marks- Theory: 65 End Semester: 50 In Semester: 15
Practical: 35 End Semester: 30 In Semester: 05
Practical
List of Practical
1. Construction and interpretation of statistical control charts
i) X-bar & R-chart
ii) X-bar & s-chart
iii) np-chart
iv) p-chart
v) c-chart
vi) u-chart
2. Single sample inspection plan: Construction and interpretation of OC, AQL, LTPD, ASN,
ATI, AOQ, AOQL curves
3. Calculation of process capability and comparison of 3-sigma control limits with
specification limits.
4. Use a case study to apply the concept of six sigma application in DMAIC: practical
application.
Detailed Syllabus for Skill Enhancement Course
Sub: Statistics
SEMESTER-IV
COURSE TITLE Statistical Techniques for Research Methods
COURSE CODE: STSS-401 COURSE NO: SEC- 02
CREDITS: 02 NO. OF CLASSES: 48
TOTAL MARKS: 50 (End Semester-40, Insemester-10)
UNIT I
Introduction: Meaning, objection and motivation in research, types of research, research
approach, significance of research. Research problems: definition, selection and necessity of
research problems.
UNIT II
Survey Methodology and Data Collection, inference and error in surveys, the target
populations(sampled population), sampling frames and coverage error, methods of data
collection, non-response, questions and answers in surveys.
UNIT III
Develop a questionnaire, collect survey data pertaining to a research problem (such as gender
discriminations in private v/s government sector, unemployment rates, removal of subsidy,
impact on service class v/s unorganized sectors), interpret the results and draw inferences.
UNIT IV
Processing, Data Analysis and Interpretation: Review of various techniques for data analysis
covered in core statistics papers, techniques of interpretation, precaution in interpretation
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Kothari, C.R. (2009): Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, 2nd Revised
Edition reprint, New Age International Publishers.
2. Kumar, R (2011): Research Methodology: A Step - by - Step Guide for Beginners, SAGE
publications
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER- V
COURSE TITLE Stochastic Processes and Queuing Theory
COURSE CODE: STSC-501 COURSE NO: C- 11
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
TOTAL MARKS: 100
Total Marks- Theory: 65 End Semester: 50 In Semester: 15
Practical: 35 End Semester: 30 In Semester: 05
UNIT I
Probability Distributions: Generating functions, Bivariate probability generating function.
Stochastic Process: Introduction, Stationary Process. (Marks-8, Lecture-10)
UNIT II
Markov Chains: Definition of Markov Chain, transition probability matrix, order of Markov
chain, Markov chain as graphs, higher transition probabilities. Generalization of independent
Bernoulli trials, classification of states and chains, stability of Markov system, graph
theoretic approach. (Marks-15, Lecture-12)
UNIT III
Poisson Process: postulates of Poisson process, properties of Poisson process, inter-arrival
time, pure birth process, Yule Furry process, birth and death process, pure death process.
(Marks-15, Lecture-14)
UNIT IV
Queuing System: General concept, steady state distribution, queuing model, M/M/1 with
finite and infinite system capacity, waiting time distribution in stationary cases only (without
proof). (Marks-12, Lecture-12)
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Medhi, J. (2009): Stochastic Processes, New Age International Publishers.
2. Basu, A.K. (2005): Introduction to Stochastic Processes, Narosa Publishing.
3. Bhat,B.R.(2000): Stochastic Models: Analysis and Applications, New Age
International Publishers.
4. Taha, H. (1995): Operations Research: An Introduction, Prentice- Hall India.
5. Feller, William (1968): Introduction to probability Theory and Its Applications, Vol I,
3rd Edition, Wiley International.
PRACTICAL
List of Practical
1. Calculation of transition probability matrix
2. Identification of characteristics of reducible and irreducible chains.
3. Identification of types of classes
4. Identification of ergodic transition probability matrix
5. Stationarity of Markov chain and graphical representation of Markov chain
6. Computation of probabilities in case of generalizations of independent Bernoulli trials
7. Calculation of probabilities for given birth and death rates and vice versa
8. Calculation of probabilities for Birth and Death Process
9. Calculation of probabilities for Yule Furry Process
10. Computation of inter-arrival time for a Poisson process.
11. Calculation of Probability and parameters for (M/M/1) model and change in behaviour of
queue as N tends to infinity.
12. Calculation of generating function and expected duration for different amounts of stake.
13. Computation of probabilities and expected duration between players.
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER V
COURSE TITLE Statistical Computing Using C Programming
UNIT I
History and importance of C. Components, basic structure programming, character set, C
tokens, Keywords and Identifiers and execution of a C program. Data types: Basic data types,
Enumerated data types, derived data types. Constants and variables: declaration and
assignment of variables, Symbolic Constants, overflow and underflow of data. Operators and
Expressions: Arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, increment/decrement, operators,
precedence of operators in arithmetic, relational and logical expression. Implicit and explicit
type conversions in expressions, library functions. Managing input and output operations:
reading and printing formatted and unformatted data (Marks-20, Lecture-20)
UNIT II
Decision making and branching - if…else, nesting of if…else, else if ladder, switch,
conditional operator. Looping in C for, nested for, while, do…while, jumps in and out of
loops. Arrays: Declaration and initialization of one-dim and two-dim arrays. Character arrays
and strings: Declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings from
Terminal (using scanf and printf only). (Marks-10, Lecture-8)
UNIT III
User- defined functions: A multi-function program using user-defined functions, definition of
functions, return values and their types, function prototypes and calls. Category of Functions:
no arguments and no return values, arguments but no return values , arguments with return
values, no arguments but returns a value, functions that return multiple values. Recursion
function. Passing arrays to functions, Storage class of Variables. (Marks-10, Lecture-10)
UNIT IV
Pointers: Declaration and initialization of pointer variables, accessing the address of a
variable, accessing a variable through its pointer, pointer expressions, pointer
increments/decrement and scale factor. Pointers and arrays, arrays of pointers, pointers as
function arguments, functions returning pointers. (Marks-10, Lecture-10)
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Kernighan, B.W. and Ritchie, D. (1988): C Programming Language, 2ndEdition,Prentice
Hall.
2. Balagurusamy, E. (2011): Programming in ANSI C, 6th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Gottfried, B.S. (1998): Schaum’s Outlines: Programming with C, 2nd Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill
Practical
Using C Programming Language
List of Practical
1. Plot of a graph y = f(x)
2. Roots of a quadratic equation (with imaginary roots also)
3. Sorting of an array and hence finding median
4. Mean, Median and Mode of a Grouped Frequency Data
5. Variance and coefficient of variation of a Grouped Frequency Data
6. Preparing a frequency table
7. Value of n! using recursion
8. Random number generation from uniform, exponential, normal(using CLT) and gamma
distribution, calculate sample mean and variance and compare with population parameters.
9. Matrix addition, subtraction, multiplication Transpose and Trace
10. Fitting of Binomial, Poisson distribution and apply Chi-square test for goodness of fit
11. Chi-square contingency table
12. t-test for difference of means
13. Paired t-test
14. F-ratio test
15. Multiple and Partial correlation.
16. Compute ranks and then calculate rank correlation(without tied ranks)
17. Fitting of lines of regression
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER V
COURSE TITLE Demography and Vital Statistics
COURSE CODE: STSD-501 COURSE NO: DSE-01
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
UNIT I
Nature and scope of Demography. Population theories – Malthus, Natural and Biological,
Demographic transition. Demographic data- sources, coverage and content errors. Use of
balancing equations and Chandrasekharan-Deming formula to check completeness of
registration data. Adjustment of age data- Myer and UN indices. Population composition,
dependency ratio. (Marks-10, Lecture-10)
UNIT II
Sources of collecting data on Vital statistics, errors in census and registration data.
Measurement of population: rate and ratio of vital events. Measurements of Mortality: Crude
Death Rate (CDR), Specific Death Rates (SDR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and
Standardized Death Rates. (Marks-15, Lecture-14)
UNIT III
Stationary and Stable population, Central Mortality Rates and Force of Mortality. Life
(Mortality) Tables: Assumption, description, construction of Life Tables and Uses of Life
Tables. Abridged Life Tables; Concept and construction of abridged life tables by Reed-
Merrell method, Greville’s method and King’s Method. (Marks-10, Lecture-10)
UNIT IV
Measurements of Fertility: Crude Birth Rate (CBR), General Fertility Rate (GFR), Specific
Fertility Rate (SFR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR). Measurement of Population Growth:
Crude rates of natural increase, Pearl’s Vital Index, Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) and Net
Reproduction Rate (NRR). (Marks-15, Lecture-14)
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Mukhopadhyay P. (1999): Applied Statistics, Books and Allied (P) Ltd.
2. Gun, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2008): Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. II, 9th
Edition, World Press.
3. Biswas, S. (1988): Stochastic Processes in Demography & Application, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
4. Croxton, Fredrick E., Cowden, Dudley J. and Klein, S. (1973): Applied General Statistics,
3rd Edition. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
5. Keyfitz N., Beckman John A.: Demography through Problems S-Verlag Newyork. 38
Practical
List of Practical
1. To calculate CDR and Age Specific death rate for a given set of data
2. To find Standardized death rate by:- (i) Direct method (ii) Indirect method
3. To construct a complete life table
4. To fill in the missing entries in a life table
5. To calculate probabilities of death at pivotal ages and use it construct abridged life table
using (i) Reed-Merrell Method, (ii) Greville’s Method and (iii) King’s Method
6. To calculate CBR, GFR, SFR, TFR for a given set of data
7. To calculate Crude rate of Natural Increase and Pearle’s Vital Index for a given set of data
8. Calculate GRR and NRR for a given set of data and compare them
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER V
COURSE TITLE Time Series Analysis
COURSE CODE: STSD-502 COURSE NO: DSE-02
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
Course Objectives: To impart basic background knowledge of time series and forecasting
UNIT I
Introduction to time series data, application of time series from various fields, Components of
a times series, Decomposition of time series. Trend: Estimation of trend by free hand curve
method, method of semi averages, fitting a various mathematical curve, and growth curves.
(Marks-14, Lecture-14)
UNIT II
Method of moving averages. Detrending. Effect of elimination of trend on other components
of the time series. Seasonal Component: Estimation of seasonal component by Method of
simple averages, Ratio to Trend. (Marks-14, Lecture-14)
UNIT III
Seasonal Component cont: Ratio to Moving Averages and Link Relative method,
Deseasonalization. Cyclic Component: Harmonic Analysis. Some Special Processes:
Moving-average (MA) process and Autoregressive (AR) process of orders one and two.
(Marks-14, Lecture-12)
UNIT IV
Random Component: Variate component method. Forecasting: Exponential smoothing
methods of forecasting; Box-Jenkins method; Stationary Time series: Weak stationarity,
autocorrelation function and correlogram. (Marks-8, Lecture-8)
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Kendall M.G. (1976): Time Series, Charles Griffin.
2. Chatfield C. (1980): The Analysis of Time Series –An Introduction, Chapman & Hall.
3. Mukhopadhyay P. (2011): Applied Statistics, 2nd ed. Revised reprint, Books and Allied
PRACTICAL
List of Practical
1. Fitting and plotting of modified exponential curve
2. Fitting and plotting of Gompertz curve
3. Fitting and plotting of logistic curve
4. Fitting of trend by Moving Average Method
5. Measurement of Seasonal indices Ratio-to-Trend method
6. Measurement of Seasonal indices Ratio-to-Moving Average method
7. Measurement of seasonal indices Link Relative method
8. Calculation of variance of random component by variate difference method
9. Forecasting by exponential smoothing
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER VI
COURSE TITLE Design of Experiments
COURSE CODE: STSD-601 COURSE NO: C-13
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
UNIT I
Experimental designs: Role, historical perspective, terminology, experimental error, basic
principles, uniformity trials, fertility contour maps, choice of size and shape of plots and
blocks. Basic designs: Completely Randomized Design (CRD), Randomized Block Design
(RBD), Latin Square Design (LSD) – layout, model and statistical analysis, relative
efficiency, analysis with single missing observation. (Marks-17, Lecture-16)
UNIT II
Incomplete Block Designs: Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD) – parameters,
relationships among its parameters, incidence matrix and its properties.
(Marks-7, Lecture-8)
UNIT III
Factorial experiments: advantages, notations and concepts, 22, 23…2n and 32 factorial
experiments, design and analysis, Total and Partial confounding for 2n (n≤5) and 32.
(Marks-16, Lecture-14)
UNIT IV
Factorial experiments in a single replicate. Fractional factorial experiments: Construction of
one-half and one-quarter fractions of 2n (n≤5) factorial experiments
(Marks-10, Lecture-10)
SUGGESTED READINGS:
1. Cochran, W.G. and Cox, G.M. (1959): Experimental Design. Asia Publishing House.
2. Das, M.N. and Giri, N.C. (1986): Design and Analysis of Experiments. Wiley Eastern
Ltd.
3. Goon, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2005): Fundamentals of Statistics. Vol.
II, 8thEdn. World Press, Kolkata.
4. Kempthorne, O. (1965): The Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley.
5. Montgomery, D. C. (2008): Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley.
PRACTICAL
List of Practical
1. Analysis of a CRD
2. Analysis of an RBD
3. Analysis of an LSD
4. Analysis of an RBD with one missing observation
5. Analysis of an LSD with one missing observation
6. Intra Block analysis of a BIBD
7. Analysis of 22 and23 factorial in CRD and RBD
8. Analysis of 22 and23 factorial in LSD
9. Analysis of a completely confounded two level factorial design in 2 blocks
10. Analysis of a completely confounded two level factorial design in 4 blocks
11. Analysis of a partially confounded two level factorial design
12. Analysis of a single replicate of a 2n design
13. Analysis of a fraction of 2n factorial design
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER VI
COURSE TITLE Multivariate Analysis and Nonparametric Methods
COURSE CODE: STSD-602 COURSE NO: C-14
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
UNIT I
Bivariate Normal Distribution (BVN): p.d.f. of BVN, properties of BVN, marginal and
conditional p.d.f. of BVN. Multivariate Data: Random Vector: Probability mass/density
functions, Distribution function, Mean vector & Dispersion matrix, Marginal & Conditional
distributions. (Marks-10, Lecture-10)
UNIT II
Multivariate Normal distribution and its properties. Sampling distribution for mean vector
and variance-covariance matrix (sans deduction). Multiple and partial correlation coefficient
and their properties. (Marks-15, Lecture-14)
UNIT III
Applications of Multivariate Analysis: Discriminant Analysis, Principal Components
Analysis and Factor Analysis. (Marks-10, Lecture-10)
UNIT IV
Nonparametric Tests: Introduction and Concept, Test for randomness based on total number
of runs, Empirical distribution function, Kolmogrov Smirnov test for one sample, Sign tests-
one sample and two samples, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test.
(Marks-15, Lecture-14)
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Anderson, T.W. (2003): An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis, [Link]
Wiley
2. Muirhead, R.J. (1982): Aspects of Multivariate Statistical Theory, John Wiley.
3. Kshirsagar, A.M. (1972): Multivariate Analysis, 1stEdn. Marcel Dekker.
4. Johnson, R.A. and Wichern, D.W. (2007): Applied Multivariate Analysis, [Link]
& Prentice Hall
5. Mukhopadhyay, P.: Mathematical Statistics.
6. Gibbons, J. D. and Chakraborty, S (2003): Nonparametric Statistical Inference. 4th Edition.
Marcel Dekker, CRC.
PRACTICAL
List of Practical
1. Multiple Correlations
2. Partial Correlation
3. Bivariate Normal Distribution,
4. Multivariate Normal Distribution
5. Discriminant Analysis
6. Principal Components Analysis
7. Factor Analysis
8. Test for randomness based on total number of runs,
9. Kolmogrov Smirnov test for one sample.
10. Sign test: one sample, two samples, large samples.
11. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test
12. Kruskal-Wallis test
Detailed Syllabus for Core Course
[Link]. (Honours) Statistics
SEMESTER VI
COURSE TITLE Econometrics
UNIT I
Introduction: Econometric models and its essences. General linear model (GLM) and its
estimation. Simultaneous equation model: structural and reduced forms.
(Marks-14, Lecture-14)
UNIT II
Multicollinearity: Introduction and concepts, detection of multicollinearity, consequences,
detection and remedies of multicollinearity, specification errors.
(Marks-14, Lecture-14)
UNIT III
Generalized least squares estimation, Aitken estimators. Autocorrelation: concept,
consequences of autocorrelated disturbances, detection and remedies of autocorrelation.
(Marks-14, Lecture-12)
UNIT IV
Heteroscedastic disturbances: Concepts and efficiency of Aitken estimator with OLS
estimator under heteroscedasticity. Consequences of heteroscedasticity. Tests and solutions
of heteroscedasticity. Autoregressive and Lag models.
(Marks-8, Lecture-8)
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Gujarati, D. and Sangeetha, S. (2007): Basic Econometrics, 4th Edition, McGraw
HillCompanies.
2. Johnston, J. (1972): Econometric Methods, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill International.
3. Koutsoyiannis, A. (2004): Theory of Econometrics, 2nd Edition, Palgrave Macmillan
Limited,
4. Maddala, G.S. and Lahiri, K. (2009): Introduction to Econometrics, 4th Edition, John
Wiley & Sons.
Practical
Objective: The aim of the course is to initiate students to write and present a statistical
report, under the supervision of a faculty, on some area of human interest. The project work
will provide hands on training to the students to deal with data emanating from some real life
situation and propel them to dwell on some theory or relate it to some theoretical
[Link]. (Generic Elective) Statistics
Objectives:
Outcomes
After completing this programme the learners will be enabled to
• Apply various Statistical Methods in their respective field of studies
• Analyse data and interpret the results.
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Goon A.M., Gupta M.K. and Dasgupta B. (2002): Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. I & II,
8th Ed. The World Press, Kolkata.
2. Miller, Irwin and Miller, Marylees (2006): John E. Freund’s Mathematical Statistics with
Applications, (7th Ed.), Pearson Education, Asia.
3. Mood, A.M. Graybill, F.A. and Boes, D.C. (2007): Introduction to the Theory of Statistics,
3rd Ed., (Reprint), Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
Practical
List of Practical
1. Graphical representation of data
2. Problems based on measures of central tendency
3. Problems based on measures of dispersion
4. Problems based on combined mean and variance and coefficient of variation
5. Problems based on moments, skewness and kurtosis
6. Fitting of polynomials, exponential curves
7. Karl Pearson correlation coefficient
8. Partial and multiple correlations
9. Spearman rank correlation with and without ties.
10. Correlation coefficient for a bivariate frequency distribution
11. Lines of regression, angle between lines and estimated values of variables.
12. Checking consistency of data and finding association among attributes.
Detailed Syllabus for Generic Elective Course
Sub: Statistics
SEMESTER-II
COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTORY PROBABILITY
COURSE CODE: STSG-201 COURSE NO: C- 02
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
Course Objectives :To provide basic knowledge of Probability and different discrete and
continuous probability distributions.
UNIT I (Lecture=12,Marks-12)
Probability: Introduction, random experiments, sample space, events and algebra of events.
Definitions of Probability – classical, statistical and axiomatic. Conditional Probability, laws
of addition and multiplication, independent events, theorem of total probability, Bayes’
theorem and its applications.
UNIT II (Lecture=12,Marks-12)
Random Variables: Discrete and continuous random variables, p.m.f., p.d.f., c.d.f.
Illustrations of random variables and its properties. Expectation, variance, moments and
moment generating function.
UNIT III (Lecture=12,Marks-12)
Convergence in probability, almost sure convergence, Chebyshev’s inequality, weak law of
large numbers, De-Moivre Laplace and Lindeberg-Levy Central Limit Theorem (C.L.T.).
UNIT IV (Lecture=12,Marks-14)
Standard probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson, geometric, negative binomial,
hypergeometric, uniform, normal, exponential, beta, gamma.
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Hogg, R.V., Tanis, E.A. and Rao J.M. (2009): Probability and Statistical Inference,
Seventh Ed, Pearson Education, New Delhi.
2. Miller, Irwin and Miller, Marylees (2006): John E. Freund’s Mathematical Statistics with
Applications, (7th Edn.), Pearson Education, Asia.
3. Myer, P.L. (1970): Introductory Probability and Statistical Applications, Oxford & IBH
Publishing, New Delhi
PRACTICAL:
List of Practical
1. Fitting of binomial distributions for n and p = q = ½ given
2. Fitting of binomial distributions for n and p given
3. Fitting of binomial distributions computing mean and variance
4. Fitting of Poisson distributions for given value of lambda
5. Fitting of Poisson distributions after computing mean
6. Application problems based on binomial distribution
7. Application problems based on Poisson distribution
8. Problems based on area property of normal distribution
9. To find the ordinate for a given area for normal distribution
10. Application based problems using normal distribution
11. Fitting of normal distribution when parameters are given
12. Fitting of normal distribution when parameters are not given
Detailed Syllabus for Generic Elective Course
Sub: Statistics
SEMESTER-III
COURSE TITLE: Applied Statistics
COURSE CODE: STSG-301 COURSE NO: C- 03
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
Course Objectives: The objective of this course is to familiarize students with Applied
Statistics
UNIT I (Lecture=14,Marks-14)
Economic Time Series: Components of time series, Decomposition of time series- Additive
and multiplicative model with their merits and demerits, Illustrations of time series
.Measurement of trend by method of free-hand curve, method of semi-averages and method
of least squares (linear, quadratic and modified exponential).Measurement of seasonal
variations by method of ratio to trend.
UNIT II (Lecture=12,Marks-12)
Index numbers: Definition, Criteria for a good index number, different types of index
numbers. Construction of index numbers of prices and quantities, consumer price index
number. Uses and limitations of index numbers.
UNIT III (Lecture=12,Marks-12)
Statistical Quality Control: Importance of statistical methods in industrial research and
practice. Determination of tolerance limits. Causes of variations in quality: chance and
assignable. General theory of control charts, process & product control, Control charts for
variables: X- bar and R-charts. Control charts for attributes: p and c-charts
UNIT IV (Lecture=10,Marks-12)
Demographic Methods: Introduction, measurement of population, rates and ratios of vital
events. Measurement of mortality: CDR, SDR (w.r.t. age and sex), IMR, Standardized death
rates. Life (mortality) tables: definition of its main functions and uses. Measurement of
fertility and reproduction: CBR, GFR, and TFR. Measurement of population growth: GRR,
NRR.
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Mukhopadhyay, P. (1999): Applied Statistics, New Central Book Agency, Calcutta.
2. Gun, A.M., Gupta, M.K. and Dasgupta, B. (2008): Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. II,9th
Edition World Press, Kolkata.
3. Gupta, S. C. and Kapoor, V.K. (2008): Fundamentals Of Applied Statistics,
4thEdition(Reprint), Sultan Chand & Sons
4. Montogomery, D. C. (2009): Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition,Wiley
India Pvt. Ltd.
53
Practical
List of Practical
1. Measurement of trend: Fitting of linear, quadratic trend, exponential curve and plotting of
trend values and comparing with given data graphically.
2. Measurement of seasonal indices by Ratio-to-trend method and plotting of trend values and
comparing with given data graphically.
3. Construction of price and quantity index numbers by Laspeyre’s formula, Paasche’s
formula, Marshall-Edgeworth’s formula, Fisher’s Formula. Comparison and interpretation.
4. Construction of wholesale price index number, fixed base index number and
consumer price index number with interpretation
5. Construction and interpretation of X bar & R-chart
6. Construction and interpretation p-chart (fixed sample size) and c-chart
7. Computation of measures of mortality
8. Completion of life table
9. Computation of measures of fertility and population growth
\
Detailed Syllabus for Generic Elective Course
Sub: Statistics
SEMESTER-IV
COURSE TITLE: Basics of Statistical Inference
COURSE CODE: STSG-401 COURSE NO: C- 04
CREDITS: 06 (Theory-4, Practical-02) NO. OF CLASSES: 96 (48+48)
TOTAL MARKS: 100
Total Marks- Theory: 65 End Semester: 50 In Semester: 15
Practical :35 End Semester: 30 In Semester: 05
UNIT I (Lecture=14,Marks-15)
Estimation of population mean, confidence intervals for the parameters of a normal
distribution (one sample and two sample problems).The basic idea of significance test. Null
and alternative hypothesis. Type I & Type II errors, level of significance, concept of p-value.
Tests of hypotheses for the parameters of a normal distribution (one sample and two sample
problems).
UNIT II (Lecture=12,Marks-12)
Categorical data: Tests of proportions, tests of association and goodness-of-fit using Chi
square test, Yates’ correction.
UNIT III (Lecture=8,Marks-6)
Tests for the significance of correlation coefficient. Sign test for median, Sign test for
symmetry, Wilcoxon two-sample test.
UNIT IV (Lecture=14,Marks-17)
Analysis of variance, one-way and two-way classification. Brief exposure of three basic
principles of design of experiments, treatment, plot and block. Analysis of completely
randomized design, randomized complete block design. Bioassay.
SUGGESTED READING:
1. Daniel, Wayne W., Bio-statistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. John
Wiley (2005).
2. Goon, A.M., Gupta M.K. & Das Gupta, Fundamentals of statistics, Vol.-I & II(2005).
3. Dass, M. N. &Giri, N. C.: Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley.
4. Dunn, O.J Basic Statistics: A primer for the Biomedical Sciences .(1964, 1977) byJ ohn
Wiley.
5. Bancroft, Holdon Introduction to Bio-Statistics (1962) P.B. Hoebar New York.
6. Goldstein, A Biostatistics-An introductory text (1971). The Mac million New York.
Practical
List of Practical
1. Estimators of population mean.
2. Confidence interval for the parameters of a normal distribution (one sample and two
sample problems).
3. Tests of hypotheses for the parameters of a normal distribution (one sample and two
sample problems).
4. Chi-square test of proportions.
5. Chi-square tests of association.
6. Chi-square test of goodness-of-fit.
7. Test for correlation coefficient.
8. Sign test for median.
9. Sign test for symmetry.
10. Wilcoxon two-sample test.
11. Analysis of Variance of a one way classified data
12. Analysis of Variance of a two way classified data.
13. Analysis of a CRD.
14. Analysis of an RBD.
51
Index numbers are crucial in measuring changes in economic phenomena, like prices and quantities over time. They are constructed using various methods, such as Laspeyre’s, Paasche’s, Edgeworth-Marshall, and Fisher’s indices, each having specific challenges like base period selection and quantity weighting. Issues arise in maintaining consistency, dealing with changes in the basket of goods, and adjusting for quality differences over time .
Nominal scales classify data without any order (e.g., gender), while ordinal scales represent data with an inherent order but no fixed intervals (e.g., ranking). Interval scales have equal intervals but no true zero (e.g., temperature in Celsius), allowing for meaningful differences. Ratio scales have both equal intervals and an absolute zero (e.g., height), enabling computation of ratios. These different scales influence the choice of statistical analysis and measurement techniques .
The method of moments uses sample moments to estimate population parameters, equating them to theoretical moments. It is straightforward but may not yield efficient estimators compared to maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), which maximizes the probability of observed data given parameter estimates, often providing more precise estimates. MLE is generally preferred for its asymptotic properties, but the method of moments is useful when MLE is computationally complex or inapplicable .
The theory of sampling distributions underlies hypothesis testing by providing the distribution of sample statistics under the null hypothesis. This enables statisticians to determine the probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the observed statistic. These probabilities, often represented as p-values, inform decisions on whether to reject the null hypothesis .
Control charts are statistical tools used in manufacturing to monitor process stability and variability over time. They help identify deviations due to assignable causes as opposed to natural variability. Control charts like X-bar, R, p, and c charts enable proactive quality management by signaling when processes may need correction. However, their limitations include assumptions of normality and independence, potential misinterpretation, and the need for substantial historical data for accurate control limit establishment .
Analyzing bivariate data involves methods like correlation, which measures the strength and direction of association between two variables, and regression, which models the relationship and predicts one variable based on another. Interpretation differs as correlation does not imply causation and is symmetric, whereas regression implies a directional predictive model. Other methods like partial correlation adjust for third variables, offering refined insights into data relationships .
Vector spaces are fundamental in linear algebra as they provide a framework for defining and analyzing linear transformations and systems of linear equations. They include sets of vectors where vector addition and scalar multiplication are defined. Concepts like linear independence, basis, and dimension arise from vector spaces, which are crucial for understanding the structure of solutions to linear equations and the properties of matrices .
Applying Bayes' theorem in real-world problems often faces challenges such as the need for prior distributions, which might be subjective, and computational complexity in continuous distribution scenarios. These challenges are addressed by using empirical data to estimate prior distributions (empirical Bayes methods) and employing numerical techniques like Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for computation .
The Cramer-Rao inequality provides a lower bound on the variance of unbiased estimators. It is applied in statistical inference to evaluate the efficiency of an estimator by comparing its variance to this lower bound. If the variance of an estimator equals the Cramer-Rao bound, the estimator is said to be efficient. This is crucial for determining the optimality of estimators in practice .
The Gauss-Markov theorem states that in a linear regression model, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimators are the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE) when certain assumptions, such as linearity, independence, homoscedasticity, and no collinearity, are met. This implies that OLS provides an efficient and unbiased estimate of the coefficients, making it a preferred method in practice for parameter estimation in linear models .