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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chapter 3 discusses chemical bonding, including ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonds, along with Lewis structures and VSEPR theory for molecular shapes. It covers hybridization, bond parameters, and molecular orbital theory, highlighting important cases like the paramagnetism of O₂ and the stability of N₂. Chapter 2 focuses on the periodic table, detailing modern periodic law, classification of elements, periodic trends, and notable exceptions.

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Gautam Bargav
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8 views3 pages

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Chapter 3 discusses chemical bonding, including ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonds, along with Lewis structures and VSEPR theory for molecular shapes. It covers hybridization, bond parameters, and molecular orbital theory, highlighting important cases like the paramagnetism of O₂ and the stability of N₂. Chapter 2 focuses on the periodic table, detailing modern periodic law, classification of elements, periodic trends, and notable exceptions.

Uploaded by

Gautam Bargav
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© All Rights Reserved
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🌡️Chapter 3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

📌 Types of Bonds:

 Ionic Bond: Electron transfer → metal + non-metal (e.g. NaCl).


 Covalent Bond: Electron sharing → non-metals (e.g. H₂O).
 Coordinate Bond: One atom donates lone pair (e.g. NH₄⁺).

📌 Lewis Structures:

 Count valence electrons.


 Octet rule (exceptions: H, B, expanded octet in 3rd period+).

📌 VSEPR Theory:

 Electron pairs (bonding + lone) repel → shape:


o 2 pairs: Linear (BeCl₂)
o 3: Trigonal planar (BF₃)
o 4: Tetrahedral (CH₄)
o 5: Trigonal bipyramidal (PCl₅)
o 6: Octahedral (SF₆)
 Lone pairs distort bond angles (e.g. H₂O < 109.5°)

📌 Hybridization:

Hybridization Geometry Example


sp Linear BeCl₂
sp² Trigonal planar BF₃
sp³ Tetrahedral CH₄
sp³d Trigonal bipyramidal PCl₅
sp³d² Octahedral SF₆

📌 Bond Parameters:

 Bond length ∝ size, ∝ 1/order


 Bond angle → decreases with lone pairs
 Bond enthalpy ↑ with bond order

📌 Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT):


 Atomic orbitals combine → bonding/antibonding MOs
 Order for O₂ and above:
σ(1s) < σ*(1s) < σ(2s) < σ*(2s) < σ(2p_z) < π(2p_x) = π(2p_y) < π*(2p_x/y) <
σ*(2p_z)
 Bond order = ½ (no. of bonding e⁻ − antibonding e⁻)

📌 Important Cases:

 O₂ is paramagnetic due to unpaired electrons in π*.


 N₂ has bond order 3 → very stable.

⚛️Chapter 2: Periodic Table and Periodicity


📌 Modern Periodic Law:

 Properties are periodic functions of atomic number.

📌 Classification:

 Groups: Vertical → similar valence shell.


 Periods: Horizontal → same principal quantum number.

📌 Periodic Trends:

 Atomic Radius: ↓ group ↑, → period ↓.


 Ionization Energy: ↓ group ↓, → period ↑.
 Electron Affinity: → period ↑.
 Electronegativity: Pauling scale, F = most EN.

📌 Important Exceptions:

 IE₂ of Be < IE₂ of B.


 Electron affinity of noble gases ≈ 0.

📌 Diagonal Relationships:

 Li-Mg, Be-Al → due to similar charge/radius ratio.

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