Target 2014 Current General Studies-13

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Contents
Chapter 1. Ecology and Ecosystem Concepts .......................................................................................... 2
Chapter 2. Framework around Biodiversity Conservation ..........................................................................6
Chapter 3. Important Fauna of India ....................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 4. Wetlands of India ................................................................................................................. 35
Chapter 5. Concepts Related to Land and Soil....................................................................................... 42
Chapter 6. Concepts related to Air Pollution and Air Quality Control .....................................................47
Chapter 7. Concepts related to Water Resources & Water Pollution .................................................... 54
Chapter 8. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) ...................................................................................59
Chapter 9. Marine Pollution, Oil Spills, Marine Protected Areas............................................................. 61
Chapter 10. Select Climate Related Concepts ......................................................................................... 64
Chapter 11. Various Policy Instruments related to Environment .............................................................. 69
Chapter 12. Concepts Related to El-Nino and La Nina ........................................................................... 80
Chapter 13. Miscellaneous Concepts.........................................................................................................85
Chapter 14. Environment Current Updates 2014..................................................................................... 91
Chapter 15. Compendium of Facts & Observations ..................................................................................95
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

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Chapter 1. Ecology and Ecosystem Concepts

Basics

Biosphere




Ecosystem

Community


o
o

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

o C
o

o Decomposers
o

“rec
Population

Niche, Food Chains and Foodweb
—

pro
 They

 ers.

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Food Chain

Grass Grasshopper Mouse Snake Hawk

Food Web

Apex Predator

they -
status.
Biomass Productivity

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Producer
Swamps and Marshes 2,500
Coral reefs 2,000
Algal beds 2,000
River estuaries 1,800
Temperate forests 1,250
Cultivated lands 650
Tundras 140
Open ocean 125
Ecological Pyramids
Biomass and Productivity Pyramid

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Pyramid of Energy

upri

Pyramid of Numbers

Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration & Biomagnification

Bio-accumulation


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Biomagnification

nism Biomagnification

picture:
Ecosystem Services
s e e

 f-


--←_
D -



Eutrophication

-__- -_
 -

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 -

Some Observations



o
-

a- -

o
Eutrophication

t f

responsibl - -
o - -

 - -

E-

 2

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 0 __

- -

- -

É--
Control of Eutrophication



-

-
- -

③
 0
¥-
a - -

÷ 
-
-

€0
ooper-

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Chapter 2. Framework around Biodiversity Conservation

Key Concepts
Use and Non-Use value of Biodiversity
fibers

f-
- -

-
Key Functions of Biodiversity

÷






Key Causes of biodiversity loss

→

Hostsecondeyerlinetion
 I Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 Over-
 Pollution
Invasive Species
—-
—

ecosystem

Distribution of terrestrial biodiversity

(LDG)
②
[Link]#geadi@deieeea@neeases@ first
A -

then
Distribution of Marine Biodiversity

¥0 mid-
Holocene Extinction
-

f-

e-

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Bioprospecting

Bioprospecting Biopiracy

Biopiracy

-
successfully
(

Corporation
long-

-
-

Ex situ / In Situ Conservation

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link]

[Link]
International Instruments to protect biodiversity


o

→
-
-



 Conv

Convention on Biological Diversity

•
☒ •

•
CBD reaffirms:
1 Intrinsic value of biodiversity
2 Biodiversity conservation as common concern of humankind
 Conservati
3 -
o
Sovereign rights of States over their biological resources
4 Responsibility of States to conserve and sustainable use their biodiversity

5
-2T€
Precautionary approach towards biodiversity conservation

 6 Vital role of local communities and women

7
_
for developing _--
countries to address biodiversity loss.
0
Need for provision of new and additional financial resources and access to technologies

resources

__ ⑥--o⑥ e- &

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 Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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-co-
Importance of CBD
a -
in






 - ②
benefit-s
-


-

Two Protocols to CBD

genes
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link]
Cartagena Protocol to Biosafety
[Link]

Nagoya Protocol

- ② ----
-

CBD and India’s Biodiversity Act

- - → - →

@d---#
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
 LMO versus
• A LMO is a GMO that is living. A dead

¥_
GMO is not LMO. Thus, all LMOs are
GMO
 GMOs but not all GMOs are LMOs.


-- export
i.e.
_- --

III

House.
--←

 0 -ET-- .

 f-

•
 elements labeled


© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 8
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 I A- ②

→€③

Nagoya Protocol

 -
-

o
o
o
o


 certainty
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

¥-0
 Knowledge

og


 I -

_ f- f-

Other observations on Nagoya Protocol:


 -0--50-0 -
- - -
-

G- For


•


Aichi Target
not
→ -0 •

e- ②
-building.
1.
2.

3.
4. Spe

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 9
 µÑap µ%÷gaÑÑÉg
%B÷¥→→%*
( 168C India t)
countries
SAT

of countries

genetic
ones

/ •cada-gu-
(
A④+Biosafety
protocol 20000
measures
)
Biosafety clearing
%gga÷-YII¥¥Ia
#d-
+
from B
those Biodiversity +
;
tgp

Ai
¢tEI¥Fy§
c h i t a e g e tq qmoe e - p
Appendices
a n l s - t h .
Animals

E-
a m
Banned

II. control
= regulated
strictly
→ en¥÷di nosily
¥¥I Convention

sbgdlybindiyÉ
 [Link]?YFt0 legally binding
[Link]
→••④a part of
when wetland is

Ramsasmiñ-__-dgadiy-
Keeladee
I
eeohegicaldange
Ñakake
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
For Civil Services Prelims & Mains 2014 by [Link] Key Concepts, Observations and Updates on Environment & Climate Change

5.

e-
Key Issues with Nagoya Protocol

•

 -2--0--0
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
 -
8- -

-←


 -


o Appendix-1: threatened

o
②
Appendix-2: threatened
-

o Appendix- Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan _

species
Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link] -

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)

→-_→ Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

-
←


Ramsar Sites in Figures:

•Around 2100 sites around the world

→→
#
 •Maximum number of Ramsar sites UK.
•Largest area covered by the Ramsar sites Canada.
•The Ramsar Secretariat is hosted by IUCN–The World
Conservation Union in Gland, Switzerland.

o
o

 ☒→ •

How does it work?


←

-←←

o

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 10
 COP 15 :-

tanadasnmniit .

I f

←• -

=
-

-
-
o

Main
points
:

land
& aeailalfmanne
①
[Link] Protecting
:

Areas

By
203-0

② Kinane :
$roobiltimpuyae

[Link]#im-/$3oBiHion/payearbywso
wealthier countries

③
Bigcompam•eseep→_
impacts Biodiversity on .

③
tlawfulsu_bd__
⑤ P@led_____É Reduce .
the use
of pesticides upto
43⑨ pledging to
them to
or

[Link] from
⑥
prevent failure Aichi
[Link]-TProg-ess : to like
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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¥0
o -

I
- f

%
o I
-

o
---•

←-


-0 -8 #
Biodiversity Hotspots
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 Endemism: What Biodiversity Hotspots don't do?

-
1 Do not represent all species of an area
perce
2 Don't make allowances for changing land use patterns.

of
3 Do not protect ecosystem services

4 Do not consider phylogenetic diversity.
- -

hotspots O

=

 Indo-Burma

=
-

=
fundin
Indo-
Indo-
-
Thai

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Eastern Himalaya
 e -
-
-

E-
-
 -

-
 e
)



F- - =
 (

f- - -


-

Western Ghats

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]


Provisions of Biodiversity Act 2002

Objectives
 associa
 De

 Nation
National Biodiversity Authority

Structure
 - -

 -of








© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 12
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 - -

2-
Powers and Functions of NBA

←_=
#
State Biodiversity Board
government
N

II.
o commercial -


National Biodiversity Fund
- -

- _ t e -

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Socio-
e - ---_

State Biodiversity Fund



 -_ c

F
onservati -
Biodiversity heritage sites
 consultation
a- ②

 consultation

Biodiversity Management Committee

÷EzEÉ¥E



a
jurisdiction

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Other observations in Biodiversity Act

 - - -

F- IF

 Vio penalties

Protected Areas in India

Protected areas as per provisions of Wildlife Protection Act 1972
About the Act

•

 -


1.

E.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Contains Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

o schedules, h - - -

÷←
o
o
-

¥EEEE





Wild Life Sanctuary

¥-0
o

o 0
o
o
National Park
o 00
o -0 -
ion
o

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¥
o
Similarities / Difference between a National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary

€0
o commercial

f-
o .

o ②
---
Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves
o
a -
I

Tiger Reserves
o

-0--0--2 -

o
o
•


-7
Biosphere Reserves
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

÷-i-=

biodiversity.



-

 o Transition
Area

Buffer
Area

biosphere reserves.

Core Area
___ -

②
g-
-

countries.
 zonation
o conservation

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o
Biosphere Reserves and States of their location
Great Rann of Kutch
o ea: o 1

2
. Gu o
Gulf of Mannar
a a
3 Sundarbans
Selection Criteria of Biosphere Reserves
4 Cold Desert
5 Nanda Devi National Park & Biosphere Reserve

'←
Primary Criteria: 6 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and Karnataka
7 Dihang-Dibang

-0-0
 8 Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
 9 Seshachalam Hills
10 Simlipal
⑨
I 11 Achanakamar -Amarkantak

--•¥
12 Manas
-

. 13 Khangchendzonga

 14 Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve Tamil Nadu

15 Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve

16 Nokrek

③&z-_-I←_-→→
17 Dibru-Saikhowa
Secondary Criteria
 18 Panna

 -
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]


environment.
Number of Biosphere Reserves in India
 Nine
Achanakmar-

 L
Importance of Biosphere Reserves
 stre - - - -

"

F-

F-
species



Critical Wildlife Habitats

(R

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 16
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su

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

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Chapter 3. Important Fauna of India

Tiger
Numbers
 f-


@ - - ②
o ¥[Link]
Shivalik-
o
A-

o
-

o a-

North-
o-
off

o-

 [Link]#-nalJPae-k.-I-
National Tiger Conservation
→
② &
Authority
-

#focsts
e -

Central Government causes the annual report of the

 f-
National Tiger Conservation Authority to be laid before each
House of Parliament.

_→sati_€É€②
Structure of NTCA

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

__
f-


 - __ - ②
-
Functions

_€-E-


authority

-0


 I-II




Parts of a Tiger Reserve

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 Demos
Cor --

 D- co-
existence betw _←-T•←
←--
Alternation of Boundaries of Tiger Reserves

f - I -I-__I
Can a state government denotify a tiger Reserve?
-notify
I t

____ __

Special Tiger Protection Force (STPF) sector

_-__
 _②
 ← -
India’s Tiger Reserves
a- -

About the Animal


flagships Snow Leopard
[Link]¥-
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 apex predator


- I f
- -


-
jFnab__→BBÉ* _ -

Project Snow Leopard

_ - _

-
-
→
Save Our Snow Leopards (SOS)
f f

→
Cheetah

plains


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
Indian Lion (Panthera leo persica)
[Link]

-
south-western


erparts.

:


young.


Clouded Leopard
 f-
( ) f


 -

swamps
 e -
I f

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

- -

About the Animal:

Indian Elephant→
Endangered
o f f
Elephas
- ②

___

8--35
 maxicus
 sumatranus
-

Difference African elephant (Loxodonta africana) Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

Weight 4000 - 7000 kg (Heavier) 3000 - 6000 kg

Shoulder height 3 - 4 Meter (Taller) 2 - 3.5 Meter
Skin More wrinkled (Wrinkled) Smoother
Number of ribs Up to 21 pairs Up to 20 pairs
Highest point On the shoulder On the back
Size of the ears Bigger, Smaller,
reach up over the neck do not reach over the neck
Shape of the back Concave Convex or straight
Shape of the belly Diagonally downward in the direction of the Either almost straight or sagging in the middle
hind legs
Shape of the head Not crumpled from the front to the back, no Crumpled from the front to the back, with humped
humped structures, no dent structures on the top of the head, forehead dented

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Teeth Lamella profile of the molars diamond- Lamella profile of the molars strongly compressed

-
shaped

÷
Tusks Existing with both sexes. Bigger with the Males in many cases having tusks. Females having only
males rudimentary or no tusks
Lower lip short and round long and taper
Food Mainly leaves Mainly grass
Trunk With more rings, less hard With less rings, harder
Trunk end With two fingers With one finger

Toenails Foreleg 4 or rarely 5 Foreleg 5

Hind leg 3 or rarely 4 Hind leg 4 or rarely 5
Conservation of Elephants in India – Project Elephant
 -

- Key Functions under Project Elephant

1 Ecological restoration of natural habitats and migratory routes of elephants
-5
-

2 Scientific and planned management for conservation of elephant habitats

1991- 3 Mitigation of man-elephant conflict in crucial habitats
4 .
Protection of wild elephants from poachers and unnatural causes of death
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
5 Research on Project Elephant management related issues
o
6 Public education and awareness programmes
7 Eco-development
o -
8 Veterinary care

o
 Elephant Reserves in India
Andhra Pradesh (1) : Rayala
Elephant Reserves Arunachal Pradesh (2) : Kameng, South Arunachal

Assam (5) : Sonitpur , Dihing-Patkai, Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong, Dhansiri-Lungding ,

² Chirang-Ripu

- Chhattishgarh (2) : Lemru , Badalkhol - Tamorpingla

km² Jharkhand (1) : Singhbhum,
Kerala (4) : Wayanad, Nilambur , Anamudi, Piyar
Karnataka (1) : Mysore
Meghalaya (2) : Garo Hills , Khasi Hills
Nagaland (1) : Intanki
Orissa (5) : Mayurbhanj , Mahanadi , Sambalpur , Baitami , South Orissa
Tamil Nadu (4) : Nilgiri , Coimbatore , Anamalai , Srivilliputhur

Elephant Corridors U P (1) : Uttar Pradesh ER

Uttarakhand (1) : Shivalik
West Bengal (2) : Mayurjharna , Eastern Doors

 Meghalaya

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 -
 Bangladesh.
Elephant as National Heritage Animal of India

onservation.
Hangul

Similarities & Differences between Deer and Antelopes
Similarity

- -

 -


destruction, over-grazing
Difference
and poaching.


orned.
BlackMember
Buck Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

- W

Odisha

Pradesh Nadu).


-

Thamin / Sangai
 -

o -
Manipuri.
o -

o - -China.
 T -

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Chinkara or Indian Gazelle


 for

Chiru


 –


-
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Barasingha
 The barasingha ( deer species
-western
in Pakistan and Bangladesh.


Tibetan Gazelle / Goa



limbs.


-
i


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Ant Eaters (Pangolins)

Indian Pangolin

insectivore
- Pangolins are a highly endangered species and
they are hunted for their scales. Though, the use its
scales for medical or other purposes is banned
 internationally, yet they are used illegally to treat
arthritis and stomach ailments in countries like
China and Thailand.

-
 -

Chinese Pangolin


 I Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Other Mammals
Desert Lynx / Caracal
 wild cat widely Africa, C
Asia into India.
 —


Sea Cow / Dugong
 sea-
extinction





-
.

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Ganges River Dolphin


gange

-Brahmaputra- -

There is another variety of River dolphins found in South Asia

called Indus River Dolphin (Platanista minor minor). It is found in
Indus river in Pakistan and its Beas and Sutlej tributaries. Both
Ganges River Dolphin and Indus river Dolphin are now
taxonomically considered one species since 1998


-

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
 The

Giant squirrel



irs.
Himalayan Ibex


 -





-
Himalayan Tahr



ow-covered.

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Kiang / Tibetan Wild Ass



India.

 mals.


decades.
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
Indian Wild Ass

Pakistan, -eastern Iran.



 ia

crop, Prosopis pods


desert re-establishing
by reintroduction
Red Panda
 (Ailuru )

 family.

-
 -

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


Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus)


 -

 -


 Lion-

development.
Loris (Loris tardigradus)


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]



night.



 -
Malabar Civet (Viverra megaspila)

 -

 -

 -

Salim Ali's fruit bat (Latidens salimalii)



genus -
 It

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Markhor (Capra falconeri)


meadows.


Mouse Deer (Tragulus meminna)

 - -




Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus)

 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 -

 Th -




Nilgiri Langur



 -evergreen
–


Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)



o
ibex'.


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
÷
found
Pygmy Hog




others.


Rusty spotted Cat (Felis rubiginosa)

 -
 usty-

activeness.


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]




ns.
Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus)





Greater Slow Loris (Nycticebus couceang)


 nocturnal ictly

branches.


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abundant.


Small Travencore Flying Squirrel (Petinomys fuscocapillus)




Wild Yak



Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Tibetan Wolf
 The
to Asia from Turk Tibet to China
Ladakh chánkú or shanko.



fra
Gee's Golden Langur

Assam, India of Bhutan.


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Four-horned antelope

 -

 -
-
-
Lynx (Felix lynx isabellinus)

 -

 -
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
Hoolock Gibbon

 The primate

 -



Reptiles
Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)
 vahana
 -
 -


 -

popu

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 31
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
-

 -
- nephro

Turtles


( Eretmoc

Olive Ridley Turtles




Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Kachuga dhonkoga
-





Birds

•|odl¥g
Vulture

- White- f-

- -
--_@-
__ -

Vulture)(

Vulture Safe Zones

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 32
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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 f- t f

- -

__.

---_
- I
-
 e - -
- -

Vulture breeding facilities

→


 l).

-
ased.
Vulture Restaurants


←-__
-

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Great Indian Bustard

-
gras
Key reasons for the decrease in count of the Great Indian Bustard:-
-
=
Poaching.

Hunting

-a-

= -

Current Status
• e-
—

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•
-0
•
•


Jerdon’s Courser
criticallyendangered
__E→



Maharashtra.


Forest Owlet Endangered
a - -

 -
-

 ← →
-
White-bellied Heron
critically endangered
-

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

f-
e- e -


Himalayan Quail
aiticallyendaged
 f-

 off Sociable Lapwing

- __


E- dangered.

north-

 a -
Spoon Billed Sandpiper
Ciilicallyeadangeed
 o_O -

 ___
Siberian Crane
Giticallyeudangeredg
•
 -

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 34
?⃝
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
For Civil Services Prelims & Mains 2014 by [Link] Key Concepts, Observations and Updates on Environment & Climate Change

Chapter 4. Wetlands of India

Definition of wetlands

É__←0→__


."
- -
-
Paludology -
-
-

Functions of Wetlands
Th


- _☒-←__
 A 2 - - 2 E -


.

Distribution of Wetlands of India


comparison wetlands

É--- E-
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 .
k___Bk ___
②
- o
 -

f____


Types of Indian Wetlands

 - -

E.
 •
-

- ☒☒- ①
 ②②

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 35
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② - I -



Pradesh
 -

E-
 Reser -
 Mangroves
-

 .

(NWCMP).
National Wetlands Conservation Programme
 - -

biodiversity.
Trivia about major Ramsar Sites in India
I f
Ashtamudi Wetland, Kerala
 - - - -


 g -

 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Odisha

• _

 -

ff

 I
Gahir f

 -

 e-

#

-
f-

Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradesh

I f
 - -

Chandertal Wetland, Himachal Pradesh

F__ TI E



- •

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Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
For Civil Services Prelims & Mains 2014 by [Link] Key Concepts, Observations and Updates on Environment & Climate Change

Deepor Beel, Assam



East Calcutta Wetlands, West Bengal

 -

 -

Harike Lake, Punjab

 -ke-

headw



Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Hokera Wetland, Jammu & Kashmir

 -
 ← - -

-30 
Kanjli wetland, Punjab



Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan



© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 37
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
For Civil Services Prelims & Mains 2014 by [Link] Key Concepts, Observations and Updates on Environment & Climate Change

-
Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh



Loktak Lake, Manipur






Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat


24/09/12.
 It

 -lying

Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu


- -

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Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
For Civil Services Prelims & Mains 2014 by [Link] Key Concepts, Observations and Updates on Environment & Climate Change


prawn

Pong Dam Lake, Himachal Pradesh


-

-
 -


Renuka Wetland, Himachal Pradesh


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 -

Ropar Lake, Punjab






Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura



 -
 -

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 39
 Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan







IF
Sasthamkotta Lake, Kerala
 -


 -

- -
-


Surinsar-Mansar Lakes, J & K

 -

 - -
partia

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]


_m-
Tsomoriri, J & K
 -




¥0
- -


I f - -

 Ancient
 -year-

 .
-

Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch), Uttar Pradesh

 ep-

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Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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=
Vembanad-Kol Wetland, Kerala



 -

Wular Lake, J & K


-



 .

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 41
 listofwetlaeds
① Ikeeatal
:

Fhtamudeands -

estuary Kuala
Saslhamkiellalake -

feeswatee largest in

water
[Link]
ecosystem
② [Link]
I -
& Kashmir water
Were :
freshwater
largest altitude
lake in India
, chestnut
⑤
TsomÑ- :
highBtacknededceane bae headed

geese
,

HE
sheep-RAsskos.
cultivationco/@ .

②
susinsaghgsas_
⑧ HokeeaWdland_- Kashmir
,
Pispaujal
waterfowl
68
species of from_taia
-

migratory ,

Northey
Catalana China
, ,
?⃝
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
For Civil Services Prelims & Mains 2014 by [Link] Key Concepts, Observations and Updates on Environment & Climate Change

Chapter 5. Concepts Related to Land and Soil

Land Degradation
 Any
 C

Main Causes of Land Degradation




 I


Major outcomes of land degradation


 versity



 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]





Land rehabilitation
 P

Various Government Programmes focussing Land Rehabilitation:

 1 Desert Development Programme
2 Integrated Wasteland Development
3 National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas
4 Soil Conservation in the Catchment of River Valley Projects
5 National Afforestation Programme
6 Arid Zone Research
Fallow Land
7 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

8 National Rural Drinking Water Programme etc.

The extent of net sown area, forest cover and fallow land in India


© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 42
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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
Chief Drivers of Land Degradation in India and their impacts:
Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers

Enhanced intensive and extensive farming

Eutrophication

Shifting Cultivation
 S -

-
–
-

Biased use of Urea Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 B

applic
Burning of Straw

fertility

Mining
 -
-

-
Floods

o

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Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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o Deforestation
o Dest
o land-use
o I
o O
Aridity & Desertification
Extent of Problem





Soil Pollution
Definition
 Build-
-
Agents of Soil Pollution

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
 Mining





 Bu
 underground

Soil sediments


Indiscriminate use of fertilizers


manufact

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 44
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
For Civil Services Prelims & Mains 2014 by [Link] Key Concepts, Observations and Updates on Environment & Climate Change




Indiscriminate use of pesticides


The First Insecticides and Biomagnification
The first widespread insecticide use began at the end of World
War II and included DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and
gammaxene. Insects soon became resistant to DDT and as the
chemical did not decompose readily, it persisted in the
environment. Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, it
biomagnified up the food chain and disrupted calcium
metabolism in birds, causing eggshells to be thin and fragile. As a

result, large birds of prey such as the brown pelican, ospreys,
falcons and eagles became endangered. DDT has been now been
banned in most western countries. Ironically many of them
. including USA, still produce DDT for export to other developing
nations whose needs outweigh the problems caused by it.

-

Effect of Soil Pollution

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]




 Co




Vermicompost

Benefits for Soil

 e -
 Improves
 e -

-

Benefits for Plant growth

 E
 E -

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 45
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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Economic Benefits


-
 -
-
Environmental Benefits
 H -
Disadvantages / Issues

old environment


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

cwuEdÉAmouitoEing_Sa :|
.SN#EART----iosd---fI-@:
⑦ clean
hazy
→ : air

e-
④ →

Ky_Ñshu_mat on NASA satellite to monitor

•

moderate
Rendition
Earth
Talnnoopheee

InaFYFpeboudiomI
© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 46
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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Chapter 6. Concepts related to Air Pollution and Air Quality Control

Reasons of Air Pollution
 E



Primary & Secondary level Air pollutants
 Pri
are

 S

→
-

Primary Air Pollutants

Sulphur Oxides

IF sa€
 G

_I


Nitrogen Oxides Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 P -E- - -


Carbon Monoxide
E-
 C e-

 -
I
Carbon Dioxide
 The
anisms.
VOCs
 non-
o -

o -

Particulate Matters
-
o -
- →
__Bo7_#É¥d-aupadid
 F


[Link]
Toxic Metals
②
 T
- - __ I

© 2014 Suresh Soni IAS Academy | All Rights Reserved | E-Mail: [Link]@[Link] | Website: [Link] || || 47
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
For Civil Services Prelims & Mains 2014 by [Link] Key Concepts, Observations and Updates on Environment & Climate Change

CFCs

HCF①
G e t

Ammonia

-0 →
Secondary Air Pollutants
Ground Level Ozone

 F



.
Smog 1m¥
 M

I
-

 Now-a- e -
②

_¥d Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Definition
 N - 0
- @ __
②
---
.
-
-

Major Green House Gases

 vapor (H2
o CO2

Ego
o N2O
o CH4,
o
o Hydroflu
o
GHG Impact of Water Vapour

¥-


GHG Emission by sectors

 Ma - 0
Process of Green House Effect

m

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 –

Anti-greenhouse effect

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Green House Effect in solar system bodies

•Mars and Venus show Green House Effect

•Titan and Pluto show Anti-Greenhouse Effect

 - ②

ohh
e -

• •

-
e -

② 2 -

Indoor Air Pollution



 H


Ozone Depletion
Features of Ozone


 p

 Ozon
-

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Ozone Hole depletion




January


How it is formed?


 -

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 - 3

 Chlorofluorocarbon-

 -
Cl+O3 2

3+O 2



 chlorin

Antarctic Ozone hole Versus Arctic Ozone Hole


o

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Dobson units
 O

Ozone Depleting Substances


-
Vienna Convention & Montreal Protocol
 F

 Montre -
o
o
o
 hlorofluorocarb

o
o
o Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
-

Radiative
 Al
o

Acid Rain
Definition

Creation

 Nitrogen

Impacts of Acid Rain

 soil
o E
o K
o
o

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Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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CaCO3 2SO4 2
Control of Acid Rain:
 X 2

 SO2
2 x

-
o 2

ns.
o 2

o
o -

energ -
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)


o
o .
Sulphur Emissions Reduction Protocol


Gothenburg protocol
 -

o -
o
o

-
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Parliament

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nation-

Air pollution control areas



o N

National Air Quality Monitoring Programme

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link]
[Link]


o D
o Asc
o A
o C
indus
o Obt
measures
o U

 - x x

cations.

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Chapter 7. Concepts related to Water Resources & Water Pollution

Availability of water


o Ganga-Brahmaputra-

 -


3

Demand of Water


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]



 India
- -
-
Water Pollution


be

 -
-

Impacts of Water Pollution



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Driver of water pollution

Fertilizers
 -

 bio-accumulate

 eutrophication

Industrial Sector


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Domestic Sector

National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP)
 establish
monitoring
 - -
o
o )
o
National Water Policy 2012


Salient Features of the Policy:



 F -
 A

 A
 A
 A

 A

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 A
families
 A
Reasons of highly skewed water demand in favour of agriculture

towards
agricul



Legal Framework around water and inter-state river disputes

Why there is not a national water framework law?

-
-

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

River Boards Act
 -


Constitutional Provisions Regarding water and Inter-state water disputes


o -

o
- I.
-

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
Water in Schedules of Constitutions
Kindly note that apart from the 7th schedule, water is also
discussed in 8th Schedule and 12th Schedule of the constitution of
India. The 1992 amendments to the Constitution regarding
Panchayats and Municipalities introduced the following entries in
r- the schedules listing the subject-areas in which the State
 Governments and legislatures may devolve functions to such
bodies, so as to make them evolve as local self-governing
institutions:
In the Eighth Schedule (Part IX) dealing with Panchayats,
the subjects, ''Minor irrigation, Water management and
- Watershed development", "drinking water" and
"maintenance of community assets" are listed.
In the Twelfth Schedule (Part IX A) dealing with
municipalities, the subjects "water supply of domestic,
inter- industrial and commercial purposes" is listed. Functional
responsibilities are, thus, visualised for local Governments
in respect of several aspects of water use.

Sup - But
Articles
inter-

-
Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Applicability of the Act

 -

o
o
o


Creation of the Tribunal

 Wh


verdict

Amendment of the act in 2002

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 -1
 Godavari
 Narmada


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

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Chapter 8. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)




o Long-

Eee o
o
Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
 O
o Persistent
o
 e- f- - -

 ② ② -0
-p-
 persistent
o
Be
o -0
o -

 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 Ifh
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
 -


o
o
o Curtail
•¥ud _te→q
T


-8
o -

o -

o -p- -

-0%-0-0

 .
Endosulphan
-

f e e

I f

- -

•
f-

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?⃝
Target 2014 Current General Studies-13
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Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

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Chapter 9. Marine Pollution, Oil Spills, Marine Protected Areas

bioaccumulate

Sources of Marine Pollution





London Convention on Marine Pollution
 -


-

Mercury Poisoning in Fishes

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Minimata Disease

petrochemical

Impact of Oil Spills on marine life



 Ingestion



.
Bioremediation of Oil Spills
-

 Sulfate-
 Acid-


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 - -

Oil Zapper
-

Marine Protected Area







Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

-


Wadden Sea Agreement



biodiversity.


o Schleswig-
o
o


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ACCOBAMS





MARPOL 73/78




Sewage,
 on

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

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Chapter 10. Select Climate Related Concepts

Climate Forcing



human-
Radiation Balance of Earth

Rb -R-AE

shortwave,

–


Factors influencing the radiation balance
 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]


o


o
o

Implications of Radiation Balance

Climate Feedback mechanisms



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Ice-albedo feedback
 -

unraveling
Climate can be predicted but Weather can not






long-

What is Polar amplification?


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]




-
Carbon Cycle and Global Carbon Budget
2

 Atmosphere


carbon.


non-

fuels.

Global Carbon Budget



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
Ocean Acidification
 R 2
+
3

 -


3

 hypercapnia Hyperc CO

Carbon Footprint

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
es
o 2)

(CH4) 2O)

6).

o equivalents (tCO2e).

The activities that reduce our carbon footprint
1 Replacing a regular light bulb with a compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)
o 2 Walk instead of using bikes, Use Bicycles, carpool, or mass transit
3 Use of recycled products
4 Using properly inflated tires (for better mileage)
5 Using cold water instead of hotwater (save energy bills)
6 Avoiding the products with lots of packaging
o P
7 Planting trees

Carbon Offsetting
 developme

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Carbon sequestration
 R ”.


2 2


o I

o CO2

o
th


fertilization.
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
 CO2 into
Soil Carbon and Carbon sequestration?


 reference
restored.
Can Organic Farming help in Carbon Sequestration?
 Orga
Farming Practices that help in Carbon sequestration:
1 Mulching

basically 2
Zero Tillage
release of soil Carbon

Crop Rotation
3
sequestration

Strip Cropping and Contour Bunding

4
sequestration
5 Switching from Field to Tree crops
6 Rotational Grazing and Pasture Management
7 Intercropping

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Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ)




deoxygenation.
Dead Zones


Global dimming



Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

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Chapter 11. Various Policy Instruments related to Environment

National Action Plan on Climate Change

National Solar Mission

 -
 -

 -
National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency



-
National Mission on Sustainable Habitats



Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
initiatives.
National Water Mission

resources.

National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

resources.

National Mission for a Green India


National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture



m
National Mission on Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change



adaptation.

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National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)

T

event

NICRA
 I R)

Scope of NICRA:


empowe
o
o
o
o Livestock.


ambit.
National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]


drought.

Himala

National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture

Importance of Farming in Climate Mitigation Strategy


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Focus Areas of NMSA

Dryland Agriculture

 -


far -

stresses.
Risk Management:




 -
 -

 -
 -
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Access to Information



Use of Bio- technology

 - -

toleran


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National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)




 -

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)



 T

Functions and Powers

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
-poi

Yamuna Action Plan (YAP)



National Project on Aquifer Management

What is an aquifer?
-
Aquifer are rocks that hold
and transmit groundwater.

Why Aquifer Mapping is important?

 i






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Has Aquifer Mapping been used in India ever?



How aquifers are mapped?

Observation of wells


—
—

-
”
Other activities

 Ev

National Project on Aquifer Management
 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

 T
-

Pilot Study of Aquifer Mapping






 Co
Policy towards Biofuels

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Bioalcohols





Ethanol v/s Gasoline



 -

Ethanol blending Programme

 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]


- -

Biodiesel
 - - -
B100
B20. B5.


Jatropha Plant
 B
 -
 Ratanjot

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 -
-
-

National Policy on Biofuels


Salient Features
 Bio- -
 - - -
 -
 - -

- -


Policy towards Green GDP Numbers in Budget

-

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] Green GDP Means
[Link]

1 monetization of the loss of biodiversity

2 accounting for costs caused by climate change

substracting resource depletion, environmental degradation from

3
traditional GDP figures

4 helping to manage both economies as well as resources

Green GDP Does not mean
1 Monetary value of the Forests etc.
2 Growth of Green Investments.

ction.




In

National Green Tribunal



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o

o

o
o
Chairperson and Members of NGT



Qualification for Chairperson

Qualification for Judicial member

Qualification for Expert members



Post retirement jobs

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Other Notes







Jurisdiction
cases




 1981;



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Coastal Regulation Zone Noitification




Objectives



Limit of the CRZ Area


Does the above area impose any restriction on Fishing activities?


What is CZMP?

What is the definition of the No development Zone?

-

communities.
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Importance of CRZ Notification



What is allowed and what is not allowed in Coastal Zones?



Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011




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Salient features


Eco-sensitive Zones
-



Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Policy towards Forests Rights in India

Conflict over Forest Rights and tribal revolts

The permanence settlement of 1757, the forest act of
1865 and 1878 and the forest policy of 1894 were one of
the root causes of rebellions and revolts of the
indigenous communities in India. These revolts began
from 1794 and continued till 1920s. The target of these
rebellions was the new land and forest policies which
-a- left them devoid of their traditional rights over forests.
But the rebellions were crushed ruthlessly and British
kept brining fresh areas under state control,
formulating new laws for legitimizing the property
rights transferred from communities to state.

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Forest Rights Act 2006

Right
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

ecosystem

ies.

R .

Forest Village

Revenue Village
A Revenue Village versus a Hamlet
Normally in India, the ‘village’ is taken to mean the revenue
village administrative unit. However due to immense variation in
the sizes of revenue villages in different states, larger revenue
villages can contain several hamlets spread over a large area.

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habitations.

Impact on Lives of Forest Dwellers living in Forest Villages

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

Conclusive Note
Tharu

Chapter 12. Concepts Related to El-Nino and La Nina

(This chapter has been repeated from CGS-6 with some additional updates)

oscillation

El Niño
Peru

Guano
.

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Hispanophone

 O

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]












La Niña
-

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




ENSO
–

1/2

Nin


 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

India’

level.
Indian Ocean Dipole
-
.
Positive IOD (Indian Ocean Diapole IOD):
Indonesia

beneficial
Role of EQUINOO (Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation):

suppre
Negative IOD (Indian Ocean Diapole IOD):

Negative EQUINOO (Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation):

positive.

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Interplay between IOD and El Nino:

Walker circulation

Impact on India Monsoon

Madden-Julian Oscillation
Madden- -
40-

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

mid- -

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

- ño-

20-

-
productivity.
Reasons:

Influences:

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chilly.

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

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Chapter 13. Miscellaneous Concepts

Ecological debt


Carrying Capacity


Ecological Foot print

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]




Water Footprint
 T oduce

 evaporated

 evaporated
wa

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Ecological Deficit
 -
world-

Paddy Fields & Global Warming

Paddy Crop in India



Role of Paddy Crop in Global Warning

 Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]


in

Dongria Kondh tribe and Vedanta



mining


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Fluoride water and Tridax procumbens

Ghamra

Envi


Some more notes:



Biodigester Technology & Bio-toilet

Bio- -M
- -

kno -LOO”.
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]
Features of Biotoilet
 Bio-

o -

o
o -
o -
–
o -
pathogens.
o

o
o
o -toilet.
o
o -
Antarctic Treaty System

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 –

purpose;
 –
 –

 –

 –
 –
degr
 – Treaty-
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

n;
 –
 –
 –
treaty;
 –

 – nations.
Environment Impact Assessment Procedure in India

-
Is EIA statutory backed?

What are the stages of EIA Process in India?
1. Screening:

o
o




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2. Scoping:

3.
a. -
-

4.
5. Appraisal
6.
Benefits of the EIA Process
 -





What projects are exempted from public hearing during EIA?

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

o
o

National Mission on Seabuckthorn

-
Pradesh.
Mangalajodi wetlands
-

Neelakurinji

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The coastlines of Sargasso Sea

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

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Chapter 14. Environment Current Updates 2014

Environment related measures in Glasgow 2014




 -




Dictionary of Chimpanzee sign language Developed





Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

-
Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2)
-

2014 update on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™

lemurs

Three- – –

Brazilian three-banded Armadillo

 three- Tolypeu

 I tatu-

Lemurs


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 Madagascar


 nerable


Japanese Eel




 Pollution


Japanese Whaling Issue


tradition harpooned

 then, their
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

-

-


W

“lethal research".
Environment Clearance to INS Kadamba / Project Seabird Phase-II

- Seabird

(wiki)

-
- -

Background
The Mumbai Indo-Pakistan
to congestion

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Karnataka state.
Strategic Advantages of Karwar (Karnataka) as Naval Base:

East
neighbouring countries.
 -
carriers.

delayed. - Defence


Netherlands Australia

blasted.


Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

RhoDIS (Rhino DNA Indexing System),

Assam -

legal
-
Africa

fast-

Potential of cassava as Biofuels crop

edible starchy,
of third-

drought-tolera
soils. Nigeria
How “Cassava” can be used as a bio-fuel?

-
India
- -

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of Maharashtra, -

Greenhouse Gas Reporting (GHG) Program

(CII).

Program Partners
–
–
–
Founding Members for India Greenhouse Gas Program (India GHG Program)
  Akzo Nobel 
  
 
  Ta 
   Bangalore International
India)
  Infosys Technologies 
  (GAIL)
 
 – India 
Key Objectives Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]


credibly.
 business.

-

Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol)


profita


 –
Stand –

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Who Uses The GHG Protocol?

Chapter 15. Compendium of Facts & Observations

-
-
a.
Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

irii.
— —
(TOI)

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( Magazine)

Member Name: Sanjeev Trehan Member's Email address: [Link]@[Link] [Link]

-the-
injections

sym

o
o In
o
o S
o Pathogen
o C
o L
o

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