Oral Mediation

"Studying abroad is a choice you’ll always be grateful for."

Taking a gap year abroad to learn a new language is a fantastic idea with numerous benefits that could
greatly enrich your life. Here’s why it’s worth considering:

1. Full Language Immersion: Being surrounded by a language all day helps you learn it faster than
studying it at home. Daily interactions with locals enhance your vocabulary and understanding
naturally. improve your fluency naturally.

2. Life Skills and Independence: Spending a year abroad is an unforgettable experience that not
only lets you live with friends but also develops valuable life and language skills. Your parents
will appreciate the maturity and adaptability you gain.

3. Expand Your Social Circle: You’ll meet classmates from around the globe, forming bonds with
people from diverse backgrounds. Engaging with locals in their native tongue will also sharpen
your skills and provide authentic cultural experiences.
4. Enhanced Your Resume: Learning a new language abroad impresses employers and college
admissions boards. It shows your dedication and ability to adapt and learn a foreign language.

5. Discover New Hobbies: Depending on where you go, you’ll have the chance to explore new
environments. If you’ve ever dreamed of learning to surf, for instance, choosing a coastal
destination like California could combine language learning with pursuing a fun, lifelong hobby.

This adventure could be both enjoyable and invaluable for your future—so why not give it a shot?

Free time and leisure (p. 4)

When I Was a Child

When I was a child, I used to spend my free time playing outdoors with friends. We’d ride bikes, play
hide-and-seek, or invent our own games in the park. I also enjoyed reading storybooks and drawing at
home. It was a mix of physical activity and creative fun.

How I Spend My Free Time Now

Nowadays, I usually spend my free time doing activities that are more relaxing or focused on personal
growth. This includes reading, working out, or watching movies and shows. I also enjoy exploring
hobbies like cooking or learning something new online.

Have the Ways Children Spend Free Time Changed?

Yes, I think children’s free time has changed a lot over the years. Technology plays a much bigger role
now. Many kids spend more time indoors using devices, playing video games, or browsing the internet.
While some still enjoy outdoor play, the balance has shifted significantly towards screen-based activities
compared to when I was younger.

Nowadays, children still enjoy some of these traditional activities, but there has been a significant shift
towards digital and screen-based entertainment. Many children spend their free time playing video games,
watching TV shows or YouTube videos, and using social media. Online learning and interactive
educational apps have also become a part of their routine.

The ways in which children spend their free time have indeed changed due to advancements in
technology and changes in societal norms. While outdoor play and physical activities remain important,
the digital world has introduced new forms of entertainment and learning opportunities that have
significantly impacted how children use their leisure time.

WRITING TASK

Subject: Reference for Luna Martin - Volunteering Position

Dear [Organisation's Name or "To Whom It May Concern"],

I am writing to strongly recommend Luna Martin for the volunteering position at your organization. As
Luna’s professor at [University Name], I have had the pleasure of observing her exceptional dedication,
empathy, and strong sense of responsibility. Luna has consistently demonstrated outstanding academic
performance and is highly regarded by her peers for her compassionate nature and excellent teamwork
skills.

Her ability to connect with people and excellent communication skills make her an ideal candidate for
this role. I am confident that Luna will make a positive impact on your team and the individuals she
supports.

Best regards,
[Your Full Name] Professor, [University Name] [Your Email Address]

GRAMMAR PILL - PRESENT AND PAST TENSES: REVISION

 Present Simple and Continuous:

"She usually reads in the evenings, but tonight she is watching a movie." I usually walk to work, but today I am
taking the bus because it’s raining.

 Present Perfect and Past Simple:

"I have finished my homework, and then I went to the park yesterday." I have visited Paris twice, but the first
time I went was five years ago.

 Past Simple and Past Continuous:

"While I was walking to the store, I saw an old friend from high school." I was reading a book when the phone
rang.
 Monologue: technology and social interaction
The influence of new technologies on social relationships nowadays

To approach this monologue: I’ll focus on how technologies have affected the latter
both positively and negatively

It is clear that new technologies such as the internet, smartphones and social media
have drastically changed how we socialize with each other.

Firstly, no one can deny that one of the main ways new technologies have affected
social interaction positively is connectivity. I can say without hesitation that
smartphones coupled with the internet means that we are more connected than
ever before. Not only can we talk with anyone, at any time, but also in a variety of
different ways; with apps such as facetime and skype making it possible to connect
instantly with friends and family anywhere in the world.

Secondly, we are no longer limited by the amount of people we can reach.

Technology that was once considered cutting edge can be utilized by both young
and old to reach not just individuals but also whole communities, or even countries,
at the click of a button. Take, for example, organizing holiday with friends. Keeping
in contact, booking flights, organizing accommodation is now as easy as pie. on a
larger scale. new technologies can be used to reach and influence larger audiences,
organizing large-scale demonstrations and even in some cases revolutions, such as
the Egyptian revolution.

although there are some positives, I firmly believe that new technology has had a
negative impact on our social relationships, take social media, for example. it's well
documented that these platforms are addictive and promote behaviour that I would
consider dangerous. in addition, people aren't having meaningful conversations
anymore, they're rather focused on their devices, obsessed with their online
popularity, which only serves to promote use of these platforms further. it really is a
vicious circle.

another negative aspect is bullying, specifically cyberbullying. the internet allows

users to interact with each other, with very little consequence when it comes to
promoting hate or leaving nasty comments on an Instagram post for example.
what's more, new technology provides a level of anonymity whereby people can
hide behind their keyboards and post content that they wouldn't have dreamt of
saying to someone's face.

cyberbullying is only the tip of the iceberg with studies showing that suicide rates
have increased dramatically in the younger generation. from my perspective, i
believe that it is increased pressure from these applications that is creating a
generation who are unhappy, depressed and filled with unrealistic levels of
perfection.

in conclusion I feel that advances in technology mean that we are more connected
than our ancestors could have ever dreamed of being able to instantly connect with
anyone, from anywhere in the world. in my opinion however, it is not all sunshine
and rainbows as technology brings with it new pressures which can actually have
the opposite effect, destroying social interactions and even causing some people to
end their lives. I hope that the future sees greater improvements in technologies
aimed at increasing meaningful social interactions, but also, i strongly feel that
people need to understand the risks of such technology and the potentially harmful
consequences.

COMPACT SPACES - DOES THE SIZE MATTER? One of the predictions for the future about housing
is that we will be living in more compact spaces. Can you think of the advantages of living in a small
place?

Living in a compact space offers several advantages, especially in an era where urbanization and
sustainability are key concerns. Here are some benefits:

1. Affordability: Smaller spaces are generally more affordable to rent, buy, and maintain.

 Lower utility bills since less energy is required for heating, cooling, and lighting.

2. Easier Maintenance: Cleaning and organizing a smaller home is faster and less overwhelming.

 Repairs and renovations are usually less expensive.

3. Sustainability: A smaller home reduces the carbon footprint by consuming fewer resources.

 It encourages a minimalist lifestyle, reducing waste and overconsumption.

4. Efficient Use of Space: Compact living promotes creative and multifunctional design solutions,
like foldable furniture and smart storage.

 Every square meter is utilized effectively, making the space feel functional and cozy.

5. Location Benefits: Compact spaces are often found in central urban areas, allowing access to work,
amenities, and entertainment without a long commute.

6. Sense of Intimacy: A smaller home can feel cozier and more connected, ideal for fostering
relationships with family or roommates.

While size matters to some extent, thoughtful design and organization can make a compact space just as
enjoyable as a larger one! Would you consider living in a small home? Why or why not? 😊

Disadvantages of Living in a Small House

While compact living has its perks, there are some challenges to consider:

o Limited Storage Space: Smaller homes often lack storage for items like seasonal clothes, sports
equipment, or sentimental belongings.
o Crowded Feeling: It can feel cramped, especially for larger families or those who enjoy hosting
guests.
o Less Privacy: With fewer rooms, it's harder to find a quiet, private space to work or relax.
o Challenges with Growth: A growing family or new hobbies may require more room, leading to
eventual space constraints.
o Compromised Functionality: Not all compact spaces can accommodate separate areas for work, play,
and relaxation, making multitasking difficult.
My Preference: Small or Big House? If I could choose, I’d prefer a small house but with
thoughtful, multifunctional design. I value a cozy atmosphere, and compact spaces encourage me to live
minimally and avoid clutter. However, I'd ensure it has smart solutions for storage and a bit of outdoor
space for balance.

That said, if I had a large family or hobbies requiring space, I’d lean toward a big house for practicality.
The key is finding the right fit for your lifestyle!

Answering the Questions p.3 C

a) Living in a big house often impresses others because it’s seen as a sign of success, wealth, and status.
Spacious homes with luxurious features can leave a lasting impression on guests.

b) A smaller house is easier to maintain because it requires less cleaning, fewer repairs, and lower utility
bills. It also simplifies organizing and reduces the stress of upkeep.

c) Yes, people often accumulate too much unnecessary stuff, especially when they have the space to store
it. Sales, trends, and emotional buying all contribute to this habit.

d) I’m most tempted to buy new things during sales, holidays, or when I feel like rewarding myself after a
tough day. Social media ads also play a big role in influencing my purchases!

What we watch
Choose a popular Spanish TV show and explain it to your British friend. You must
include at least 3 words previously seen.

popular Spanish TV show is El Ministerio del Tiempo (The Ministry of Time). It’s a unique sci-fi and
adventure series that follows a secret Spanish government agency responsible for protecting history. The
agency, known as El Ministerio del Tiempo, has access to special doors that allow them to travel to
different time periods. Their mission is to prevent anyone from changing historical events and altering the
course of history.

The show follows a team made up of characters from different eras: Julián, a modern-day paramedic;
Amelia, a brilliant woman from the 19th century; and Alonso, a 16th-century soldier. Together, they
travel through time, facing historical figures, conspiracies, and moral dilemmas.

One of the best things about El Ministerio del Tiempo is how it mixes history with action and humor. It’s
also educational, as it introduces viewers to important moments in Spanish history in an entertaining way.

Would you rather watch films or series? Why?

I’m really fond of watching series because they allow for deeper character development and more
complex storylines. I enjoy following the episodes throughout a season and seeing how the story unfolds.
However, if I don’t have much time, I prefer films because they tell a complete story in just a couple of
hours. It also depends on the cast—if I like the actors, I’m more likely to watch either a film or a series.

How often do you go to concerts or the theatre? Can you tell me about the last time you
went?
I don’t go to concerts or the theatre very often, but I try to book tickets for a concert or a play a few
times a year. The last time I went to the theatre was to see a musical, and the performance was
incredible! The acting and singing were so powerful that I was on the edge of my seat the whole time. It
was definitely worth watching.

When a book has been made into a movie, which do you prefer to do first, see the movie
or read the book? Why?

I prefer to read the book first because I’m fond of imagining the story in my own way before seeing
someone else’s interpretation. Films are great, but they often cut out important details from the books
they are based on. Also, when I read first, I feel more connected to the characters and their emotions.
However, if the movie looks really interesting, I sometimes watch it first and then read the book to get
more details.

NETFLIXING

1. How do you access the majority of the TV programmes and films that you watch?
Why do you choose this method?

I mainly use streaming platforms like Netflix, Disney+, and Amazon Prime to watch TV shows and films.
I prefer this method because it’s convenient—I can watch whenever I want without waiting for a
scheduled broadcast. Plus, there are no ads, and I have access to a huge variety of content, from classic
films to the latest series.

2. How has the way you watch television and films changed in the last ten to fifteen
years?

The biggest change is that I no longer rely on traditional TV channels. Years ago, I used to watch
programmes at specific times, but now I binge-watch entire seasons on streaming platforms. Another
change is that I can watch on different devices, like my phone or laptop, instead of just on a TV. Also,
with the rise of subtitles and dubbing, I can easily watch shows from different countries.

3. What are your favourite programmes to watch? Why?

I’m fond of mystery and sci-fi series because they keep me on the edge of my seat. I love shows that
have strong characters and unexpected plot twists, like Stranger Things and Sherlock. I also enjoy
historical dramas because they are both entertaining and educational.

4. How much time do you normally spend watching television programmes and films
each week? Why?

I usually spend around 7–10 hours a week watching TV series or films. If a new season of a show I love
comes out, I might watch even more! Watching TV is a great way to relax after a long day, and
sometimes, I watch films with friends or family as a social activity.

the correct matches:

1. subscribe (v) – (f) have access to media on the Internet by paying a regular fee – I decided to
subscribe to Netflix because they have a great selection of TV shows and films.
2. air (v) – (d) broadcast a television/radio programme or a film– The new season of my favorite
series will air next Friday on national television.
 3. binge-watching (n) – (h) the act of watching multiple episodes of a TV show in one sitting– Last
weekend, I started a new series and ended up binge-watching the entire season in one day.
4. tune in (phr. v) – (g) watch a particular TV programme– Don’t forget to tune in at 8 PM to
watch the season finale of the show!
5. flick through (phr. v) – (e) quickly look through TV programmes or films without watching a lot
of any particular one. I spent 10 minutes flicking through different movies, but I couldn’t decide
what to watch.
6. overwhelming (adj.) – (a) offering far more of something than you can deal with or process. The
amount of content available on streaming services can be overwhelming—I never know what to
choose!
7. thought-provoking (adj.) – (b) making you think deeply about a subject. That documentary was
really thought-provoking; it made me rethink my views on climate change.
8. representation (n) – (c) the act of showing a particular group of people and discussing issues
related to them– This new series has great representation of diverse cultures and backgrounds.

1. In your opinion, what are the negative and positive aspects of streaming platforms
such as Netflix?

A: That’s an interesting question! I think one of the biggest positives is convenience—you can watch
anything, anytime, without waiting for scheduled programmes. What do you think?

B: I totally agree! Plus, there’s so much variety, from films and documentaries to international series.
But on the downside, don’t you think having too much choice can be overwhelming?

A: Yes, exactly! Sometimes, I spend more time deciding what to watch than actually watching something!
Also, streaming services are getting more expensive, and they keep removing content. Do you think they
are still worth subscribing to?

B: That’s a good point! I guess it depends on how much you use them. I personally think they’re worth it,
but it would be nice if they stopped increasing the prices!

2. How do you think the way we watch television and films might develop and change in
the future?

A: Hmm, that’s a tough one! I think streaming will continue to grow, but maybe in a more interactive
way—kind of like what Netflix did with "Black Mirror: Bandersnatch." Have you heard of that?

B: Yes, I have! That was really cool, being able to choose what happens in the story. Do you think we’ll
see more of that in the future?

A: Possibly! I also think virtual reality (VR) could play a role. Imagine watching a film where you feel
like you're inside the scene!

B: That would be amazing! But do you think traditional cinema will disappear?

A: Not completely. Some people still love the cinema experience. Maybe cinemas will evolve to offer
more immersive experiences. What do you think?

B: I think so too. But whatever happens, one thing is certain—our way of watching films and series will
keep changing!
1. Where do you usually read or watch the news?

A: Personally, I get most of my news online, especially from news websites and social media. What about
you?
B: Same here! I rarely read physical newspapers anymore. I find social media really convenient, but
sometimes it’s hard to tell what’s reliable. Do you think social media is a good source for news?
A: That’s a good question! I think it depends on the source. Some pages share accurate news, but there’s
also a lot of misinformation. I always check if a story is covered by reputable news outlets before
believing it. Do you do the same?

2. How much time do you usually spend reading news articles and watching news videos
each week?

A: I try to stay updated, so I probably spend about 30 minutes a day reading news articles or watching
short videos. What about you?
B: That’s quite a lot! I don’t check the news every day, maybe a few times a week. I think it’s important
to stay informed, but sometimes the news can be really negative and overwhelming. Do you ever feel that
way?
A: Absolutely! Sometimes, I take breaks from reading the news because it can be too much. But at the
same time, I feel like I should stay informed. It’s a tough balance, don’t you think?

3. What are the main sources for news in your country?

A: In my country, the biggest news sources are BBC, CNN, and The Guardian. But a lot of people also
follow independent news websites and podcasts. What are the main sources in your country?
B: Well, we have a mix of traditional newspapers, TV channels, and online platforms. Some people prefer
official news channels, while others rely on alternative media. Do you think traditional media is still
relevant?
A: That’s an interesting point! I think traditional media is still important, but online platforms are
becoming more dominant because they are faster and more interactive. Would you agree?
B: Yes, definitely! But at the same time, traditional media is often more reliable than random online
sources.

4. How has the way in which we are informed changed throughout the years?

A: I think the biggest change is speed. News used to come through newspapers or TV at set times, but
now we get updates instantly through our phones. Would you say this is a positive change?
B: Mostly, yes! But I also think that because of this, there’s a lot more fake news circulating. Before,
journalists had more time to fact-check before publishing. Now, everyone is rushing to post first, and
accuracy sometimes suffers. Do you agree?
A: That’s a great point! The pressure to be first means mistakes happen more often. That’s why I think
critical thinking is more important than ever when consuming news.
5. How much do you trust your news sources? How do you know whether a source is
reliable or not?

A: Honestly, I don’t fully trust any single source. I always try to cross-check news stories with multiple
outlets. How about you?
B: I do the same! If I see a story that looks suspicious, I check if major news organizations are reporting
it too. I also avoid sources that seem biased or overly dramatic. Do you think media bias is a big
problem?
A: Yes, definitely! Many news outlets have political agendas, so it’s important to read from different
perspectives. Do you think people should be taught how to recognize fake news?
B: For sure! Media literacy should be part of education because misinformation spreads so quickly
nowadays.

the definitions for the bolded words:

1. Unaccountable – Not held responsible or answerable for one’s actions or decisions.

Example: Many people are unaccountable for their actions when they should take responsibility
instead.
2. Refute – To prove something to be false or incorrect, usually with evidence or argument.
Example: It’s important to refute fake news with solid evidence.
3. Limitless – Having no limit or boundary; infinite.
Example: The shopping options we have nowadays are limitless.
4. Reliable – Dependable or trustworthy, often in the context of providing consistent and truthful
information.
Example: Experienced newscasters like Matías Prats are reliable.
5. Censored – To officially remove or suppress certain content, often for political, moral, or legal
reasons.
Example: In the past, many books were censored and could not be published.
6. Misleading – Giving the wrong idea or impression, often intentionally or through lack of clarity.
Example: Sometimes it is difficult to understand the news because they are misleading.
7. Update – To bring something up to date by making changes or improvements.
Example: My computer needs a software update because it doesn’t work very well.
8. Coverage – The act of reporting on or providing information about an event or situation, often
used in media contexts.
Example: It’s important to give continuous coverage to international conflicts.

"used to," "be used to," and "get used to":

1. You have just retired:

I used to work as a teacher for over 30 years, and I loved my job. But now that I’ve retired, I don’t have
to go to school every day. I’m used to a busy routine, so adjusting to having more free time is taking a bit
of time. However, I’m starting to get used to the slower pace and enjoying some relaxation.

2. You have won the lottery:

I used to live paycheck to paycheck, but now that I’ve won the lottery, everything has changed. I’m still
getting used to the idea of being financially free. I’m used to budgeting and worrying about money, so
it's a strange feeling to not have to stress about finances anymore.
3. You have moved from a big city to a small village:
I used to live in a big city with lots of noise and people. Now, I live in a small village, and it’s much
quieter here. At first, I wasn’t used to the calm and slow pace of life, but I’m beginning to get used to it.
I’ve even started enjoying the peaceful surroundings.

4. You have moved to Australia:

I used to live in a cold country, so the warm weather in Australia is a big change. I’m still getting used to
the hot climate and the long summers. I’m not used to the time difference either, but I’m adjusting little
by little.

5. You have just had a baby:

I used to have a lot of free time to myself, but now that I’ve had a baby, things are different. I’m used to
the sleepless nights and constant care my baby needs. It’s tough, but I’m starting to get used to the new
responsibilities and routines that come with being a parent.

6. You have just started your first job:

I used to be a student, so I didn’t have to work full-time. Now that I’ve started my first job, it’s a big
adjustment. I’m still getting used to the 9-to-5 schedule and the new responsibilities. I’m not yet used to
having so many tasks to manage, but I’m learning every day.

These examples use "used to" for past habits, "be used to" for things you're already familiar with, and "get
used to" for things you're in the process of adjusting to.

Medical minute
1. Do you think current lifestyles are healthier than 100 years ago?

In many ways, modern lifestyles are healthier than they were a century ago. Advances in medicine,
hygiene, and nutrition have significantly increased life expectancy. Diseases that were once fatal, such as
smallpox and polio, have been eradicated or controlled through vaccines. However, modern life also
comes with new health challenges. Sedentary lifestyles, processed foods, and high levels of stress
contribute to conditions like obesity, diabetes, and mental health disorders. So while we have access to
better healthcare and information, lifestyle choices sometimes work against overall health.

2. How easy is it to have a healthy lifestyle nowadays?

It depends on various factors, such as location, income, and education. On one hand, people today have
access to an abundance of healthy food options, fitness facilities, and medical resources. There is more
awareness about nutrition, exercise, and mental well-being. On the other hand, unhealthy food is often
cheaper and more convenient, work and lifestyle demands can make it difficult to stay active, and mental
health struggles are sometimes overlooked. While a healthy lifestyle is possible, it requires effort and
conscious decision-making.

3. Should you always see a doctor when you come down with something?

Not necessarily. For minor illnesses like a common cold or mild flu, rest, hydration, and over-the-counter
medicine are usually enough. However, if symptoms persist, worsen, or seem unusual, seeing a doctor is
important. Preventive healthcare is also crucial—regular check-ups can catch potential health issues early.
Self-diagnosing or ignoring symptoms for too long can be risky, so it’s about finding a balance between
self-care and seeking professional advice when needed.

4. “The mind and the body are not separable. What affects one, affects the other.”

This statement is very true. Physical health impacts mental well-being, and vice versa. For example,
chronic stress can lead to physical issues like high blood pressure or digestive problems, while physical
illnesses can cause depression or anxiety. Regular exercise, good nutrition, and sleep improve both
physical and mental health. Likewise, mental practices like mindfulness and therapy can positively impact
physical conditions. A holistic approach to health considers both aspects equally important.

 Broth – A liquid in which meat, fish, or vegetables have been simmered, often used as a base for
soups or sauces.
 Horseradish – A pungent root vegetable used as a condiment, often grated and mixed with vinegar or
cream to add spice to dishes.
 In the cold spell – A period of unusually cold weather.
 Dim light – Light that is not bright or strong, usually creating a soft or shadowy effect.
 Blockage – An obstruction that prevents movement or flow, such as in a pipe, artery, or passage.
 Knuckles – The joints in the fingers where the bones meet, especially where they bend.
 To debunk (something) – To expose or prove that a belief, idea, or myth is false or exaggerated.

You: Hey, I need to talk to you about something. I really want to stop biting my nails, but I just don’t
know how to do it.

Friend: Oh yeah, I’ve noticed you do that a lot. When did it start?

You: I think it started when I was a kid. I used to get really nervous before tests, and somehow, I got into
the habit of biting my nails. Now, I do it without even realizing it!

Friend: Yeah, that makes sense. So, how do you feel about it?

You: Honestly, I hate it. It makes my nails look awful, and sometimes they even hurt. But I just can’t
seem to stop myself from doing it, especially when I’m stressed or bored. Old habits die hard, you know?

Friend: I get it. Have you tried anything to stop?

You: A few times, but I always fall back into it after a few days. I just can’t help biting them when I’m
not paying attention. Do you have any tips to help me kick the habit for good?

Friend: Well, maybe you could try keeping your hands busy—like using a stress ball or fidgeting with
something. Or you could put something on your nails that tastes bad to help you stay away from them.
You: That’s a good idea! I should also get into the habit of keeping my nails trimmed so there’s nothing
to bite.

Friend: Exactly! And if you ever feel like you’re about to bite them, just remind yourself why you want
to stop. I’ll help keep an eye on you too!

You: Thanks! Hopefully, this time, I can finally kick the habit.

Friend: Hey, I need to talk to you about something. I really want to stop eating so much junk food, but I
don’t know how to do it.

You: Oh, I see. Well, first of all, don’t stress too much about it. You’ll be fine! But tell me, when did this
habit start?

Friend: I guess it started when I got really busy with school and work. I just grab whatever is quick and
easy, and most of the time, that means fast food or snacks.

You: Yeah, I get that. But honestly, it’s probably not as bad as you think. You just need to make a few
small changes. How do you feel about it?

Friend: I feel guilty, to be honest. I know it’s unhealthy, and I’ve gained some weight because of it. But I
just can’t seem to stop myself.

You: I understand, but there’s no need to worry too much. I’d recommend planning your meals in
advance so you always have something healthy and quick to eat.

Friend: That sounds like a good idea, but I don’t have much time to cook.

You: Then I’d suggest looking for easy, healthy options—like fruit, nuts, or yogurt instead of chips or
chocolate. And whatever you do, don’t skip meals, because that just makes you crave junk food even
more!

Friend: That makes sense. Maybe I can also try cutting down little by little instead of stopping all at
once.

You: Exactly! The sooner you start making small changes, the better you’ll feel. And if you ever need
motivation, I’m here to help!

Friend: Thanks, I really appreciate it. I’m going to give it a try!

Stress: a double-edged sword. PAGE 4

1. Do you consider stress as positive or negative?

Stress can be both positive and negative, depending on the situation. Positive stress, or eustress, can help
motivate people, improve focus, and enhance performance, like when preparing for an important exam or
meeting a deadline. However, chronic or excessive stress can be harmful, leading to anxiety, burnout, and
health issues. So, while a little stress can be beneficial, too much of it can have negative effects.

2. What situations cause you stress?

Stressful situations vary from person to person, but common stress triggers include:
  Work or school pressure – Deadlines, exams, and heavy workloads can feel overwhelming.
 Uncertainty about the future – Not knowing what’s going to happen can make people anxious.
 Personal relationships – Conflicts with family, friends, or partners can cause emotional stress.
 Health concerns – Worrying about personal or loved ones’ health can be stressful.
 Financial problems – Money-related stress is common, especially when expenses pile up.

3. What advice would you give to someone who easily gets stressed or anxious?

 Practice relaxation techniques – Breathing exercises, meditation, or yoga can help calm the
mind.
 Stay organized – Planning ahead and breaking tasks into smaller steps can make things feel more
manageable.
 Exercise regularly – Physical activity helps reduce stress and boost mood.
 Talk to someone – Sharing feelings with a friend, family member, or therapist can provide
support and perspective.
 Take breaks – Stepping away from work or stressful situations can prevent burnout.
 Focus on what can be controlled – Worrying about things beyond one’s control only adds
unnecessary stress.

4. “No work is stressful. It’s our inability to manage our emotions that makes it
stressful.”

This statement has some truth to it. Stress often comes from how we perceive and react to situations
rather than the situations themselves. If we learn to manage emotions better, we can handle work and
challenges more effectively. However, some jobs are inherently stressful due to high demands, tight
deadlines, or difficult environments. While emotional control is important, external factors also play a
role in stress levels.

 To relieve stress – After a long day at work, I go for a walk to relieve stress and clear my mind.
 To cuddle – She loves to cuddle with her CAT while watching movies on the couch.
 Inattentive – The teacher noticed that Jake was inattentive during the lesson and kept staring out the
window.
 To ruminate on a thought – He spent hours ruminating on the thought of whether he had made the
right decision.
 Baby steps – Learning a new language takes time, but if you take baby steps every day, you’ll
improve.
 Deprivation – Sleep deprivation can lead to difficulty concentrating and mood swings.

What is their life like? How have they got there?

Looking at the image, it seems like the parents are exhausted while their
children are full of energy, jumping and playing on the couch. They have likely
built a life focused on their family, prioritizing their children’s happiness and
well-being. Their days are probably filled with work, household chores, and
taking care of the kids, leaving them with little time to relax. They wish they
had a peaceful or a quiet weekend to rest and recharge. They wish their kids
were a bit more independent so they can have more personal time.

What do they regret? They wish they had not taken more time for themselves or not set stricter rules
for their children’s playtime. If only they had been aware on how exhausting parenting could be. They
might have preferred to establish better sleeping routines to avoid sleep deprivation. If only the children
would not make constant noise while they are trying to relax, they would feel a moment of peace.

What is his life like? the man appears deep in thought, gazing out of a window
on a rainy day. His posture and facial expression suggest that he is feeling sad,
reflective, or perhaps regretful.

His life seems to be filled with loneliness or contemplation. He might be going

through a difficult period, such as dealing with personal loss, a breakup, or
disappointment in his career. He could also be feeling stuck or uncertain about his future.

How has he got there? He may have experienced a major setback in his personal or professional life.
He could have made choices that led to unexpected consequences, leaving him feeling lost or regretful.
Perhaps he has been struggling with emotions he hasn’t addressed, leading to this moment of deep
reflection.

What does he regret? He might regret a decision he made in the past—maybe something he said or
did that hurt someone. He could regret not taking an opportunity when he had the chance. He may feel
remorse for neglecting important relationships or focusing too much on work rather than personal
happiness.

VERB PATTERNS: Quick Comparison

Object + To-
Verb Gerund (-ing) That + Subject + Base Form
Infinitive
Suggest ✅ "She suggested going." ✅ "She suggested that we go." ❌ Incorrect
Recommend ✅ "He recommended trying it." ✅ "He recommended that I try it." ❌ Incorrect
Advise ❌ Incorrect??????????????? ✅ "I advise that you rest." ✅ "I advised him to

Verbs that take gerund or infinitive with a CHANGE OF MEANING

Forget to do something: to fail to do sth.

 I think I forgot to lock the door when we left. I forgot to tell him where the key was.

Forget doing something: to do sth. and not recall it. used in negative sentences. to talk
about memories.

 I’ll never forget walking on that amazing beach for the first time. I forgot telling
him where the key was but perhaps I did.

Need to do something: It’s necessary to do something. I need to cut the grass.

I need to see you immediately.

Something needs doing: It has a passive meaning. It means that something needs to be
done.

 Your car needs cleaning. (=Your car needs to be cleaned.) The grass needs
cutting.

Regret to be sorry to (sth. unpleasant). I regretted to tell you he had lied you.

Regret talking about a mistake in the past. I regretted telling you that it was your fault.
Sorry.
Remember to do something: not to forget to do sth.

 He didn’t remember to turn off the heating after class.

 Will you please remember to close the windows if you leave? He remembered to
buy the cake. Here you are.

Remember doing something: to recall a memory. We remember things from the past.

 I remember eating on this same chair the day I graduated.

 I remember mentioning the issue to Elisabeth last week. He remembered having
the ticket in his pocket but now he can’t find it.

Try to do something: make an effort to achieve something that maybe we will or will not
accomplish.

 Could you please try to be a bit less rude?

 I’ll try to convince him, but I’m not sure that’s going to change anything. I tried to
finish the book but I fell asleep.

Try doing something: experiment with doing sth. to see if it helps us achieve what we
want.

 A: “I need to sleep, but I can’t.” B: “Why don’t you try drinking a glass of hot milk?”
 I tried learning to cook but I’m not good at it

Stop to do something: interrupt an action to do another different one.

 We had been driving for hours, so we had to stop to eat something and go to the
toilet. She stopped to have lunch to open the door.

Stop doing something: no to do sth. any more.

 Could you stop biting your nails? She stopped travelling when her baby was born.
 I need to stop smoking once and for all.

..
Put the verbs in the correct form Choose the best option to complete
to complete the dialogues. the sentence.
1) “Have you ever heard Madonna live 1) My brother Robert doesn’t want to get
in concert?” “Yes, I remember fat so he stopped to eat / eating
__hearing__ (hear) her in London. She chocolate during work.
was amazing!”
2) Patricia was happy because her
2) “Oh no, I haven’t bought any boyfriend remembered to buy / buying
bread.” “Why didn’t you remember her a birthday present.
__to buy__ (buy) any?” 3) We had a wonderful trip to Italy, and
3) “This violin doesn’t sound very I’ll never forget to visit / visiting Rome.
good.” “Do you think it needs 4) My parents usually try to avoid /
___repairing___ (repair)?” avoiding our unpleasant neighbours.
4) “Is your sister studying at the 5) I regret not to study / studying more
conservatory?” “No, she isn’t. She last year
tried ____to get_____ (get) in, but she
6) Why’s the door open? I can distinctly
didn’t do well enough in the entrance remember to close / closing it.
exam.”
7) I forgot to post / posting the letter
5) “Do you remember The Windows’
I wish I did
We can use wish + subject + past simple to talk about things that we
would like to be different in the present or future (but that are very unlikely
or impossible).

 I wish things were different, but this is the way they are.
 We wish we had enough money to help you.
 I wish I could be there for you tomorrow.

I wish I had done

We can use wish + subject + past perfect to talk about things that
happened in the past and that we regret (we would have wanted them to be
different).

 I wish I hadn’t quit my job two years ago.

 I wish we hadn’t wasted all that money.

I wish you would do

We can use wish + person/thing + would + infinitive when we talk about
situations that annoy us and would like them to change or to stop.

 I wish you would stop biting your nails. I hate it when you do it.
 I wish it would stop raining. It’s been three days!

We can NOT use this structure to wish about ourselves:

 I wish I would…

If only
We can use if only instead of I wish with a very similar meaning. The only
difference is that if only is more emphatic.

 If only I was/were a bit taller!*

 If only you had followed my advice.
 If only you would make a bit of an effort. You are wasting your life!


Note that we can use were instead of was with I/he/she after I wish/if
only.
Phrasal verbs
Speaking vocabulary: Health I don’t feel well, I think am COMING DOWN
 Health (n.) Healthy (adj.) Healthily (adv.) with a cold.
 How’s your health?
Come down with an illness = to begin to have it
I am in good health I’m alive and kicking I have had this cough for 5 days now, I just can’t
I’m as fit as a fiddle I’m perfectly healthy SHAKE / FIGHT it OFF.
She’s enjoying good health. He is in poor Shake off an illness = to get rid of it
health. Take this medicine, it should help FIGHT /
He looks like death warmed up = looks very sick SHAKE OFF your cold.

I am fighting fit I’m in top form Fight off an illness = to (try to) get rid of it
I am in great shape I’ve never felt better I am feeling much better now, I think I have GOT
/ GOTTEN OVER my sickness.
Common Collocations with Health Get over an illness = to recover from it
 We need to look after our mental health
 We need to maintain our physical health IELTS Speaking idioms about
 Lead a healthy lifestyle health
 Eat a healthy diet
 She is fit and healthy The following mean to feel unwell
How do you stay fit and healthy? I feel as sick as a dog =very sick
 I stay in shape by working out I am feeling under the weather today
 I maintain my health by eating a healthy diet I feel a bit out of sorts today, but I am not sure
 I keep healthy by taking medicine and taking why = a little sick
supplements The following mean to feel well (after a
 By eating a vegetarian diet – a plant-based diet sickness)
– a vegan diet 1. To feel as right as rain
 I make a point of doing yoga or doing I was sick last night, but now I feel as right as
meditation rain
 Mostly by just keeping active
 I do my morning walks daily 2. To be back on my feet
 I make it a point (=to make sure) to hit the gym I was off work last week with a cold but now I
on a daily basis am back on my feet
Idioms
To fall on deaf ears: When something you say is ignored or not acknowledged.
Sarah asked her kids to stop playing and focus on their homework. However, her request
seemed to fall on deaf ears as they kept playing on their phones.

To twist your arm . To persuade someone to do something they’re hesitant about.

I wasn’t keen on attending the party, but John twisted my arm and I agreed to go.

To put your cards on the table . To be transparent about your feelings or intentions.
During the meeting, the manager encouraged everyone to put their cards on the
table and share their genuine opinions about the project.
To be part and parcel. Something essential or integral to another thing.
Studying is part and parcel of being a student. You can’t escape it if you aim for high
grades.

To be on the same page. Meaning: To agree or think similarly about something.

Before initiating the project, the team met to ensure everyone was on the same
page regarding the objectives.
“it’s not my cup of tea” means you don’t like something
Like two peas in a pod = to be very similar
It’s a piece of cake = to be easy
To wolf something down = to eat something quickly. In the morning, I am often in a rush, so
I wolf down my breakfast and then head off for work.
 From Burnout to balance

What does your dream job look like?

My dream job would be one where I can combine my passions and skills, while also feeling
challenged and valued. I imagine it would involve creative work, such as writing or content creation,
where I could constantly learn new things. It would offer a good balance between collaboration and
autonomy, allowing me to work both independently and with a team. Additionally, I’d love a job that
supports work-life balance, with flexible hours or even remote work opportunities, so I can have time
for personal interests and family. Finally, a positive and inclusive workplace culture is key for me,
where everyone feels respected and encouraged to share ideas.

What aspects do you take into consideration before accepting a job offer? Before accepting
a job offer, there are a few important aspects I would consider. First, the company culture—I want
to make sure it’s a place where I feel like I belong and can grow. Salary and benefits are obviously
important as well, but I also want to make sure the compensation aligns with my needs and the level
of responsibility. The work-life balance is another factor, especially regarding flexibility and the
potential for remote work. I’d also consider the job growth opportunities—whether the company
offers room for advancement or personal development. Lastly, I’d want to know about the work
environment, such as how supportive the team is and whether the role aligns with my long-term
goals.
High job satisfaction is crucial for retaining talented employees and fostering a positive work
environment.
Many employees value flexibility in their roles, allowing them to balance work and personal
commitments effectively.
Teleworking has become increasingly popular, as it allows employees to work from home and
reduce commuting time.
Business trips can be exciting, offering opportunities to meet clients and explore new places, but
they can also be tiring.
Job Stability is often a top priority for employees, as it provides a sense of security and confidence
in their future.
While Salary is an important factor, employees often consider other benefits, such as work-life
balance, when evaluating job offers.
A company that offers clear Opportunities to promote to promote can inspire employees to
perform at their best and stay motivated.
Personal satisfaction at work comes from achieving meaningful goals and feeling valued by the
team.
A flexible Work schedule allows employees to adjust their hours to accommodate personal needs
without sacrificing productivity.

1. Many people take on Temporary jobs to gain experience or earn extra income before
committing to a permanent role.
2. Working for a Prestigious company can open doors to new opportunities and build a strong
professional reputation.
3. A Permanent position often comes with more benefits and job security than a temporary or
contract role.
4. Some entry-level jobs can be Badly-paid but they offer valuable experience for career
advancement.
5. A Creative role allows individuals to think outside the box and develop innovative solutions
to problems.
6. Working in healthcare can be Demanding, requiring long hours and constant attention to
detail.
7. A Well-paid job often comes with high expectations and responsibilities, but it can offer
financial stability.
8. Many employees seek out Challenging roles that push them to grow and develop their skills.
9. A Secure job provides peace of mind, knowing that your position is stable and your future is
relatively certain.
 10. Doing the same tasks every day can feel Monotonous, making it harder to stay motivated
over time.
11. A Repetitive job might involve doing the same task over and over, which can lead to burnout
if not managed properly.
12. High-pressure environments, such as working in emergency services, can be Stressful but
also highly rewarding.
13. Some people find that working in a negative or toxic work environment can be Depressing,
affecting their overall well-being.
14. Helping others can be incredibly Rewarding, especially in roles like teaching or healthcare.
15. Full-time positions offer more stability and benefits, while part-time jobs may provide
flexibility for other personal commitments.
16. The classic Nine-to-five workday provides structure, but it may not suit everyone’s lifestyle
or work preferences.
17. A Dead-end job offers little opportunity for growth or advancement, leading many employees
to seek something more fulfilling.
18. Spending hours on tasks that don't add value can feel like Time-wasting, leading to
frustration and burnout.
19. Customer-facing roles, such as retail or customer service, require excellent communication
skills and patience.

Emma recently started a new job, and she is very happy with it. She enjoys a high level of
job satisfaction because she finds her work meaningful and rewarding. One of the best parts is the
flexibility—she can adjust her hours and even work remotely. Her company allows teleworking
twice a week, which helps her maintain a good work-life balance. Occasionally, she goes on
business trips to meet clients in different cities. The company also offers stability, ensuring she
has long-term job security. The salary is competitive, and there are plenty of opportunities to
promote, so she sees a bright future ahead. Beyond financial benefits, she experiences a sense of
personal satisfaction from contributing to exciting projects. The work schedule is another
advantage—she works from 9 AM to 5 PM with the option to leave early on Fridays. Overall, she feels
lucky to have such a great job!

Jack has worked in different types of jobs throughout his career. His first job was temporary
and only lasted six months, but it gave him experience in a prestigious company. Later, he found a
permanent position, though it was badly-paid and not very creative. After a few years, he
switched to a more demanding but well-paid job, which was both challenging and secure.
However, the work became monotonous and repetitive, making him feel unmotivated. At one
point, he had a stressful and even depressing role, but he eventually found a rewarding job
where he felt valued. Currently, he works full-time in a nine-to-five position. He avoided a dead-
end job with no growth opportunities and now prefers to avoid time-wasting tasks. His current role
is customer-facing, requiring strong communication skills, but he enjoys interacting with people.
VOCABULARY

1. Idle chit-chat: Casual conversation, often about trivial or unimportant matters.

"During the lunch break, we had some idle chit-chat about the weather and weekend plans."
2. Parental leave: Time off from work granted to a parent following the birth or adoption of a
child.
"After the baby was born, Sarah took six months of parental leave to care for her newborn."
3. To bounce ideas off someone: To discuss ideas with someone in order to get feedback or
suggestions.
"I’ll bounce my marketing strategy off Jane before presenting it to the team for further input."
4. To wear someone out: To exhaust or tire someone due to excessive physical or mental
activity.
"The long hours at the office really wore me out, and I had to take a break the next day."
5. To clock in: To record the time you arrive at work, typically using a timecard or system.
"Employees are required to clock in by 9:00 AM every day to ensure they're on time."
6. To make a concession: To yield or give up something in order to reach an agreement or
compromise.
"The manager made a concession by offering a flexible schedule in exchange for meeting the
project deadline."
7. Paid on a pro-rata basis: Payment that is calculated based on the proportion of time
worked compared to the full period or standard rate.
"Since I worked part-time for only six months, my salary was paid on a pro-rata basis for the
duration."
 8. A freelancer: A person who works independently, offering services to different clients or
businesses, rather than being employed by a single company.
"As a freelance graphic designer, Carla works on various projects for different clients, allowing
her to set her own schedule."
9. A commute: The journey from home to work and back, usually on a regular basis.
"The daily commute to the office takes me over an hour each way, which can be exhausting."
10. To be left to your own devices: To be allowed to do things as you wish, without
supervision or guidance.
"After the training session, I was left to my own devices to complete the project
independently."

Ronan works in a traditional office with a typical nine-to-five schedule. While he enjoys his
job, he's frustrated by the long commute, which takes an hour and a half each way,
especially since most of his tasks could be done remotely. However, his boss doesn't trust
employees to work effectively from home, so everyone is required to clock in and out each
day. Ronan finds it frustrating that the company focuses on monitoring work hours rather
than evaluating employees based on their performance, like many modern companies do.

Jo used to work a typical five-day week, but after returning from parental leave, she
decided to spend more time with her children before they start school. After negotiating
with her boss, they agreed to reduce her workweek to three days. However, because she's
paid on a pro-rata basis, her salary was significantly reduced. Despite the reduced hours,
Jo's workload hasn't been adjusted and she now finds herself doing five days' worth of work
in just three days, often taking work home to meet deadlines. Balancing her job and family
life is wearing her out, but she’s hesitant to bring this up with her boss, as she feels he
might think he’s already made a big concession by allowing her to work only three days a
week.

Marcus works for a global IT company with its headquarters in the States. He does
all his work online from home, which saves him time on commuting and allows him
to avoid idle chit-chat with colleagues. He values the flexibility of working on a
project basis, which allows him to take time off for family events or personal
appointments. However, without set office hours, he often works late into the
evening and sometimes skips meals to finish tasks. He also feels lonely working solo
and misses sharing ideas with colleagues.

Lily is a freelancer who enjoys the freedom of being her own boss, controlling her
schedule and workload. Initially, she worked from home, but found it hard to
concentrate due to distractions like housework and family members. She then tried
working at a café but struggled with poor Wi-Fi and too much coffee. Ultimately, she
rented a desk in a co-working space with other freelancers. She enjoys the structure
of getting dressed for work and the ability to focus in an office environment, as well
as the opportunity to collaborate and share ideas with others doing similar work.
 1. Do you consider yourself a workaholic?

"I wouldn’t say I’m a full-on workaholic, but I do tend to work longer hours
than I should, especially when I’m passionate about a project. I enjoy being
productive, and sometimes I get so focused on a task that I lose track of time.
However, I try to be mindful of my limits because I know that working
excessively can lead to burnout.

I believe that being hardworking and being a workaholic are two different
things—one is about dedication, while the other is about an unhealthy
obsession with work. there’s a fine line between being dedicated and being a
workaholic

2. How important is it to you to maintain boundaries between your

personal and professional lives?

Establishing a separation between work and personal time is crucial

(maintaining boundaries is absolutely essential) for a healthy work-life
balance. If you don’t set clear limits, work can easily take over your personal
time, leaving you mentally and physically drained.

For example, I make a conscious effort to avoid checking emails or

responding to work messages outside of office hours. However, I know it’s
easier to say than do it, especially with remote work or high-pressure jobs.
Sometimes, I find myself working late just because my laptop is right there. I
admire people who can completely switch off from work once they’re done for
the day. technology has made it harder to maintain these boundaries.

3. Has your work-life balance improved in the last few years, or has it
gotten worse? In which ways?

my work-life balance has improved over the last few years, mainly because I’ve
become more aware of how important it is. A few years ago, I used to work late into
the evening without realizing how much it was affecting my health and personal
relationships.
 Now, I make a conscious effort to manage my time better, take regular breaks, and
prioritize activities outside of work. However, I think it also depends on the job—
some people have demanding careers where long hours are the norm. I Would say
my work-life balance has changed recently. there are still busy periods where I feel
overwhelmed.

4. How do you unwind after an overwhelming day?

After a stressful day, I try to disconnect by doing something completely

unrelated to work. Sometimes, I go for a walk which really helps clear my
mind. Other times, I just want to relax with a good book or watch a TV series
that doesn’t require too much thinking. I think finding the right way to unwind
is personal—some people prefer meditation, while others enjoy socializing.
What works best for you when you need to de-stress?

Taking Breaks, can prevent burnout and improve efficiency

Practicing Mindfulness such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, or yoga,

can help you stay present and reduce stress.

Unwinding After Work, Physical activities, like running, cycling, or even a

simple walk, release endorphins, which are natural mood lifters, Hobbies,
Socializing, Relaxation Techniques

Experiment and Customize. Everyone is unique, so it's important to find what

works best for you. The key is to find a balance that allows you to recharge
and enjoy your personal life while staying productive at work.

"overwhelming" refers to something that is very intense, powerful, or

difficult to manage, often leading to a sense of being overpowered or unable
to cope. It can describe feelings, tasks, or situations that feel too much to
handle. In general, when something is overwhelming, it can make you feel
stressed, exhausted, or sometimes even helpless.
"The news of her promotion was overwhelming; she couldn’t stop smiling for
hours."
"The workload was overwhelming, and I had to work late just to catch up."
"The amount of information in the meeting was overwhelming, and I couldn’t
absorb it all at once."

Workload refers to the amount of work or tasks assigned to someone or that

a person has to handle in a given period. It can include both the quantity and
the complexity of the tasks, and how much time or effort is needed to
complete them.

"My workload has increased significantly this month due to a new project."

"The workload at my job can sometimes feel overwhelming, especially when

deadlines are tight."
 "She managed her workload efficiently, completing all tasks ahead of
schedule."

A workaholic is someone who feels the need to work excessively and often to
the detriment of their personal life or well-being. to spend amounts of time on
the work, often going beyond what is required or necessary, or even prioritize
work over relationships, health, and leisure activities.

Spain’s productivity has long been a topic of debate, especially when compared to other European
countries. While Spain has a strong economy and skilled workforce, several cultural and structural factors
influence its productivity levels.

Factors Affecting Productivity in Spain

o Work Hours: Spain is known for its long working hours, but longer hours don’t always mean
higher productivity. Many employees work until late in the evening, but inefficiencies in time
management can lead to less output per hour.

o Work-Life Balance and Remote Work: In recent years, there has been a shift towards
remote work and flexible hours, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. This has
helped improve work-life balance and, in some cases, increased productivity. However,
compared to countries like Germany or the Netherlands, Spain still has a "presenteeism"
culture, where being physically present at work is sometimes valued more than actual
performance.
o Sector-Specific Productivity. Spain has a strong tourism industry, which contributes
significantly to the economy but is often seasonal and dependent on external factors.
o The technology and service sectors have been growing, bringing more innovation and
efficiency. However, many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) struggle with
digital transformation and modernizing their operations.
o Education and Innovation: While Spain has highly skilled workers, there is a gap
between education and labor market needs. Many young professionals face challenges
in finding jobs that match their qualifications.
o Investment in research, development, and innovation (R&D) is lower than in other EU
countries, which affects long-term productivity growth.
o Government Policies and Economic Factors. Spain has high unemployment rates,
particularly among young people, which can impact overall economic efficiency.
o Bureaucracy and labor regulations can sometimes make it difficult for businesses to grow
and innovate, affecting overall productivity.

To improve productivity, Spain needs to continue focusing on digitalization, flexible work models, and
education reform. Encouraging results-based work rather than long hours and investing in technology
and infrastructure will be key to enhancing efficiency.

If the world's big problems had been addressed sooner, our lives 1 would have improved (improve) a

long time ago. But politicians and world leaders don’t do enough to improve the quality of life. If I had any
power, I 2 would try (try) to stop the destruction of our planet and I 3 would stop (make) the world

a better place for all people.

First of all, I would try to stop wars because unless we put an end to all the wars, millions of people 4 will

continue (continue) to die every day. If there were no wars, all children 5 would have (have) their

parents at home to take care of them and provide for them, and they 6 would grow up (grow up) in a

happier world.

Also, if I 7 were (be) a world leader, I would provide clean water for all countries. If all

countries 8 had (have) easy access to clean water, millions of children 9 would stop (stop) dying

from diseases caused by the lack of clean water. If we don't do something about this issue soon, there 10 will

be (be) lots of wars and deaths because of the lack of water.

We also need to introduce laws to reduce pollution. If we had done this in the past, millions of

species 11 would never have become (never/become) extinct, and global warming 12 would never

have sterted (never/start). If it were up to me, I 13 would introduce (introduce) very high taxes on

fuel energy and at the same time I 14 would help (help) big companies to invest in clean energy. Unless

we take measures now, it 15 will be (be) too late both for ourselves and our children.

[Link] he changed jobs, he would be a lot If she ___more experienced, she would be more likely to get
the job.
happier.
a. were b. had been c. would be d. would
have been
2. If I were you, I 'd tell her that I love
her. [Link] the food ____ so bad, we wouldn't have complained.

a. wasn't b. hadn't been c. wouldn't be d. wouldn't

3. Even if he had asked them, they have been
wouldn't have agreed to come. [Link] I _______ her, she might feel a bit better.

a. was calling b. called c. would call d. would

4. If she hadn’t threatened him, have called
he wouldn't have left .
[Link] it wasn’t raining, we _______ a picnic today.

a. had b. 'd had c. 'd have d. 'd been had

5. I wouldn't trust him if I were you.
[Link] he hadn’t run out of money, he _______ his trip.
6. He wouldn't have gone with her if a. didn't cancel b. hadn't cancelled
he had known she would behave so c. wouldn't be cancelled d.
irresponsibly. wouldn't have cancelled

[Link] would be fantastic if I _______ half of what you earn.

7. I wouldn't have been able to do it
a. was earning b. had earned c. would earn d. would have
unless she had helped me. earned

[Link] I hadn't written it in my diary, I ________.

8. If he had got up earlier, he
a. forgot b. had forgotten c. would forget d. might have