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Dear students, FLASH NOTES

FOR UPSC PRELIMS

"Flash Notes for Dominate Prelims" is the

definitive analysis of over 120 PYQs from
Indian River Systems, with over 10 years of
UPSC Prelims PYQs (2015 - 2024)
Dimensions such as river origins, flow patterns,
tributaries, ecological impacts, and cultural significances
are meticulously covered in revision ready tables to
ensure 100% prelims-readiness.

Columns and detailed tables are carefully created to

clarify complex topics, covering 12 upto dimensions
across geographical, environmental, and administrative
themes.

The ‘supermaps’ of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers

represent the pinnacle of academic innovation by
Civilsdaily IAS covering all the relevant UNESCO
Sites, National Parks, Mountain Peaks, Ramasar Sites,
Mountain Passes, Glaciers and Dams along the flow of
the river in one single map.

This rigorous analytical approach to note-making

leverages statistical trends, PYQs Microtheme analyses,
and extensive research across
non-traditional sources, making Flash Notes thorough
and tailored to the changing trends of UPSC Prelims.

Drop in your comments and

suggestions to us at hello@[Link]

Best,
Civilsdaily IAS’ Dominate Prelims Team

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These Flash Notes simplified complex UPSC Syllabus
into microthemes, making my Prelims journey
efficient and result-oriented—highly recommended
for every aspirant!
- AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan

Crisp, focused, and packed with microtheme

insights—Flash Notes transformed how you
approach Prelims, ensuring clarity on First-priority
topics.
- AIR 48, Aaditya Pandey

(Click to View)

With Flash Notes, I could pinpoint high-

yield microthemes and streamline my
revision, making Prelims prep smarter,
not harder!
- IRMS, Sreelaxmi KV
UPSC 2023

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Table of Contents
Himalayan River Systems 6 Deccan & South India
Godavari River System
30
30
Ganga River System 6
Tributaries of Ganga River System Krishna River System 32
Major National Parks on the Ganga River System Tributaries of Krishna River System:
Cultural Heritage Site on the Ganga River system: Did you know West flowing Karnataka’s Kali River?
Indus River System 10 Cauvery River System 35
Tributaries of Indus River System Did you know the Grand Canyon of India (Gandikota Canyon)?
Lakes and Glaciers in the Indus River System What is a Canyon?
Other Minor Rivers of Indus Basin 13 Pennar River System 37
Brahmaputra River System 14 Pennar River (Uttara Pinakini)
Tributaries of Brahmaputra River System: Did you know which are those 3 rivers that fed ‘Pulicat lake’?
Heritage Sites on Brahmaputra River System: Periyar River System 39
Conservation sites on the Brahmaputra River System:
Yamuna River System 18
Chambal River System
Son River System
19
20
Some Important Facts 40
Major Rifts along the Rivers 40
National Parks & their Minor Rivers 41
Major Temples and Rivers 42
Peninsular River Systems 21
Central India 21
Narmada & Tapi River System 21
What do we need to prepare?
Why do we need to study the Tapi River System?
Chota Nagpur Platue River System 23
Budhabalanga River (Odisha) 26
Mahanadi River System 27

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Himalayan River Systems

GANGA

0 30 60 90 120 150 International Miles

0 50 100 150 200 250 Kilometers

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Ganga River System
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2016] Which of the following are [UPSC CSE 2013] Consider the following [UPSC CSE 2000] Assertion (A): Ganga
the key features of the ‘National Ganga River pairs: Plain is the most densely -populated part of
Basin Authority (NGRBA)’? Rivers flowing through the National Parks India.
1. The river basin is the unit of planning and 1. Corbett National Park: Ganga Reason (R): Ganga is the most harnessed
management. 2. Kaziranga National Park: Manas river of India.
2. It spearheads the river conservation 3. Silent Valley National Park: Kaveri (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
efforts at the national level. Which of the above pairs is/are correctly explanation of A
3. One of the Chief Ministers of the States matched? (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not a
through which the Ganga flows becomes the (a) 1 and 2 correct explanation of A
Chairman of NGRBA on a rotation basis. (b) 3 only (c) A is true, but R is false
Select the correct answer using the code (c) 1 and 3 (d) A is false, but R is true
given below. (d) None
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC CSE 2020] Assertion (A): The
(c) 1 and 3 only frequency of floods in North Indian plains has
(d) 1, 2 and 3 increased during the last couple of decades.
Reason (R): There has been reduction in the
[UPSC CSE 2015] If you want to see gharials depth of river valleys due to deposition of silt.
in their natural habitat, which one of the (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
following is the best place to visit? explanation of A
(a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not a
(b) Chambal River correct explanation of A
(c) Pulicat Lake (c) A is true, but R is false
(d) Deepor Beel (d) A is false, but R is true

Based on the above observations from the previous year’s UPSC Prelims questions, we can analyze that we need to build strong pillars
along- the origin of the river, Geological features of the basin plain, its right-bank and left-bank tributaries, Human settlements and
Government projects along the river banks, etc. These Microthemes are nowadays away from our standard materials and monthly
magazines. In this scenario, we need to get over the static facts based on our indigenous research and comprehensive mapping

About The Bhagirathi, considered to be the source stream of the Ganga, emanates from Gangotri Glacier at Gaumukh
(Uttarakhand) at an elevation of 3, 892 m. Many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganga. They are: Alak-
nanda, Dhauliganga, Pindar, Mandakini and Bhilangana.
•At Devprayag, where the Alaknanda meets the Bhagirathi, the river is named Ganga.
•Below the Farakka barrage, the Ganga River divides into two branches: Bhagirathi (Hooghly) is on the right
and Padma is on the left (enters Bangladesh and meets rivers Brahmaputra and Meghna).
Geological The Ganga Basin is bordered by the Himalayas to the north, the Aravalli Range to the west, the Vindhya
Range and Chota Nagpur Plateau to the south, and merges with the Brahmaputra Ridge to the east.
Composition • Soil type: Sandy, loamy, and clay soils. Sediments are primarily composed of clays such as illite and kaolinite.
Tributaries • L eft Bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda
• Right Bank: Yamuna, Son, Punpun, Damodar, Karmanasa, Ajay, Kiul, Chandan
Projects Namami Gange Programme: National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
• Aims and objectives: To address challenges in the Ganges River through four sectors: wastewater management,
solid waste management, industrial pollution, and riverfront development.
• Structural Mandate and its Implementation:
• Established under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986.
• PM chairs the NGRBA. Other members: Union Ministers, and the Chief Ministers of the states through which the
Ganges River flows.
• The Ministry of Jal Shakti is the nodal ministry for the NGRBA.
• The MoEF provides technical and administrative support to the NGRBA.
• Functions:
• Planning, financing, monitoring, and coordinatings.
• Maintaining the water quality.
• Ensuring minimum ecological flow.
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Tributaries of Ganga River System
Tributaries Geographical Features
Alaknanda River It originates at the confluence of the Satopanth and Bhagirath glaciers in Uttarakhand. It meets the Bhagirathi River
at Devprayag after which it is called as the Ganga River.
• Tributaries: Mandakini, Nandakini, and Pindar rivers.
Dhauliganga River It originates from Vasundhara Tal, perhaps the largest glacial lake in Uttarakhand. It merges with the Alaknanda at
Vishnuprayag. There it loses its identity and the Alaknanda flows southwest through Nandaprayag, Karnapray-
ag until it meets the Mandakini River, which comes from the north at Rudraprayag.
After subsuming the Mandakini, the Alaknanda continues past Srinagar before merging with the Ganga at Devprayag.
• Project: Tapovan Vishnugad Hydropower Project.
Ramganga River It originates on the southern slopes of Dudhatoli Hill in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. It is fed by springs that
rise from underground water reservoirs.
• It flows through the Dun Valley of Corbett National Park and is dammed at Kalagarh.
• The Ramganga ultimately joins the Ganga near Kannauj, with Bareilly City situated along its banks.
Gomti River It originates from Gomat Taal which formally is known as Fulhaar Jheel, near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit in Uttar Pradesh. It
meets the Ganges River in Ghazipur.
Ghaghara River It is a major left-bank tributary of the Ganga and merges with it at Chhapra in Bihar.
• It originates in the glaciers of Mapchachungo. It is also known as Karnali or Kaurial.
• It is a transboundary perennial river originating from the Tibetan plateau near Lake Mansarovar.
Sharda River It originates from the Milam Glacier in the Nepal Himalayas, where it is known as the Goriganga. In Uttarakhand’s
Pithoragarh District, it is also referred to as the Kali River and rises from Kalapaani, a significant site on the route of
the Kailash Manasarovar Yatra.
• The river flows in a gorge section in the upper region of the Himalayas.
Sarayu River It is a left-bank tributary of River Sharda. It originates from a ridge south of Nanda Kot Mountain (Uttarakhand).
• This river holds ancient significance and is mentioned in the Vedas and the Ramayana.
Rapti River It originates south of the western Dhaulagiri Himalayas and the Mahabharat Range in Nepal.
Its main channel emerges from springs on the southern slopes of the lower Himalayas.
Gandak River It is formed by the union of the Kali and Trisuli rivers, which rise in the Great Himalayan Range in Nepal. From this
junction to the Indian border, the river is known as the Narayani.
• The middle and the lower courses of the river flow through the V-shaped valleys, incised meanders, and
have paired and unpaired terraces on either side.
• It enters the Ganga River opposite Patna in a place called Sonepur.
Kosi River It is also known as ‘Saptakoshi’ for its 7 Himalayan tributaries. It is an antecedent transboundary river that flows
through both Nepal and India. This river is one of the largest tributaries of the Ganga and joins in the Kathiar district.
• Peaks: Mount Everest, and Kanchenjunga.
• Its unstable nature, attributed to the heavy silt it carries during the monsoon season, has earned it the nickname
‘Sorrow of Bihar’.

Major National Parks on the Ganga River System

National Park Flora and Fauna
Jim Corbett The oldest national park in India, is located near the Ramganga River, a tributary of the Ganga.
National Park • Flora: Sal, Chir Pine, Ber and Maror Phali; Karaunda and Hisar
(Uttarakhand) • Fauna: Crested Serpent Eagle, Great Hornbill, Bengal Tiger, Asian Elephant and Leopard. Indian Python and King
Cobra are also found.
Rajaji National The park is nestled between the Shivalik ranges and the Indo-Gangetic plains.
Park (Uttara- • Flora: Shisham, Amaltas, Semul, Khair, Palash, Arjun
khand) • Fauna: Asian Elephants, Bengal Tiger, Leopard, Jungle Cat, Himalayan Black Bear, Sloth Bear, Goral, Barking Deer,
Sambar, Wild Boar
Dudhwa Nation- It is a part of the Terai ecosystem.
al Park (Uttar • Flora: Shisham, Asna, Bahera, Jamun, Khair
Pradesh) • Fauna: Indian Rhinoceros, Barasingha, Leopards, Asiatic Black Bears, Sloth Bears, Various deer species such as
Sambar, Chital, and Hog Deer, Jackals and Jungle Cats.

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National Park Flora and Fauna
Sundarbans Na- It is home to the Bengal tiger and various aquatic species, including the Ganges river dolphin.
tional Park (West • Flora: Sundari Tree, Mangroves, Golpati, Champa, Genwa, Dhundul, and Hatal
Bengal) • Fauna: Royal Bengal Tiger, Estuarine Crocodile (Brackish water), Water Buffalo, Fishing Cats, Indian Grey Mongoose,
Chital (Spotted Deer), Rhesus Monkeys, King Cobra, Indian Python, Monitor Lizards.
• They also have Sarus Crane and Brahminy Kite (known as ‘birdwatcher’s paradise’)
Vikramshila Established to protect the endangered Gangetic dolphin, this sanctuary is located along the Ganges River.
Wildlife Sanctuary
(Bihar)
Kedarnath Wildlife Located in the upper reaches of the Ganga basin.
Sanctuary (Ut- • Flora: Oak, Pine, and Rhododendron
tarakhand) • Fauna: Himalayan Musk Deer, Snow Leopard, Himalayan Tahr, Himalayan Black Bear, Indian Leopard, Yellow-
throated Marten, Rhesus Macaque. Others are the Himalayan Pit Viper, Golden Eagle, and Himalayan Monal.
Gangotri National • Flora: Alpine vegetation, Deodar and Chir Pine
Park (Uttara- • Fauna: Himalayan Tahr, Blue Sheep, Musk dear, snow leopard
khand)

Cultural Heritage Site on the Ganga River system:

Sundarbans A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this mangrove forest area is culturally significant for its biodiversity and the tradition-
(West Bengal) al practices of local communities living along the river delta.

Fig: Sundarban Mangrooves

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INDUS

International Boundary
State/UT Boundary
City
UNESCO Site
National Park
River
Mountain Peak
Ramsar Sites
Mountain Passes
Glaciers
Dams

Namika La
& Fotu La
Zoji La

Pensi La
Pir Panjal Pass

Banihal Pass

Baralacha La

Kunzum Pass
Rohtang Pass

Shipki La

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Indus River System

Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2019] Consider the following pairs [UPSC CSE 2013] On the planet Earth,
Glacier River most of the freshwater exists as ice caps and
1. Bandarpunch -> Yamuna glaciers. Out of the remaining freshwater, the
2. Bara Shigri -> Chenab largest proportion
3. Milam -> Mandakini (a) is found in atmosphere as moisture and
[UPSC CSE 2023] Consider the following 4. Siachen -> Nubra clouds
statements: 5. Zemu-> Manas (b) is found in freshwater lakes and rivers
1. Jhelum River passes through Wular Lake. Which of the pairs correctly matched? (c) exists as groundwater
2. Krishna River directly feeds Kolleru Lake. (a) 1, 2 and 4 (d) exists as soil moisture
3. Meandering of the Gandak River formed (b) 1, 3 and 4
Kanwar Lake. (c) 2 and 5 [UPSC CSE 2010] Rivers that pass through
How many of the statements given above are (d) 3 and 5 Himachal Pradesh are:
correct? (a) Beas and Chenab only
(a) Only one [UPSC CSE 2017] Consider the following (b) Beas and Ravi only
(b) Only two statements: (c) C
 henab, Ravi and Satluj only
(c) All three 1. In India, the Himalayas are spread over five (d) Beas, Chenab, Ravi, Satluj and Yamuna
(d) None states only.
2. Western Ghats are spread over five states [UPSC CSE 2009] Which one of the
[UPSC CSE 2021] With reference to the only. following rivers does not originate in India?
Indus river system, of the following four rivers, 3. Pulicat Lake is spread over two States only. (a) Beas
three of them pour into one of them which Which of the statements given above is/are (b) Chenab
joins the Indus directly. Among the following, correct? (c) R avi
which one is such a river that joins the Indus (a) 1 and 2 only (d) Sutlej
directly? (b) 3 only
(a) Chenab (c) 2 and 3 only
(b) Jhelum (d) 1 and 3 only
(c) Ravi
(d) Sutlej

Based on the above observations from the previous year’s UPSC Prelims questions, we can analyze that we need to build strong pillars
along- the origin of the river, Geological features of the basin plain, its right-bank and left-bank tributaries, Human settlements and
Government projects along the river banks, etc. These Microthemes are nowadays away from our standard materials and monthly
magazines. In this scenario, we need to get over the static facts based on our indigenous research and comprehensive mapping

About The Indus River originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu in the Tibetan region in the Kailash Mountain range near
the Mansarovar Lake. In Tibet, it is known as ‘Singi Khamban,’ or the Lion’s Mouth.
• The river flows northwest and enters the Ladakh region of India at a place called Demchok. Further, it flows be-
tween the Karakoram and Ladakh ranges.
• The Indus River is joined by the Zaskar River at Leh and then by the Shyok River.
• In the Sindh Province, the river gathers significant sediment, forming the Indus River delta before draining into
the Arabian Sea near Karachi.
Note: The Indus flows through India only in the Leh district of the Union Territory of Ladakh.
Geological Com- Fauna: Blind Indus River Dolphin.
position
Tributaries Left Bank: Zaskar River, Suru River, Soan River, Jhelum River, Chenab River, Ravi River, Beas River, Satluj River, and
Panjnad River.
Right Bank: Shyok River, Gilgit River, Hunza River, Swat River, Kunnar River, Kurram River, Gomal River, Tochi River, and
Kabul River.

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Conservation • Hemis National Park: Located in Ladakh, it is the largest national park in India, it is bounded by the Indus River to
Sites the north and the Zanskar Range to the south. It is famous for its population of snow leopards and unique flora and
fauna.
• Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Ladakh, It is a Ramsar site known for its high-altitude lakes like Tso
Moriri. It supports diverse wildlife including snow leopards and Tibetan wild asses.
• Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Ladakh, in the eastern Karakoram range, this sanctuary is important for
its migratory populations of Tibetan antelope and other unique species.
• Harike Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in Punjab, this sanctuary is part of the Beas River ecosystem and is known for
its efforts in protecting the endangered Indus river dolphin.
• Govind Pashu Vihar National Park: Located in Uttarakhand, this park is part of the Snow Leopard Project and
features diverse ecosystems ranging from alpine to forested areas.
• Nanda Devi National Park: Located in Uttarakhand, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that includes a core area
rich in biodiversity, including rare species like the Himalayan musk deer.
Human Settle- The Indus Valley Civilization’ was born around this river.
ment/ Projects/ Indus Water Treaty 1960:
Treaty • The Indus Water Treaty of 1960 is a landmark agreement between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World
Bank, to manage the shared water resources of the Indus River system.
• The treaty allocated the use of three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej) to India while granting Pakistan
control over the three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab).
• This agreement has been hailed as one of the most successful water-sharing pacts in the world, providing a frame-
work for cooperation and conflict resolution between the two nations despite their broader geopolitical tensions.
• It allows India certain non-consumptive uses and hydropower projects on the western rivers while ensuring down-
stream flow to Pakistan, thereby balancing the water needs and rights of both countries.

Tributaries of Indus River System

Tributaries About
Jhelum River Originates from Verinag Spring in the Kashmir Valley.
Flows through the Pir Panjal Range and Dal Lake, forms part of the border between India and Pakistan, and joins the
Chenab River.
• Dal Lake: It is often referred to as the “Jewel in the crown of Kashmir” or “Srinagar’s Jewel,” is a prominent urban
lake located in Srinagar. The lake is surrounded by beautiful Mughal gardens like Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh.
• Pir Panjal Range: It is primarily composed of volcanic rocks, along with sedimentary formations that were uplifted
during tectonic activities. The range features deep gorges, high peaks, glaciers (such as the Kolahoi Glacier), and
steep cliffs.
Chenab River Formed by the confluence of Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Bara-lacha Pass in Himachal Pradesh.
• Flows through Jammu and Kashmir into Pakistan’s Punjab plains; known for its meandering course and fertile valley.
Ravi River Originates from the Rohtang Pass in Kullu Hills, Himachal Pradesh.
Flows through Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, India, and then into Pakistan; known for its scenic beauty.
• Rohtang pass: It is a high mountain pass on the eastern end of the Pir Panjal Range of the Western Himalayas
(Himachal Pradesh)
• Why it is in the News? Because, India stopped the entire river flow towards Pakistan due to irrigation issues in
Punjab region. (March 2024)
Beas River Originates from the Beas Kund near Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh.
• Flows entirely within India before joining the Sutlej River; known for its picturesque landscapes.
Sutlej River Originates from Rakshasthal Lake near Mansarovar Lake in Tibet.
• Flows through Himachal Pradesh into Punjab, India; it is the largest tributary of the Indus and plays a crucial role in
irrigation and hydropower generation.
Shyok River Originates from Rimo Glacier at Siachen Glacier in Ladakh.
• A right bank tributary of the Indus, it flows through rugged terrain and is primarily fed by glacial meltwater.

Lakes and Glaciers in the Indus River System

Name Description
Lake Mapam Located in Tibet, it is considered one of the sources of the Indus River.
Rakas Lake Situated near Mansarovar, it is another source of the Sutlej River, a tributary of the Indus.
Gangotri Glacier The source of the Bhagirathi River, which merges with the Ganges; indirectly contributes to the Indus system
through tributaries.

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Name Description
Siachen Glacier Located in the eastern Karakoram Range, it feeds into the Nubra River, which is a tributary of the Shyok River (a
right bank tributary of the Indus).
Baltoro Glacier Part of the Karakoram Range, it feeds into the Shigar River, which joins the Indus.
Biafo Glacier Also located in the Karakoram Range, it contributes to glacial meltwater entering the Indus through tributaries like
Shigar.
Sheshnag Lake Located near Verinag in Kashmir, it is associated with the Jhelum River, a left bank tributary of the Indus.

Other Minor Rivers of Indus Basin

Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2006] From north towards South, which one of the
following is the correct sequence of the given rivers in India?
(a) S
 hyok - Spiti - Zaskar - Satluj
(b) Shyok - Zaskar - Spiti - Satluj
(c) Zaskar - Shyok - Satluj - Spiti
(d) Zaskar - Satluj - Shyok - Spiti

Shyok River Originates from the Rimo Glacier in the Karakoram Range and flows through northern Ladakh in India and
enters the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan (it joins the Indus in Pakistan). The river flows through a strategically
significant region near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China.
Zaskar River It originates from the Zaskar Range and flows through the Zaskar Valley in Ladakh, India. It flows southwest
before merging with the Indus River at Nimu. The valley is home to unique Tibetan Buddhist culture and ancient
monasteries.
Spiti River It originates from high-altitude glaciers in the Himalayas and flows through the Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh,
India. Further, it flows eastward and eventually merges with the Sutlej River near Khab. The valley is rich in Buddhist
heritage, with numerous monasteries like Ki Monastery.

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BRAHMAPUTRA

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Brahmaputra River System

Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2017] With reference to River [UPSC CSE 2015]Consider the following [UPSC CSE 2000] Match the drainage ba-
Teesta, consider the following statements: rivers: sins labelled as A, B, C and D with the names
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as 1. Barak listed below and select the correct answer
that of Brahmaputra but it flows through 2. Lohit using the codes given below the names of
Sikkim. 3. Subansiri the drainage basins. Names of drainage
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is Which of the above flows/flows through basins:
a tributary of river Teesta. Arunachal Pradesh?
3. River Teesta flows into Bay of Bengal on (a) 1 only
the border of India and Bangladesh. (b) 2 and 3 only
Which of the statements given above is/are (c) 1 and 3 only
correct? (d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only [UPSC CSE 2011] The Brahmaputra, Ir-
(c) 2 and 3 only rawaddy and Mekong rivers originate in Tibet 1. Ganga- Brahmaputra
(d) 1, 2 and 3 narrow and parallel mountain ranges in their 2. Indus
upper reaches. Of these rivers, Brahmaputra 3. Parana
[UPSC CSE 2016] Which of the following is/ makes a “U” turn in its course to flow into 4. Zambezi
are tributary/ tributaries of Brahmaputra? India. This “U” turn is due to? Codes
1. Dibang (a) U
 plift of folded Himalayan series.’ (a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
2. Kameng (b) Syntaxial bending of geologically young (b) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
3. Lohit Himalayas. (c) A -1, B-3, C-2, D-4
Select the correct answer using the code (c) G
 eo-tectonic disturbance in the tertiary (d) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
given below: folded mountain chains.
(a) 1 only (d) Both (a) and (b) above.
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Based on the above observations from the previous year’s UPSC Prelims questions asked around Brahmaputra River Basin, we can
analyze that we need to build strong pillars along - the origin of the river, Geological features, its right-bank and left-bank tributaries,
Natural Parks/wildlife Sanctuaries, and the state through which it passes, etc. These minor facts are nowadays away from our standard
materials and monthly magazines. In this scenario, we need to get over the static facts based on our indigenous research and compre-
hensive mapping.

About Its source is the Chemayungdung glacier in southwestern Tibet. It’s source is very close to the sources of Indus and
Satluj. Mariam La separates the source of the Brahmaputra from the Manasarovar Lake.
• In Tibet, it passes through the depression formed by the Indus-Tsangpo Structure Zone between the Great
Himalayas in the south and the Kailas Range in the north.
• Despite the exceptionally high altitude, the Tsangpo has a gentle slope.
• It flows as the Yarlung Tsangpo River across southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges and
into Arunachal Pradesh where it is known as Dihang.
• Just west of the town of Sadiya, the Dihang turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams, the
Lohit and the Dibang. Below the confluence, the river is known as the Brahmaputra.
• The biggest and the smallest river islands in the world, Majuli and Umananda resp. are in the river in the state of
Assam.
Type of Rock/Soil The Tibetan Plateau (source of the river), which is primarily composed of high-grade metamorphic rocks, includes
gneisses and schists. The river’s sediment load includes materials from both felsic (light-colored) and mafic (dark-col-
ored) rock types, indicating a diverse geological source.

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Tributaries Left bank – Lhasa, Nyang, Parlung Zangbo, Dhansiri, Lohit, Dibang, Kolong river.
Right Bank – Subansiri, Kameng, Manas, Sankosh, Beki, Raidak, Jaldhaka, Teesta river.
Projects/Treaty/ • Sagarmala Programme: Recently, the Indian government approved ten new waterways projects worth ₹645 crore,
Human Settlement aimed at enhancing riverine infrastructure along the National Waterway 2.
• Dam Construction: India plans to construct a significant dam on the Brahmaputra at Yingkiong in Arunachal
Pradesh.
• Ganges-Brahmaputra Water Sharing: Discussions have been ongoing regarding potential agreements for water
sharing and management between India, Bangladesh, and China.
• Proposals have included augmenting Ganges flows through water transfers from the Brahmaputra.
• Dibrugarh, Pasighat, Neamati, Tezpur, and Guwahati are the important urban centers on the river.

Tributaries of Brahmaputra River System:

Tributaries Origin About
Sankosh Northern Bhutan Right-bank tributary. Flows into Assam, with tributaries Mo Chhu and Pho Chhu contributing to
River Bhutan.
• Its upper catchment area is glaciated, while its middle and lower courses traverse V-shaped
valleys carved by flowing water.
Kameng Tawang District, Right-bank tributary. Flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, joining the Brahmaputra at
River Arunachal Pradesh Tezpur.
• The river is close to the Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary and Kaziranga National Park. It is also
known as “Jia Bharali” in Assam.
Dhansiri Laisang Peak, Right-bank tributary. Flows through Dimapur and Golaghat districts, merging with the Brahma-
River Nagaland putra near Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary.
Lohit River Zayal Chu, Eastern Tibet Right-bank tributary. The Lohit River originates in eastern Tibet and travels through the Mishmi
Hills to join the Siang at the head of the Brahmaputra Valley.
• The Lohit Valley is densely forested and features a mix of alpine and subtropical vegetation.
• It is also home to a diverse range of medicinal plants.
Teesta River Cholomo Lake, North Right-bank tributary. The river begins at Tso Lhamo Lake in North Sikkim, situated in the Hima-
Sikkim layas.
• The Rangeet River, a major tributary, converges with the Teesta River at a location known as
Tribeni.
• Disputed between India and Bangladesh for its equitable distribution.
Manas River Black Mountain (Bhutan) Left-bank tributary.
• It is a transboundary river straddling southern Bhutan and India.
• The river valley encompasses two significant protected areas:
• the Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan and
• the adjoining Manas Wildlife Sanctuary in India.
Raidak River Himalayas near Thim- Left-bank tributary. Traverses Bhutan, India, and Bangladesh, joining the Brahmaputra in Kuri-
phu, Bhutan gram.
Dihing River Patkai Hills, Arunachal Left-bank tributary. Passes through Assam’s Tinsukia and Dibrugarh districts; and features ox-
Pradesh bow lakes along its course.
Subansiri Mount Po rom, Tibet Left-bank tributary. Flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, merging with the Brahmapu-
River tra in the Lakhimpur district.
• Subansiri Lower Hydel Project is a run-of-river scheme that aims to generate 2,000 MW of
power.
Bhogdoi Mokokchung District, Left-bank tributary. Flows through Jorhat and joins the Brahmaputra, referred to as Gelabill after
River Nagaland merging with another stream.

Heritage Sites on Brahmaputra River System:

Site About
Majuli Island It is located in the Brahmaputra, is a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its unique culture and monasteries
(satra) that reflect Assamese neo-Vaishnavite traditions.
Kamakhya Temple Located on the bank of the Brahmaputra River (Guwahati, Assam), this ancient Hindu temple is dedicated to God-
dess Kamakhya. It is a prominent archaeological site dating back to the 8th century.
Umananda Temple Situated on Peacock Island in the Brahmaputra River (Guwahati, Assam), this Shiva temple was built in 1694
by Ahom King Gadadhar Singha. It features unique stone carvings and sculptures.

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Site About
Rang Ghar Situated near the Dhansiri River (Sivasagar, Assam), it is an 18th-century amphitheater built by Ahom King Pramat-
ta Singha, showcasing the grandeur of Ahom architecture.
Talatal Ghar Located close to the Dhansiri River (Sivasagar, Assam), this seven-story palace (three underground) was constructed
by Ahom King Rudra Singha, showcasing 17th-century military and architectural brilliance.
Kareng Ghar (Gar- Built near the Dhansiri River (Sivasagar, Assam), this royal residence of the Ahom kings is a fine example of medieval
hgaon Palace) Ahom architecture with high domes and intricate carvings.

Conservation sites on the Brahmaputra River System:

Site About
Kaziranga National Location: Assam, near Golaghat, along the Brahmaputra River.
Park • Flora: Tropical moist deciduous forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
• Fauna: One-horned rhinoceros, Elephants, Bengal tigers, swamp deer, and migratory birds.

Manas National Location: Assam, near the Bhutan Border, along the Manas River.
Park • Flora: Sub-Himalayan grasslands and tropical evergreen forests.
• Fauna: Golden langurs, tigers, pygmy hogs, clouded leopards, and elephants.
Dibru-Saikhowa Location: Assam, near Dibrugarh, along the Brahmaputra River.
National Park • Flora: Semi-evergreen forests, grasslands, and swamp vegetation.
• Fauna: Feral horses, water buffalo, swamp deer, Gangetic dolphins, and diverse bird species.
Nameri National Location: Assam, Sonitpur District, along the Jia Bhorali (Kameng) River.
Park • Flora: Deciduous forests and cane groves.
• Fauna: Tigers, elephants, Indian bison, and several bird species like the great hornbill.
Orang National Location: Assam, Darrang, and Sonitpur, along the Brahmaputra River.
Park • Flora: Grasslands and tropical moist forests.
• Fauna: One-horned rhinoceros, elephants, tigers, and migratory birds.
Pobitora Wildlife Location: Assam, Morigaon District, near the Brahmaputra River.
Sanctuary • Flora: Grasslands and swamp vegetation.
• Fauna: High density of one-horned rhinoceroses, wild boars, leopards, and migratory birds.
Pakke Tiger Re- Location: Arunachal Pradesh, near Seijosa, along the Kameng River.
serve • Flora: Tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
• Fauna: Tigers, elephants, Himalayan black bears, and hornbills.
Namdapha Nation- Location: Arunachal Pradesh, Changlang District, near Noa-Dihing River.
al Park • Flora: Subtropical broadleaf forests and bamboo thickets.
• Fauna: Snow leopards, clouded leopards, red pandas, and several endemic species of birds and butterflies.
Dehing Patkai Location: Assam, near Tinsukia, along the Dihing River.
Wildlife Sanctuary • Flora: Tropical rainforests with rich biodiversity.
• Fauna: Clouded leopards, Assamese macaques, and diverse avian and reptilian species.
Neora Valley Na- Location: West Bengal, near Kalimpong, along Teesta River.
tional Park • Flora: Temperate and subtropical forests.
• Fauna: Red pandas, Himalayan black bears, clouded leopards, and numerous bird species like the satyr tragopan.
Singalila National Location: West Bengal, near Darjeeling, along Teesta River.
Park • Flora: Subalpine coniferous forests and alpine meadows.
• Fauna: Red pandas, Himalayan black bears, and several high-altitude bird species.
Jaldapara National Location: West Bengal, near Alipurduar, along the Torsa River.
Park • Flora: Tropical grasslands and riverine forests.
• Fauna: One-horned rhinoceros, Asiatic elephants, and Bengal floricans.
Khangchendzonga Location: Sikkim, near Teesta River Basin.
National Park • Flora: Alpine meadows and temperate broadleaf forests.
• Fauna: Snow leopards, red pandas, Himalayan tahrs, and several high-altitude birds like blood pheasants.
Sonai Rupai Wild- Assam, near foothills, along tributaries of Brahmaputra.
life Sanctuary • Flora: Tropical forests and grasslands.
• Fauna: Elephants, leopards, Indian bison, and numerous bird species.

Note: Now we are proceeding toward the central Indian region where we will experience different temperatures, distinct vegetation, and
physical geography. Although these rivers are very less or tangentially asked by UPSC Prelims, we need to study mainly the tributaries,
states along which these rivers pass, important projects, and reservoirs.

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Yamuna River System

Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2008] Consider the following
statements
Tributary River: Main River
1. Chambal: Narmada
2. Sone: Yamuna
3. Manas: Brahmaputra
Which of the pairs given above is/are
correctly matched?
(a) 1
 , 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only

About It originates from the Yamunotri Glacier on the southwestern slopes of the Mussoorie range in the lower
Himalayas (Uttarakhand).
• Flows along the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana enters Delhi and merge with the Ganga
near Prayagraj (Kumbh Mela).
• It is the 2nd largest tributary river of the Ganga and the longest tributary in North India.
• Its main affluent in the upper reaches is the Tons River which also rises from the Bandarpunch glacier and joins in Kalsi.
• It creates the highly fertile alluvial, Yamuna-Ganges Doab region.
Geological Com- It is characterized by steep gradients and rugged terrain in the Himalayan region, including hanging valleys and glacial
position deposits. The upper catchment area includes morainic deposits and geomorphic features such as interlocking spurs
and terraces.
• Left Bank: Hindon, Hanuman Ganga, Sasur Khaderi.
• Right Bank: Giri, Baghain, Sabi, Chambal, Betwa, Sindh, Ken.
Cultural Sites Agra Fort and Taj Mahal
Conservation • Kalesar National Park: Situated in the foothills of the Shivalik ranges, Kalesar National Park (Haryana) is rich in flora
Sites and fauna. It serves as a habitat for various species including leopards, deer, and numerous bird species.
• Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary: This sanctuary lies on the southern ridge of Delhi is home to diverse wildlife
including spotted deer, wild boars, and various bird species.
• Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary (Kusum Sarovar): Located near Agra (UP) sanctuary is known for its rich avifau-
na, especially migratory birds. It includes wetlands that attract a variety of bird species during the winter months.
• Yamuna Biodiversity Park: This park (Delhi) features a mosaic of wetlands, grasslands, and floodplain forests, pro-
viding habitat for over 1,500 species of plants and animals. The park plays a significant role in supporting migratory
birds and enhancing groundwater recharge.
• Aravalli Biodiversity Park: This Park (Delhi) aims to restore native ecosystems in the Aravalli range and is part of
efforts to enhance biodiversity in urban settings. It supports various flora and fauna native to the region.
• Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary: This sanctuary is located in Haryana and serves as a habitat for various wildlife species
while also providing opportunities for eco-tourism.
Projects on River • Upper Yamuna River Board Projects: These projects have been designated as National Projects, with the central
government providing 90% of the funding for irrigation and drinking water supply components.
• Renukaji Dam
• Kishau Dam
• Lakhwar-Vyasi Project
• Namami Gange Programme: Under this initiative, 23 projects have been sanctioned for creating and rehabilitating
sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Yamuna basin, particularly in Delhi, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.
• Water Sharing Agreement (1994): The 1994 agreement among the states of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal
Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh established an interim seasonal allocation of Yamuna's annual utilizable flow. This agree-
ment led to the creation of the Upper Yamuna River Board (UYRB) to regulate water allocation among the states.
The agreement is set to be renegotiated as its tenure approaches its end in 2024.
• MoU with University of Virginia: In July 2016, the Delhi Jal Board signed an MoU with the University of Virginia’s
Yamuna River Project (YRP) to collaborate on strategies for cleaning and revitalizing the Yamuna River.
• Supreme Court: The Court had emphasized the establishment of common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) to
manage industrial waste effectively.
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Chambal
River
System

About Chambal River originates from the northern slopes of Singar Chouri Peak, at an altitude of 884.4m, in the Vindhyan
Range.
• It flows in northerly direction through Madhya Pradesh for about 346km and enters Rajasthan near Chittorgarh. Here
the river falls 505m and then enters a gorge for 113kms and leaves it near Kota.
• It makes boundary between Kota and Bundi district and then boundary between Rajasthan and M.P. It eventually
enters U.P. and flows for about 32km before joining the Yamuna near Bhareh.
Geological The region is prone to drought, with about 80% of the area in Madhya Pradesh and 85% in Rajasthan classified as
Composition drought-prone.
• Forest Types: Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests and Ravine Thorn Forests.
• Soil Types: Clayey, Silty and Loamy soil
Tributaries Right Bank: Parbati, Kali Sindh, Shipra
Left Bank: Banas, Mej
Conservation • National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary: Gharials and the rare Turtle species.
Sites • Kuno-Palpur National Park: It is part of efforts to reintroduce Asiatic lions.
• Ranthambore National Park: Famous for Tiger Population.
Projects on Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, Jawahar Sagar Dam, Kota Barrage
River

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Son River System

About The Son River originates near Amarkantak Hill in Chhattisgarh, flows through Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Jharkhand, and Bihar, and joins the Ganges River near Patna.
Geological Com- The Son valley is mostly forested and sparsely populated, and is bordered by the Kaimur Range to the north and the
position Chota Nagpur plateau to the south.
• Forest Types: Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests, Thorn Forests, Mixed Forests and Grasslands.
Tributaries Rihand, North Koel, Gopad, Banas, and Kanhar rivers.
Conservation • Son Gharial Sanctuary: Established in 1981 under Project Crocodile for the conservation of Gharials.
Sites • Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary: The sanctuary was established in 1978 during the Project Tiger initiative. The
sanctuary is home to a variety of animals, including tigers, panthers, chinkaras, cheetals, sambar deer, wild boars,
and blackbucks.
• Bori Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated in the foothills of the Satpura Range, it is a part of the Pachmarhi Biosphere Re-
serve, it is rich in biodiversity and offers habitats for numerous species.
• Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary: It is part of the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, contains diverse ecosystems, and
is home to various species of flora and fauna.
• Noradehi Wildlife Sanctuary: It is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, with part of its area falling
within the Son River Basin.
• Panna National Park: Although primarily associated with the Ken River, it forms part of the broader ecological land-
scape connected to the Son River Basin.
Projects on River • Bansagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh
• Rihand Dam near Pipri in Uttar Pradesh on Rihand River.
• Indrapuri Barrage in Bihar
• India's oldest river bridge, the Koilwar Bridge, crosses the Son River and connects Arrah with Patna.

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Penninsular River Systems
CENTRAL INDIA
Narmada & Tapi River System
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2013] The Narmada river flows (a) G
 ovind Sagar – Satluj originate; while one of them flows towards
to the west, while most other large peninsular (b) Kolleru Lake – Krishna north and merges with another important
rivers flow to the east. Why? (c) U
 kai Reservoir – Tapi river flowing towards Bay of Bengal, the other
1. It occupies a linear rift valley. (d) Wular Lake – Jhelum one flow towards arabian Sea?
2. It flows between the Vindhyas and the (a) Amarakantak
Satpuras. [UPSC CSE 2010] With reference to the river (b) Badrinath
3. The land slopes to the west from Central Luni, which one of the following statements (c) Mahabaleshwar
India. is correct? (d) Nasik
Select the correct answer using the codes (a) It flows into Gulf of Khambhat.
given below. (b) It flows into Gulf of Kuchchh. [UPSC CSE 2007] Match List-I with List-II
(a) 1 only (c) t flows into Pakistan and merges with a and select the correct answer using the code
(b) 2 and 3 tributary of Indus. given below the lists:
(c) 1 and 3 (d) It is lost in the marshy land of the Rann of List-I (Town): List-II (River Nearer to it)
(d) None Kuchchh. A. Betul: 1. Indravati
B. Jagdalpur: [Link]
[UPSC CSE 2021] Which one of the follow- [UPSC CSE 2009] Consider the following C. Jabalpur: [Link]
ing statements is correct? statements: D. Ujjain: [Link]
(a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora 1. There are no east flowing rivers in Kerala A B C D
river. 2. There are no west flowing rivers in Madhya (a) 1 4 2 3
(b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal Pradesh (b) 4 1 2 3
river. Which of the above statements is/are cor- (c) 4
 1 3 2
(c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge rect? (d) 1 4 3 2
of Narmada river. (a) 1 only
(d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of (b) 2 only [UPSC CSE 2007] Which one of the follow-
Godavari river. (c) Both 1 and 2 ing rivers originates at Amarakantak?
(d) N either 1 nor 2 (a) Damodar
[UPSC CSE 2010] Which one of the follow- (b) Mahanadi
ing pairs is not correctly matched? Dam / [UPSC CSE 2009] At which one of the (c) Narmada
Lake River: following places two important rivers of India (d) Tapti

What do we need to prepare?

Based on the above PYQ observations from the UPSC Prelims questions, we can analyze that we need to build strong pillars along - the
type of the River Valley/ Geological features, its right-bank and left-bank tributaries, Important Cultural Sites, Developmental Projects
along the river banks, etc.

Why do we need to study the Tapi River System?

Because, the Waghora River, which flows nearby from Ajanta and Ellora caves, is one of the major tributaries of the Tapi River system.

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Narmada River Originates from Amarkantak hills in M.P and flows through a rift valley. Flowing through the rift valley is the major reason
that they drain into the Arabian Sea even though the general orientation of the Peninsula is towards the Bay of Bengal.
• States: Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh.
• It is bounded by the Vindhyas on the north, by the Maikala range on the east, by the Satpuras on the south, and by
the Arabian Sea on the west.
• Waterfall: Dhuandhar and Kapildhara waterfall.
• Right bank: Hiran, Tendoni, Barna, Kolar, Man, Uri, Hatni, Orsang
• Left bank: Burhne, Banjar, Sher, Shakkar, Dudhi, Tawa, Ganjal, Kundi, Goi, Karjan
Tapi River It originates from Betul district, M.P. Situated in the Deccan plateau, the basin is bounded by the Satpura range on the
north, by the Mahadev hills on the east, by the Ajanta Range and Satmala hills on the south and by the Arabian Sea on
the west.
• It flows through a rift valley. Drains into the Gulf of Khambat
• Basin states: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat having an area of 65,145 [Link]
• Projects: Ukai Dam, Girna Dam, Hathnur Dam, Kakrapar Dam, Dahigam Weir.
• Tributaries:
• Right bank: Vaki, Aner, Arunawati, and Gomai.
• Left bank: Nesu, Amravati, Buray, Panjhara, Bori, Waghur, Purna, Mona, Sipna, and Girna (Rises in western Ghats and
drains Nashik)
Luni River The Luni River originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range in the Ajmer district of Rajasthan. It flows through
the southeastern part of the Thar Desert, and ends in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
• Tributaries:
• Left Bank: Sukri, Mithri, Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya, and Sagi.
• Right bank: Jojari.
• Projects: Dantiwada dam, Sipu dam, Jaswant Sagar Dam (one of the largest artificial lakes in India), Sardar Samand dam
and Jawai dam.
• The Luni River is polluted by textile industries and encroachments in the catchment area.

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CHOTA NAGPUR
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Chota Nagpur Plateau
River System
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2022] Consider the following
rivers:
1. Brahmani
2. Nagavali
3. Subarnarekha
4. Vamsadhara
Which of the above rises from the Eastern
Ghats?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 3

River About

Nagavali River The River Nagavali (Langulya) is one of the main rivers of Southern Odisha and North Andhra States in India
between the Rushikulya and Godavari basins.
• Nagavali River originates from a Lakhbahal hill in Kalahandi District.
Projects: Thanjavati Project; Thotapalli Barrage; Narayanapuram Barrage

Vamsadhara River The Vamsadhara River originates in the Durgakangar hills (Lingaraj hills) in the Kalahandi district of Odisha. It flows
traversing through Odisha and along its boundary with Andhra Pradesh before joining the Bay of Bengal at Kalinga-
patnam, Andhra Pradesh.
• The river basin is located between the Godavari and Mahanadi River basins.
• The River has been embroiled in a significant inter-state water dispute primarily between Odisha and Andhra
Pradesh.

Subarnarekha Riv- It originates from the Ranchi Plateau in Jharkhand forming the boundary between West Bengal and Odisha in its
er (Golden River) lower course. It joins Bay of Bengal forming an estuary between the Ganga and Mahanadi deltas.
• The 474 km long river is also known for the Golden Particles found since ancient times.
Tributaries:
• Right Bank Tributary: Kanchi River, Karkari River, Kharkai River, Raru River, and Garru River.
• Left Bank Tributary: Dulang River

Brahmani River It is one of the longest rivers in Odisha. It is formed by the confluence of the South Koel and Sankh rivers at Ve-
davyasa, near Rourkela in Sundargarh district, Jharkhand.
Tributaries:
• Right Bank: Sankh River, Tikra River, Karo River.
• Left Bank: Kharasrota River.
Conservation Site: Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary

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Damodar River The source of the Damodar River is Chota Nagpur Plateau (Palamau hills in Jharkhand) and the mouth is Hooghly
River, Rupnarayan River.
• Tributary: Bokaro, Konar, Barakar, Haharo, Ghari, Jamunia, Khadia, Guaia, and Bhera. The Barakar is the largest
tributary.
• Project: The Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) was established by the Indian government in 1948 to construct
dams and a navigation canal in the Damodar River valley. The DVC's objectives included flood control, water supply,
and transmission of electrical energy.
• Minerals: The Damodar Valley along the Bihar–West Bengal border is home to some of India's most important coal
and mica mines, including Raniganj, Jharia, and Giridih.

Barakar River It is a tributary of the Damodar River (“Sorrow of Bengal”) in eastern India. It originates in the Chota Nagpur Pla-
teau near Padma in Jharkhand.
• Tributaries: Barsoti and Usri Rivers
• Waterfall: Steep Gorge and has the Usri Falls.

Kanchi River It is a tributary of the Subarnarekha River in India.

• Waterfall: Dassam Fall

Sankh River Starting from Chattisgarh, the Sankh River joins the South Koel River to form the Brahmani River near Rourkela, a
major industrial town in Odisha.

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Budhabalanga River (Odisha)

Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2017] At one of the places in India, if you stand on the seashore
Based on the above PYQ observation, of UPSC
Prelims, we can analyze that we need to build strong
and watch the sea, ‘you will find that the sea water recedes from the shoreline pillars along - significant features at the origin as well
a few kilometers and comes back to the shore, twice a day, and you can walk as at the delta of the river.
on the seafloor when the water recedes. This unique phenomenon is seen at
(a) Bhavnagar
(b) Bheemunipatnam
(c) Chandipur
(d) Nagapattinam

About The Budhabalanga River originates from Similipal hills, where it cascades in double falls in the Barehipani area. As it
continues its course, it shifts towards the northeast, until it reaches the village of Jhankapahadi.
Tributaries •P
 alapala River The Palapala River originates from Kharimatia pahar and has a weir at Baladiha.
•S
 unei River: The Sunei River flows into the Budhabalanga River from the right side and originates from Gagua Pahar
at an elevation of 499m. It has a dam at Salchua and four tributaries: Kalo, Sanjo, Gangahari, and Targana.
•K
 alo River: The Kalo River originates from the Similipal Hills, has a catchment area of 151 sq. km, and is 27 km long.
It has a dam that irrigates 2400 Ha in Rabi and 4800 Ha in Kharif.
•S
 anjo River The Sanjo River is a left tributary of the Sunei River, has a catchment area of 120 sq. km, and originates
from the Similipal Hills.
•D
 eo River The Deo River originates from the Similipal Hill range, flows southeast, and is a tributary of the Sanjo
River. It drains a catchment area of 94 sq. km.
•K
 atra River The Katra River originates from Bhimahanda and has a catchment area of 208 sq. km.
•G
 angahari River: It is a left tributary of the Sunei River, originates from Gurusadar Pahar in the Similipal hills, and
is 61 km long.
Cultural Sites Cultural sites: Paleolithic and Neolithic sites like Kuliana, Baripada, Haripur, foothills of Nilagiri, and Kuanrapura
Mahal (Blue Lake).

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MAHANADI

Koderma

Giridih

Jajpur

Balangir

0 25 50 International Miles

0 25 50 75 100 Kilometers

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Mahanadi River System
About • It is a major river system in East-Central India, originating from the highlands of Chhattisgarh and flowing through
Odisha before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
• With a total length of over 850 kilometres, the Mahanadi is a vital waterway for the states of Chhattisgarh and Odis-
ha, and it is one of the important rivers of central India.
Features and The Mahanadi River originates from the highlands of the Dandakaranya region in Chhattisgarh, India.
Course • The Mahanadi basin spans the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha, with smaller portions extending into
Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh.
• It is bordered by the Central India hills to the north, the Eastern Ghats to the south and east, and the Maikala range
to the west.
• The Mahanadi is one of the major peninsular rivers and ranks second to the Godavari in terms of water potential and
flood-producing capacity.
• Small streams (most active silt-depositing streams) between the Mahanadi and the Rushikulya, which drain directly
into Chilka Lake, also contribute to the basin.
• After receiving the Seonath River, it turns east and enters Odisha state.
• At Sambalpur, the Hirakud Dam, one of the largest dams in India, has created a man-made lake 35 miles long.
• One of its mouths, Puri, is a renowned pilgrimage site.
Tributaries Left Bank Tributaries of Mahanadi River
• Seonath River: The Seonath River originates from Panabaras Hill (625 m) and flows northeastward. It provides
essential water resources for the residents and industries in Durg District.
• Hasdeo River: The Hasdeo River originates from Chhattisgarh. The river flows towards the south of Chhattisgarh
through Bilaspur and Korba Districts. Along the river lie rocks and hilly areas, thin forest areas.
• Ib River: The Ib is a left-bank tributary of the Mahanadi River, originating in hills in the Raigarh district of
Chhattisgarh.

Right Bank Tributaries of Mahanadi River

• Ong River: It originates in the Eastern Ghats and flows through Odisha, India. It is a tributary of the Mahanadi River.
It supports irrigation and provides water for agriculture in the region. Additionally, it contributes to the Mahanadi
River system, which is crucial for the state’s water resources.
• Tel River: The Tel River originates in the Kalahandi district of Odisha and flows into the Mahanadi River near
Sonepur, Odisha. It is a major tributary of the Mahanadi River and plays a crucial role in irrigation, supporting
agriculture and local livelihoods in the region.
• Jonk River: The Jonk River originates in the Khariar plateau of Odisha and flows through Chhattisgarh before joining
the Mahanadi River. It supports local agriculture through irrigation and contributes to the overall water availability in
the regions it traverses, ultimately feeding into the larger Mahanadi River system.
Human Settle- Dams on Mahanadi River System
ment • Hirakund Dam
• Gangrel Dam (R.S. Sagar Dam)
• Dudhwa Dam
Industries in Mahanadi River Basin: Three important urban centres in the basin are Raipur, Durg and Cuttack.
• The important industries presently existing in the basin are:
• The Iron and Steel plant at Bhilai,
• The Aluminium factories at Hirakud and Korba,
• The Paper Mill near Cuttack and
• The Cement Factory at Sundargarh.
• Mining of coal, iron and manganese are other industrial activities.

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Penninsular River Systems
DECCAN & SOUTH INDIA
Godavari River System
Prelims PYQs
2. Indravati their lengths?
3. Pranahita (a) G
 odavari—Mahanadi—Narmada—Tapi
4. Pennar (b) Godavari—Narmada—Mahanadi—Tapi
Which of the above are tributaries of Goda- (c) N
 armada—Godavari—Tapi—Mahanadi
[UPSC CSE 2016] Recently, linking of which vari? (d) Narmada—Tapi—Godavari—Mahanadi
of the following rivers was undertaken? (a) 1, 2 and 3
a) Cauvery and Tungabhadra (b) 2, 3 and 4 [UPSC CSE 2000] Which one of the follow-
b) Godavari and Krishna (c) 1, 2 and 4 ing statements is not true?
c) Mahanadi and Son (d) 2 and 3 only (a) G
 haggar’s water is utilised in the Indira
d) Narmada and Tapti Gandhi Canal
[UPSC CSE 2003] What is the correct (b) Narmada rises from Amarkantak region
[UPSC CSE 2016] Consider the following sequence of the rivers— Godavari, Mahanadi, (c) N
 izam Sagar is situated on the Manjra river
rivers: Narmada and Tapi in the descending order of (d) Penganga is a tributary of the Godavari
1. Vamsadhara

Based on the above PYQ observations from the UPSC Prelims questions on the Godavari River System, we can analyze that we need to
build strong pillars along - the features of the river, its right-bank and left-bank tributaries, Human settlements and Government projects
along the river banks, etc. These minor facts/themes are nowadays away from our standard materials and monthly magazines. In this
scenario, we need to get over the static facts based on our indigenous research and comprehensive mapping.

About The largest Peninsular River in India ‘Dakshin Ganga’ rises from Trimbakeshwar (Nashik district) located in the
Western Ghats and drains into the Bay of Bengal before forming a large delta below Rajahmundry.
• The basin extends over the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha in addition to
smaller parts in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and the UT of Puducherry.
Geological Com- The basin is bounded by Satmala hills, the Ajanta range, and the Mahadeo hills on the north, by the Eastern
position Ghats on the southeast, and by the Western Ghats on the west.
Tributaries Left Bank Tributaries: Dharna, Penganga, Wainganga, Wardha, Pranahita, Pench, Kanhan, Sabari, Indravati, etc. (The
left bank tributaries are more in number and larger in size)
Right Bank Tributaries: Pravara, Mula, Manjira, Peddavagu, Maner etc.
• Below Rajahmundry (lobate-type delta), the river divides itself into two main streams - the Gautami Godavari on
the east and the Vashishta Godavari on the west.
Conservation • Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary and Wetland (MH)
Sites • Tadoba National Park (Tiger Reserve) (MH)
• Bor Wildlife Sanctuary (MH)
• Navegaon Wildlife Sanctuary (MH)
• Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary (AP)

Human Settlement The industries in the basin are mostly based on agricultural produce such as rice milling, cotton spinning and weaving,
sugar, and oil extraction. Cement and some small engineering industries also exist in the basin. The Sri Ram Sagar
project (Nizamabad); Godavari Barrage, Upper Penganga, Jaikwadi, Nizamsagar Dam on Manjira River, Upper Wain-
ganga, Upper Indravati, and Upper Wardha.
Projects Godavari and Cauvery River Interlinking Project comprises three components namely,
• the Godavari (Inchampalli/Janampet) – Krishna (Nagarjunasagar),
• the Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) – Pennar (Somasila) and
• the Pennar (Somasila)–Cauvery.
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Tributaries Explanation
Manjra River This right-bank tributary originates in the Balaghat range in Ahmednagar district (Maharashtra), and flows
through the Bidar District (Karnataka) before entering Medak District (Andhra Pradesh). Ultimately, it drains into
the Godavari River at Basara near Nizamabad.
• Project: Gigantic Masonry dam.
Painganga River It originates in the Ajantha ranges in the Aurangabad district (Maharashtra), then flows along the state border
between Maharashtra and AP. Adan river is the major tributary.
• Projects: Two dams - Upper Painganga and Lower Painganga.
• Conservation site: Painganga Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Waterfall: Sahastrakund waterfalls.
Wardha River It is one of the biggest rivers in the Vidarbha region (Maharashtra)that originates in Satpura Range in Betul
District (Madhya Pradesh). It joins Wainganga and together they are called Pranhita, which ultimately flows into
the Godavari River
• Tributaries:
• Left Bank: Kar, Wena, Jam, Erai.
• Right Bank: Madu, Bembla, Penganga.
• Project: Upper Wardha Dam is built on Wardha River near Morshi and considered a lifeline for Amravati city.
Wainganga It originates in the southern slopes of the Mahadeo Hills (Satpura Range), Madhya Pradesh and flows south
River (“the arrow of through Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in a very winding course. After joining the Wardha, the united stream,
water“) known as the ‘Pranahitha’, ultimately falls into the river Godavari.
• Tributaries:
• Left Bank: Thel, Thanwar, Bagh, Chulband, Gsrhavi, Khobragadi and Kathani.
• Right Bank: Hirri, Chandan, Bawanthari, Kanhan, and Mul.
• Human Settlements: Kamptee, Bhandara, Tumsar, Balaghat, and Pauna are the major urban and industrial
centers along the river.
Nag River The Nag river originates from the Ambazari Lake in west Nagpur, where Pili river is the major Tributary.
• The Kanhan River is an important right-bank tributary of the Wainganga River draining a large area lying south
of the Satpura Range in central India.
• Kanhan River also confluence with Pench river and Forming a Kanhan-Pench river system.
Indravati River Indravati River originates from Thuamul Rampur (Eastern Ghats) in Kalahandi in Orissa. While in Bastar, Indravati
is the largest and the most significant it also forms the boundary between Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh states
at places. (it is lifeline of the Bastar region)
• Later this river merges with the Godavari River at Bhadrakali in Dantewada District.
• Tributaries: Pamer Chinta (largest).
• Waterfall: Chitrakoot Falls (Indravati River).
• Conservation site: Indravati National Park and Tiger Reserves (Chattisgarh).

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Krishna River System
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2022] Consider the following [UPSC CSE 2019] Consider the following [UPSC CSE 2015] Who among the following
pairs: pairs: founded a new city on the south bank of a
Reservoirs States Famous place River tributary to river Krishna and undertook to
1. Ghataprabha —> Telangana 1. Pandharpur → Chandrabhaga rule his new kingdom as the agent of a deity
2. Gandhi Sagar —> Madhya Pradesh 2. Tiruchirappalli → Cauvery to whom all the land south of the river Krish-
3. Indira Sagar —> Andhra Pradesh 3. Hampi→ Malaprabha na was supposed to belong?
4. Maithon —> Chhattisgarh Which of the pairs given above are correctly a) Amoghavarsha I
How many pairs given above are not correctly matched? b) Ballala II
matched? (a) 1 and 2 only c) Harihara I
(a) Only one pair (b) 2 and 3 only d) Prataparudra II
(b) Only two pairs (c) 1 and 3 only
(c) Only three pairs (d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) All four pairs

Based on the above observations from the previous year’s UPSC Prelims questions, we can analyze that we need to build strong pillars
along - the ancient history/literature, Geological features, its right-bank and left-bank tributaries, significant human settlements and
Reservoirs along the river bank, etc.

About The Krishna River, the second-largest east-flowing river of Peninsular India, originates near Mahabaleshwar in the
Western Ghats, Maharashtra, and flows through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh into the
Bay of Bengal.
Geological Com- It makes boundaries from the Western Ghats (west), Eastern Ghats (east/south), and ridges separating the Krishna,
position Godavari, and Pennar basins.
• Rainfall: S-W Monsoon (primary), N-E Monsoon (partial).
• Soil Types: Black soils, red soils, laterite soils, and alluvial soils (delta regions).
• Flora: Tropical deciduous forests, riparian vegetation, scrublands.
• Fauna: Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, Indian gaur, blackbuck, sloth bear, estuarine crocodile, and bird species like
painted storks and egrets.
Tributaries Right Bank: Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra.
Left Bank: Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Halia, Musi, Paleru, Munneru.
Waterfalls Gokak Falls (on the Ghataprabha River).
Conservation • Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve (largest tiger reserve in India).
Sites • Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary (Maharashtra).
• Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Ghats).
• Chandoli National Park (Maharashtra).
Cultural Sites • Kudalasangama (Krishna-Malaprabha confluence, Karnataka).
• Sangameswaram Temple (Tungabhadra-Krishna confluence, Andhra Pradesh).
• Pandharpur (on Bhima River, Maharashtra).

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Human Settlement Tribes: Lambadas (Banjara), Gonds, Yerukulas, Chenchus.
and Projects Urban centers: Pune, Sangli, Vijayawada, Bagalkot, Hyderabad.
Major projects:
• Srisailam Dam: On the border of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, it is a 1,670 MW hydroelectric power station.
• Nagarjuna Sagar Dam: Near Nalgonda (Telangana), 960 MW hydroelectric power station for the irrigation of over
10 lakh hectares and power generation.
• Almatti Dam: Water storage for irrigation (Karnataka).
• Jurala Dam: On the Krishna River (AP) for Irrigation and flood control.
• Narayanpur Dam: Provides irrigation and water supply in Karnataka.
• Bhima Dam: On the Bhima River (a tributary of the Krishna) for Irrigation and water storage.
• Tungabhadra Dam: On the Tungabhadra River (a tributary of the Krishna) for Irrigation and power generation.
• Koyna Dam: A hydroelectric project (1,920 MW) on the Koyna River (a tributary of Krishna) for power generation
and water storage.
• Pulichintala Project: Multipurpose irrigation project in Andhra Pradesh completed in 2019.
• Prakasam Barrage: Diverts water to the Krishna delta in Vijayawada for agriculture and serves as a bridge.
Issues • Drought-prone regions: Rayalaseema (Andhra Pradesh), parts of Karnataka and Maharashtra.
• Flooding: Delta regions face siltation and cyclonic rains. Other issues include - Sand mining, water pollution, and
urban waste mismanagement are major problems.

Tributaries of Krishna River System:

Tributary Explanation
Venna River A small tributary originating in Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, merging with Krishna near Satara. It supports local
irrigation.
Koyna River Originates in Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra; known for the Koyna Dam, Maharashtra’s largest hydroelectric project.
Vital for power generation and irrigation.
Panchganga River Formed by the confluence of Kasari, Kumbhi, Tulsi, and Bhogawati Rivers; joins Krishna at Kurundwad. Important
for agriculture and religious significance.
Dudhganga River Originates in Kolhapur, Maharashtra; Kallammawadi Dam supports irrigation in Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Ghataprabha River Originates in the Western Ghats, Karnataka;
• Waterfall: Gokak Falls
• Project: Ghataprabha Irrigation Project
Malaprabha River Originates in Kanakumbi, Karnataka;
• Project: Renukasagara Reservoir.
Tungabhadra River Formed by the confluence of the Tunga and Bhadra Rivers in Karnataka;
• Cultural significance: Raichur Doab.
Bhima River It is the longest tributary of Krishna that originates in Bhimashankar Hills, Maharashtra.
Musi River Originates in Anantagiri Hills, Telangana;
• Projects: Reservoirs like Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar support Hyderabad’s water supply.
Munneru River It is a tributary from Telangana that joins Krishna in its deltaic region, contributing to the delta’s ecosystem and
agriculture.

Did you know West flowing Karnataka’s Kali River?

The Kali River originates near Diggi village in the Western Ghats at an elevation. The Kalinadi, also known as the Kali River, primarily
flows westward, originating in the Western Ghats and emptying into the Arabian Sea near Karwar Plateau. This river is approximately 184
km long and is significant for its ecological and cultural importance in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka.

[UPSC CSE 2007] Assertion (A): River Kalinadi is an east-flowing river in the southern part of India.
Reason(R): The Deccan Plateau is higher along its western edge and gently slopes towards the Bay of Bengal in the east.
1. B
 oth A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is True but R is false
4. A
 is false but R is true

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Cauvery River System

Prelims PYQs
found? (b) 2 and 3 only
1. Cambay Basin (c) 1
 and 3 only
2. Cauvery Basin (d) 1,2 and 3
3. Krishna-Godavari Basin
Select the correct answer using the code [UPSC CSE 2002] The correct sequence of
[UPSC CSE 2018] Which of the following given below. the eastward flowing rivers of the peninsular
is/are the possible consequence/s of heavy a) 1 and 2 only India from north to south is:
sand mining in riverbeds? b) 3 only (a) S ubarnarekha, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krish-
1) Decreased salinity in the river c) 2 and 3 only na, Pennar, Cauvery and Vaigai
2) Pollution of groundwater d) 1, 2 and 3 (b) Subarnarekha, Mahanadi, Godavari, Cauv-
3) Lowering of the water-table ery, Vaigai Pennar
Select the correct answer using the code [UPSC CSE 2008] Which of the following (c) M ahanadi, Subarnarekha, Godavari, Krish-
given below: pairs are-correctly matched? na, Cauvery, Pennar and Vaigai
a) 1 only Waterfalls: River (d) Mahanadi, Subarnarekha, Krishna, Goda-
b) 2 and 3 only 1. Kapildhara Falls: Godavari vari, Cauvery, Vaigai and Pennar
c) 1 and 3 only 2. Jog Falls: Sharavati
d) 1, 2 and 3 3. Sivasamudram Falls: Cauvery
Select the correct answer using the code
[UPSC CSE 2016] In which of the following given below:
regions of India are shale gas resources (a) 1
 and 2 only

Based on the above observations from the previous year’s UPSC Prelims questions, we can analyze that we need to build strong pillars
along - the origin of the river, Geological features, its right-bank and left-bank tributaries, Human settlements and Government projects
along the river banks, etc. These minor facts/themes are nowadays away from our standard materials and monthly magazines. In this
scenario, we need to get over the static facts based on our indigenous research and comprehensive mapping.

About The Cauvery River (Perennial river) rises at at Talakaveri (Brahmagiri Range) of Kodagu (Coorg) district of
Karnataka and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
• The basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and UT of Puducherry.
Geological It is bounded by the Western Ghats on the west, by the Eastern Ghats on the east and the south and by the ridges sep-
Composition arating it from Krishna basin and Pennar basin on the north. The basin in receives rainfall mainly from the S-W Monsoon
and partially from N-E Monsoon.
• George: Wide gorge which is known as ‘Mekedatu’ (Goats leap) - forms the boundary between Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu States.
• Soil Type: Black soil, red soils, laterites, alluvial soils, forest soils and mixed soils. (Red soils occupy large areas in the
basin. Alluvial soils are found in the delta areas)
• Flora: dry deciduous forests, evergreen forests, and scrublands.
• Fauna: Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, Sloth bear, Indian gaur, Birds like Painted stork, Spot-billed
pelican, Indian scops owl, Reptiles like Mugger crocodile, Indian rock python.
Tributaries Left Bank: the Harangi, the Hemavati, the Shimsha and the Arkavati.
Right Bank: Lakshmantirtha, the Kabbani, the Suvarnavati, the Bhavani, the Noyil and the Amaravati join from the right.
• Waterfalls: Sivasamudram waterfalls (from the South Karnataka Plateau to Tamil Nadu Plains); Hogennekkal
Falls (that enters the Mettur Reservoir)
Conservation • Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary (Endangered ‘hump-backed mahseer’ fish);
Sites in Cauvery • Nagarhole National Park;
Basin • Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (traversed by the Bhavani River);
• Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kabini River runs through this area as well).
Cultural Sites “Grand Anicut” is said to have been constructed by a Chola King in 1st Century A.D. Below the Grand Anicut, the
Cauvery branch splits into two, Cauvery and Vennar.
Tribes Kodavas (Coorgis); Irulas; Soligas; Tamils.
Human set- Krishnarajasagar (Karnataka), Mettur dam and Cauvery delta system (Tamil Nadu).
tlement and • Bangalore city; cotton textile industry in Coimbatore and Mysore; cement factories in Coimbatore and Trichinapally.
Projects • The Salem steel plant and many engineering industries in Coimbatore and Trichinapally.
• This river basin faces issues like water pollution, heavy sand mining and unmanaged waste.
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Pennar River System

Pennar River (Uttara Pinakini)

About The Pennar rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range, in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka and
flows towards east eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal.
•T he basin (fan shaped) extends over states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The total length of the river is 597 km.
Geological The basin is bounded by the Erramala Range on the north, by Nallamala and Velikonda ranges in the East, by the Nan-
Composition didurg hills on the south and by the narrow ridge separating it from the Vedavati valley of the Krishna Basin on the west.
• The other hill ranges in the south of the river are the Seshachalam [famous for Red Sanders] and Paliconda ranges.
Flora: The vegetation predominantly consists of deciduous forests, scrublands, and agricultural lands.
Fauna: Deer, wild boars.
Tributaries Left Bank: the Jayamangali, the Kunderu and the
Right Bank: the Chiravati, the Papagni etc.
Conservation Sri Lanka malleswara Wildlife Sanctuary.
Sites
Tribes Chenchus, Gonds, Kondareddis, Yerukulas
Projects on Tungabhadra high level canal in Krishna basin irrigates some areas in Pennar basin also. The only major project in the
River basin is the Somasila project. The major part of basin is covered with agriculture accounting to 58.64% of the total area.

Did you know the Grand Canyon of India (Gandikota Canyon)?

UPSC Prelims 2022 Question:
Gandikota canyon of South India was created by which one of the following rivers?
a) Cauvery
b) Manjira
c) Pennar
d) Tungabhadra

What is a Canyon?
A canyon is defined as a deep, narrow valley with steep sides, typically formed by the erosive action of a river over an extended period.
• Geographical Composition: Gandikota Canyon is situated southwest of Hyderabad in the Kadapa district (Andhra Pradesh), on the right bank
of the Pennar River. The canyon is bordered by the Erramala range of hills.
• Rock Types: Sedimentary rocks/Gandikota Quartzite.
• Cultural sites:
• Belum Caves (2nd largest caves in India) are known for their stalactite and stalagmite formations;
• There are also two ancient temples and a 12th-century fort that sits atop of the Papi Kondalu hills surrounding the gorge.
• Other major Canyons:
• Laitlum Canyons: Located in the East Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, this canyon is a popular destination for nature lovers and photographers. It
offers panoramic views of deep valleys, steep cliffs, and rolling hills.
• Sandhan Valley: Located in the mountains of Maharashtra, this valley is also known as the Valley of Shadows. It's a challenging trek with
beautiful scenery and steep cliffs.
• Gangani: This canyon is known for its reddish terrain and the Shilabati river that flows by it.

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Periyar River
System

Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2018] Which one of the follow-
ing is an artificial lake?
(a) Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu)
(b) Kolleru (Andhra Pradesh)
(c) Nainital (Uttarakhand)
(d) Renuka (Himachal Pradesh)

About It is a major river in southern India, flowing through Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. It originates in the Nandi Hills in the
Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka.
Geological Compo- The basin is bounded on the northwest and south by various ranges of the Eastern Ghats, like the Velikonda
sition Range, the Nagari Hills, the Javadu Hills, the Shevaroy Hills, the Chitteri Hills and the Kalrayan Hills, and in the east
by the Bay of Bengal.
• It is the second largest interstate east-flowing riverbasin among the 12 basins lying between the Pennar and
Cauvery basins.
Tributaries Chinnar, Markanda, Vaniar, and Pamban.
Conservation Sites •P  eriyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
•P  eriyar Tiger Reserve
• Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary
•K  ottiyoor Wildlife Sanctuary
Human settlement The river is extensively dammed for irrigation, especially in Tamil Nadu.
• The only major metropolitan city in the catchment is Bengaluru, which also happens to be the biggest polluter of
the river.

Did you know which are those 3 rivers that fed ‘Pulicat lake’?
Pulicat Lake is located 60 km north of Chennai and is the second largest brackish-water lagoon in India. The lake stretches about
60 km long and varies in width from 0.2 km to 17.5 km. Its salinity levels change throughout the year, reaching zero during the monsoon
season and rising to about 52 parts per million (ppm) during the pre- and post-monsoon periods. The lake lies on the border between Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh along the Coromandel Coast of South India and includes the Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary. Sriharikota, a
barrier island, separates Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal.
The lagoon is fed by three main rivers: the Arani River at the southern end, the Kalangi River from the northwest, and the Swarnamukhi
River at the northern end, along with several smaller streams. While the lake used to cover around 461 sq. km., it has now shrunk to
approximately 350 sq. km. and continues to decrease rapidly. The average water depth has also fallen from 1.5 m in the early 20th century
to about 1 m today.
Pulicat Lake is rich in plant and animal life, supporting active commercial fisheries and a diverse population of birds. Due to its ecological
significance, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has designated it as a Ramsar site of international importance,
and it is also recognized as a protected area by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

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Some Important Facts
Major Rifts along the Rivers

Rift Associated River

Indus Rift Indus River
Ganga-Brahmaputra Rift Ganga River, Brahmaputra River
Narmada Rift Narmada River
Tapti Rift Tapti River
Godavari Rift Godavari River
Krishna Rift Krishna River
Cauvery Rift
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National Parks &
their Minor Rivers
STATES CONSERVATION SITE MINOR RIVERS
Gujarat Gir National Park Shingada River, Godavari River, Datardi River, Raval River, Shetrunji River, Hiran
River, Machhundri River
Blackbuck National Park Parvalia River, Alang River

Gulf of Kutch National Park Sang River

Vansda National Park Ambika River

Rajasthan Ranthambore National Park Banas River, Chambal River

Keoladeo National Park Gambhir River, Banganga River

Desert National Park Luni River

Sariska National Park Ruparel River

Mukundra Hills National Park Chambal River, Kali River, Ahu River

Haryana Kalesar National Park Yamuna River

Sultanpur National Park Sahibi River

Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa National Park Suheli River, Mohana River

Jharkhand Betla National Park (Palamau) North Koel River, Auranga River
Bihar Valmiki National Park Gandak River, Masan River
Chhattisgarh Guru Ghasidas National Park Banas River

Indravati National Park Indravati River

Odisha Simlipal National Park Burhabalanga River, Kahairi River

Bhitarkanika National Park Brahmani River, Baitarni River

Uttarakhand Jim Corbett National Park Ramganga River, Sonanadi River

Nanda Devi National Park Rishi Ganga, Dhauli Ganga

Rajaji National Park Ganges River

Ladakh Hemis National Park Indus River, Markha River

Sikkim Khangchendzonga National Park Teesta River

Arunachal Namdapha National Park Noa-Dihing River, Namdapha River

Pradesh
Assam Kaziranga National Park Brahmaputra River, Diphlu River

Manas National Park Manas River

Tripura Clouded Leopard National Park Gumti River

Goa Mollem National Park Dudhsagar River

Maharashtra Tadoba National Park Andhari River (Krishna River System)

Chandoli National Park Warana River (Krishna River System)

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Major Temples and Rivers
Temple Name Location River Significance
Brihadeeshwara A UNESCO World Heritage site, this temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva
Temple Thanjavur Kaveri River and showcases grand Dravidian architecture.
Meenakshi Tem- Famous for its intricate sculptures and vibrant festivals, this temple is
ple Madurai Vaigai River dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi.
Virupaksha Part of the Hampi UNESCO World Heritage site, it is dedicated to Lord
Temple Hampi Tungabhadra River Shiva and represents the Vijayanagara architectural style.
Kailasanatha Known for its rock-cut architecture, this temple is dedicated to Lord
Temple Kanchipuram Palar River Shiva and is one of the oldest examples of Dravidian architecture.
Bindu Sagar Lake
(conected to This temple is a significant example of Kalinga architecture influenced
Lingaraja Temple Bhubaneswar Kharasrota River) by Dravidian styles, dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Rajarajeswaram
(Brihadeeshwara) Another name for Brihadeeshwara Temple, it exemplifies the grandeur
Temple Thanjavur Kaveri River of Chola architecture and is a major pilgrimage site.

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