Module 1: The National Service Training Program

Learning Outcomes:
After completion of the module, the students will be able to:
1. enumerate the legal bases of the National Service Training Program;
1. identify and explain vital provisions of the NSTP Law;
2. differentiate the scope of the three components of NSTP;
3. appreciate the importance of the National Service Training Program

Introduction:
As stipulated in our Core Values, the University of Rizal System has an innate
social responsibility to be of service in the development of its immediate and
neighboring communities. Being part of the said communities, students could serve as
the forerunners of community development. Thus, they should be equipped with proper
knowledge, skills and values in order to be the catalysts of change.

The National Service Training Program (NSTP) is a mandatory program for

tertiary level students established through Republic Act 9163 otherwise known as the
National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. RA 9163 was passed into law
on December 19, 2001 and was approved by Her Excellency, President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo on January 23, 2002 in response to the clamor to reform the ROTC
Program. NSTP implementation took effect on March 23, 2002.

Lesson Proper:
Salient Features of the NSTP Law

What is the National Service Training Program (NSTP)?

According to Section 3 of RA 9163, NSTP is a program aimed at enhancing the
civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of
service and patriotism by undergoing training in any of the three program components
which are especially designed to enhance the youths active contribution to the general
welfare.
.
What are the components of the NSTP?
Section 5 of the Implementing Rules and Regulation of RA 9163 provides that
the NSTP shall have the following components that the students can choose from:
1. Literacy Training Service (LTS) - refers to the program component designed to train
the students to teach literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school
youths and other segements of society in need of their service.
LTS Activities
 2. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) - refers to the program component or
activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the
members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those
devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation and morals of the citizenry.
CWTS Activities

3. Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) - the program component, designed to

provide military training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize
and mobilize them for national defense preparedness.

ROTC Activities
Who are required to take the NSTP?
All incoming first year students, male and female, starting School Year 2002-
2003 enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or
associate courses, are required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice,
as graduation requirement.

Who are exempted from taking the NSTP?

The following are exempted from taking the NSTP:
 Students who finished or graduated from a baccalaureate degree or two year
technical-voacational or associate course and pursuing or enrolled in another or
additional baccalaureate degree or or two year technical-voacational or
associate course in SY 2003-2004;
 Students who completed any of the three NSTP components but considered
freshmen to the course where they transferred or shifted;
 Foreign students or aliens.

What is the duration and equivalent course unit of each NSTP component?
Each NSTP component shall be undertaken for an academic period of two (2)
Semesters. Three (3) units per semester shall be credited to the students for fifty four
(54) to ninety (90) training hours. A One (1) Summer Program in lieu of the two (2)
semester program (108 hours) maybe offered in accordance to the Department of
National Defense (DND), Commission of Higher Education (CHED) and Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) guidelines, subject to the
capability of the school and the DND to do the same.

What NSTP components are offered in universities and colleges?

All higher technical-vocational institutions offer at least one of the NSTP
components. State universities on the other hand, are required to offer the ROTC
component in addition to at least one non-ROTC component. Private Higher Education
Institutions may also offer the ROTC component provided they have at least 350
enrolled cadets.

How much fee will be charged for each NSTP component per semester.?
 No fees shall be collected for any of the NSTP components except basic tuition,
which should not be more than fifty (50%) percent of the charges of the school per
academic unit.

What will become of NSTP Graduates?

Graduates of LTS and CWTS shall belong to the National Service Reserve Corps
(NSRC) and could be tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare activities,
especially in times of calamities .On the other hand, graduates of the ROTC program
shall form part of the Citizen Armed Force pursuant to RA 7077, subject to the
requirements of DND.

Module 2: Citizenship Training

Learning Outcomes:

After completion of the module, the students will be able to:

1. discuss the important function of the Constitution
2. explain the Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution;
3. enumerate salient provisions of the Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines
4. enumerate the desirable traits, characteristics and rights of the Filipino people
and their contribution to the national development.
5. appreciate concept of becoming a good citizen that shall enable them to
participate in the community development activities

Introduction:
This course is a fundamental course in the General Education and it will helps
you to understand the value, principles and concepts of citizenship. Citizenship is
defined as the status of a person recognized under the custom or law of a sovereign
state as .In some countries, e.g. the United States, the United Kingdom, nationality
and citizenship may differ in its meaning. It may also mean or refer to relationship
between an individual and concepts and its protection. It further implies on the status of
freedom with accompanying responsibilities. In school it may be simply referred to being
a member of and supporting one's community and country. Helping students
explore citizenship and connecting it to their lives are the keys to true understanding.
Hence, it is imperative to learn by heart the meaning, value, principles and concepts of
citizenship.

Lesson Proper:
Lesson 1. Philippine Constitution

What is the Constitution?

A constitution is a system for government, codified as a written document, which

contains fundamental laws and principles . It usually contains fundamental political
principles, and establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of a
government.
 The Constitution of the Philippines is the supreme law of the Philippines. The
Constitution currently in effect was enacted in 1987, during the administration of
President Corazon C. Aquino, and is popularly known as the “ 1987 Constitution”.
Philippine constitutional law experts recognize three other previous constitutions as
having effectively governed the country – the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, the
1973 Constitution, and the 1986 Freedom Constitution. Constitutions for the Philippines
were also drafted and adopted during the short-lived governments of President Emilio
Aguinaldo (1898) and Jose P. Laurel (1943).

The Philippines has had a total of six constitution since the Proclamation of
Independence on June 12, 1898. In 1899, the Malolos Constitution, the first Philippine
constitution, the first Philippine constitution - the first republican constitution in Asia
was drafted and adopted by the First Philippine Republic, which lasted from 1899 to
1901. ([Link]./constitutional_day)

What is the main function of the Constitution?

The Constitution has three main functions. First it create a national government
consisting of a legislative, an executive, and a judicial branch, with system of checks
and balances among the three branches. Second, it divides power between the federal
government and the states.

The function of the constitution is to provide for the governmental powers, the
legal system and rights of citizens in the nation.
([Link]

What is the present constitution of the Philippines?

Philippine Constitution. The present Constitution of the Philippines: Approved by

the 1986 Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, the 1987 Constitution of the
Republic of the Philippines was presented to President Corazon C. Aquino on October
15, 1986. It was ratified on February 2, 1987 by a plebiscite. It was also proclaimed in
force on February 11, 1987. ([Link]./constitutions/
Former constitutions of the Philippines:

1. The 1973 Constitution: as Amended in October 16-17, 1976, on January 30, 1980,
and April 7, 1981. The 1973 Constitution: draft presented to President Marcos by
the 1971 Constitutional Convention on December 1, 1972; deemed ratified by
Citizens’ Assemblies held from January 10 to 15, 1973, proclaimed in force by
Proclamation by President Marcos, January 17, 1973.

2. The 1943 Constitution: as approved by the Preparatory Committee on Philippine

Independence, September 4, 1943 and ratified by the KALIBAPI Convention,
September 7, 1943. The 1935 Constitution: as amended on June 18, 1940, and on
March 11, 1947.
3. The 1935 Constitution: as approved by the 1934 Constitutional Convention on
February 8, 1935, certified by the President of the United States on March 25, 1935,
and ratified by plebiscite on May 14, 1935.
4. The Jones Law of 1916: enacted into law by the United States Congress on August
29, 1916.

5. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902: enacted into law by the United States Congress
on July 1, 1902

6. The 1899 Malolos Constitution: approved by the Malolos Congress on November

29, 1898, draft returned by President Aguinaldo on December 1, 1898 for
amendments, which the Congress refused; approved by President Aguinaldo on
December 23, 1898; formally adopted by the Malolos Congress on January 20,
1899, promulgated by President Emilio Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899.

The Preamble

The Preamble is like an introduction or preface of a book. As an introduction is

not a part of the contents but it explains the purpose and objectives with which the
documents has been written.

As such the preamble provides the guidelines of the constitution. The preamble,
in brief, explains the objectives of the Constitution in two ways,

1. About the structure of the governance

2. About the ideals to be achieved in independent
The preamble is considered the key of the constitution. The preamble to the
Philippine Constitution explains that they are forming a government based on the values
of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace.

Bill of Rights

A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is

list of the most important rights of the citizens of a country. The purpose it to protect
those rights against infringement from the public officials and private citizens.

Bill of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched. An entrenched bill of rights

cannot be amended or repealed by a country’s legislature through regular procedure,
instead requiring a supermajority or referendum; often it is part of country’s constitution,
and therefore subject to special procedure applicable to constitutional amendments. A
bill of rights that is not entrenched is a statute law and as such can be modified or
repealed by the legislature at will.
 In practice, not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated
in its bill of rights.

The bill of rights, along with the Constitution, became the law of the land.

Duties and Responsibilities of Filipino Citizen

1. To be loyal to the Republic

2. To honor the Philippine Flag
3. To defend the State
4. To contribute to State development and welfare
5. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws
6. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities in the attainment and
preservation of a just and orderly society.
7. To exercise rights responsibility and with due regard for the rights of
others.
8. To engage in gainful work
9. To register and cast his votes

Lesson 2. Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines (RA 8491 s 1998)

 Definitions of a Code

 Understanding the National Flag

 Characteristics of the Philippine Flag

 Prohibited act in the Flag code

Lesson 3. Values Formation

  Definition of Values

 Dimension of Human Person

Makadiyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, Makabansa

Module 3: Drug Education

Learning Outcomes:
After completion of the module, the students will be able to:
1. Define drugs and drug Addiction;
2. Describe the different types of drug use;
3. Identify and understand the major types of risks or harms related to drug use
4. Identify the signs and symptoms of drug abuse.

Introduction:
As we all know, drug addiction has become a worldwide problem and is one of
the leading causes of death. According to statistics survey, economic and financial
problems; disturbed family environment; violence; and psychological problems are
some of the consequences of drug abuse in the family.
Drug Addiction is considered as a disease that affects a person’s brain and
performance and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or
medication. When addicted, a person often continues using the drug even with the harm
it causes. Drug addiction can start with experimental use of a leisure drug in social
situations, and, for some people, the drug use becomes more frequent.

The National level survey conducted on drug use in the Philippines pointed out
that incidence of drug abuse among males in the general population is significant. Also
thirty percent (30%) drug abuse among women exists. Adolescent drug abuse is
another major area of concern because more than half of the person's with substance
use disorder are introduced to drugs before the age of 13 years.
According to the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) (the government agency
mandated to formulate policies on illegal drugs in the Philippines), there are 1.8 million
current drug users in the Philippines, and 4.8 million Filipinos report having used illegal
drugs at least once in their lives. More than three-quarters of drug users are adults
(91%), males (87%), and have reached high school (80%). More than two-thirds (67%)
are employed. The most commonly used drug in the Philippines is a variant of
methamphetamine called shabu or “poor man’s cocaine.” According to a 2012 United
Nations report, the Philippines had the highest rate of methamphetamine abuse among
countries in East Asia; about 2.2% of Filipinos between the ages 16–64 years were
methamphetamines users.
This module includes compilations about how drug is defined and the causes of
drug abuse. It will also deepen your understanding on why some people are addictive to
drugs and how to prevent drug addiction. Copyrighters are acknowledge.

Lesson Proper:

What Is Drug and Drug Addiction?

Drugs are chemicals that have an effect on the body and brain. Different drugs
can have different effects. Some effects of drugs include health consequences that are
lifelong and permanent. They can even persist after a person has stopped taking the
substance.
There are a few ways a person can take drugs, including injection, inhalation and
ingestion. The effects of the drug on the body can depend on how the drug is delivered.
For example, the injection of drugs directly into the bloodstream has an immediate
impact, while ingestion has a delayed effect. But all misused drugs affect the brain.
They cause large amounts of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate our
emotions, motivation and feelings of pleasure, to flood the brain and produce a “high.”
Eventually, drugs can change how the brain works and interfere with a person’s ability
to make choices, leading to intense cravings and compulsive drug use. Over time, this
behavior can turn into a substance dependency, or drug addiction.
Source: [Link]
Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is
compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences. As people begin to
rely more and more on substances to accomplish their psychological, physical, or
emotional needs, it increases the risk of developing an addiction. When substances
begin to serve their purpose and adequately fill a need, a person can become
susceptible to relying on the drug in order to function or feel in control.
The initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people, but repeated drug
use can lead to brain changes that challenge an addicted person’s self-control and
interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. These brain changes can
be persistent, which is why drug addiction is considered a "relapsing" disease—people
in recovery from drug use disorders are at increased risk for returning to drug use even
after years of not taking the drug.
Over time, the brain adjusts to the excess dopamine, which reduces the high that
the person feels compared to the high they felt when first taking the drug—an effect
known as tolerance. They might take more of the drug, trying to achieve the same
dopamine high.

No single factor can predict whether a person will become addicted to drugs. A
combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors influences risk for
addiction. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that taking drugs
can lead to addiction.
According to the Philippine News Agency, (written by By Juzel Danganan)
the following are the most common prohibited drugs found in the Philippines and
how they affect their users:
Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine, a.k.a. Shabu, “poor

man’s cocaine”, also goes by the names
Ubas, Siopao, Crack meth, Ice, Crystal
meth, Tik, and Yaba. Methamphetamine
belongs to a group of drugs called
amphetamine-type stimulants. Like ecstasy,
it is manufactured in illegal laboratories and
sold in powder, tablet or crystal form. It
could be swallowed, sniffed, smoked or
injected.

Users experience a temporary boost in energy, often perceived to improve their

performance of manual or mental tasks, along with delayed hunger and fatigue. At
times, they become more aggressive and violent. Over the short term, users tend to
lose their appetite, start to breathe faster, and sweat due to increased heart rate, blood
pressure, and body temperature. Taking in large doses would make users feel restless
and irritable and could induce panic attacks. Taking in excessive doses could result in
convulsions, seizures, and death from respiratory failure, stroke or heart failure.

Long-term use could also lead to malnutrition, weight loss, and psychological
dependence. Stopping its use results in a long period of sleep, followed by depression.
Ecstasy
Ecstasy goes around by the names E,
Snackies, Adam, Eden tablet. The drug, usually
made in illegal laboratories, consists of a range
of substances that make it dangerous to
consume. It comes in the form of tablet, powder or capsule and is usually swallowed,
but could also be snorted or injected.
Ecstasy increases users’ empathy levels and induces a feeling of closeness to
people around them. It makes them feel more sociable and energetic. Short-term use of
ecstasy prompts the body to ignore distress signals such as dehydration, dizziness, and
exhaustion, and interferes with the body's ability to regulate temperature. It could also
severely damage the liver and kidneys and could cause convulsions and heart failure.
In large doses, ecstasy could cause restlessness, anxiety and severe
hallucinations. Long-term use damages certain parts of the brain, bringing about serious
depression and memory loss.
Cannabis
Cannabis is known by many names --
Bongo, Ganja, Grass, Pot or Thai sticks.
Its most famous name, however, is
Marijuana, or Mary Jane. Cannabis, a
tobacco-like greenish or brownish
substance made of dried flowering tops
and leaves of the cannabis plant, is
usually smoked, but its resin and oil
could also be swallowed or brewed in
tea. After taking cannabis, users feel
relaxed and sometimes euphoric, with an intensified sense of sight, smell, taste, and
hearing. Short-term use makes them experience increased appetite and pulse rate, and
an impaired ability to perform physical and mental tasks, such as driving a car and
thinking logically.
With large doses, users’ thinking slows down and they become confused and
have bouts of anxiety, panic, and psychotic episodes. The regular users of cannabis run
the risk of developing psychological dependence to the point that they lose interest in all
other activities, such as work and personal relationships.
Inhalants
Inhalant abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile chemical substance that
contain psycho active (mind/mood altering) vapors to produce a state of intoxication.
Most inhalants are common household products including everyday products such as
nail polish remover, glue, gasoline,
household cleaners, and nitrous oxide.
Inhalants also include fluorinated
hydrocarbons found in aerosols such as
hairspray, spray paint, and household
cleaners.
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
 Confusion
  Distorted perception of time and distance
 Aggressive behavior/violence
 Hallucinations
 Illusions
 Nausea and vomiting
 Drowsiness and weightless
DELAYED EFFECTS
 Loss of memory
 Inability to think
 Muscle cramps and weakness
 Numbness in limbs
 Abdominal pains
 Damage to the central nervous system, kidney, liver and possible bone marrow

What happens to the brain when a person takes drugs?

As a person continues to use drugs, the brain adapts by reducing the ability of
cells in the reward circuit to respond to it. This reduces the high that the person feels
compared to the high they felt when first taking the drug—an effect known as tolerance.
They might take more of the drug to try and achieve the same high. Despite being
aware of these harmful outcomes, many people who use drugs continue to take them,
which is the nature of addiction.
Why Do People Take Drugs?
In general, people take drugs for a few reasons:
To Feel Good. Drugs can produce intense feelings of pleasure. For example, with
stimulants such as cocaine, the high is followed by feelings of power, self-confidence,
and increased energy. In contrast, the heroin is followed by feelings of relaxation and
satisfaction.
To Feel Better. Some people who suffer from social anxiety, stress, and depression
start using drugs to try to feel less anxious. Stress can play a major role in starting and
continuing drug use as well as relapse (return to drug use) in patients recovering from
addiction.
To Do Better. Some people feel pressure to improve their focus in school or at work or
their abilities in sports. This can play a role in trying or continuing to use drugs, such as
prescription stimulants or cocaine.
Curiosity And Social Pressure. In this respect, teens are particularly at risk because
peer pressure can be very strong. Adolescence is a developmental period during which
the presence of risk factors, such as peers who use drugs, may lead to substance use.
If Taking Drugs Makes People Feel Good Or Better, What's The Problem?
When they first use a drug, people may perceive what seem to be positive
effects. They also may believe they can control their use. But drugs can quickly take
over a person's life. Over time, if drug use continues, other pleasurable activities
become less pleasurable, and the person has to take the drug just to feel “normal.”
They have a hard time controlling their need to take drugs even though it causes many
problems for themselves and their loved ones. Some people may start to feel the need
to take more of a drug or take it more often, even in the early stages of their drug use.
These are the signs of an addiction.
Here are some of the most common causes of drug abuse and why
substance use occurs in different people:
Grieving: The death of a loved one, such as a close friend or family member, or even a
mentor who positively influenced a person, is emotionally devastating for people.
Different people handle grief in different ways. Some people are able to seek counseling
or work through grief on their own in healthy ways. Other people really struggle with
emotional or physical loss, so they use drugs as a way of coping with grief in the short-
term. However, this short-term coping mechanism may transition into a long-term
dependence for some people.
End of a Relationship: The end of a relationship is one of the most emotionally
destructive events in a person’s life. When a relationship ends through a breakup or
divorce, it can negatively impact self-confidence. This goes on to affect other areas of
life including career, friendships, families, and even one’s ability to find a purpose. If the
person doesn’t have appropriate emotional support available to them, they may use
drugs as a way of grieving the loss of their relationship.
Mental Illness: A complex trigger of substance abuse is mental illness. There are
several varieties of mental illness that manifest themselves in different ways. Some
people who face mental health challenges are vulnerable to using drugs as a way of
rationalizing or making sense of their illness. Others who face depression or anxiety
disorders may use drugs to help lift them out of these low mental states.
Environmental Influences: The environment that a person has been exposed to can
influence and trigger drug use. Growing up in poverty or in households with drug
addiction, abuse, crime or other negative factors can create a high risk for substance
abuse in those exposed to these conditions. They may perceive drug use as normal or
acceptable. Or, they may psychologically believe this to be a pattern they can fall into.
Relaxation: The average adult faces typical life obligations such as bills, family, and
work. Because of this, many people look for outlets to help relax and find a balance
between responsibilities and having fun. Unfortunately, some people may use drugs as
an outlet to help relax and unwind on evenings and weekends. If left unaddressed, this
pattern can develop into a dependence or addiction.
Self-Medication: When people face physical or emotional pain, they may use drugs to
self-medicate. This means they use drugs that aren’t prescribed to them by a doctor.
Instead, they use drugs such as painkillers to administer pain relief to themselves.
Certain painkillers have highly addictive properties, which often leads to developing an
addiction to them.
Financial Stress: The burden of financial stress can be intolerable for many people.
Money pressures can cause people to feel trapped, desperate, and out of control.
These feelings lead to emotional and psychological conditions that trigger drug use.
Drugs can often help people to forget about their financial responsibilities or avoid
dealing with them altogether.
Career Pressures: It is common in today’s society to have your identity tied to your
career. For many people, their career places a lot of pressure on them to perform, which
is often reflected in their idea of their own self-worth. This type of pressure can cause
emotional and psychological stress. To help perform better or alleviate work stress, it’s
possible to turn to drugs to help cope, forget failures, or boost performance.
School Pressures: Similar to career pressures, school pressure is another one of the
common reasons people abuse drugs. Many people face large workloads with classes
and homework, financial stress from student loans, balancing family and work while
going to school and the pressure to perform academically. These stressful conditions
make it easy for some people to be more susceptible to drug use as a way of coping.
Additionally, professional educational programs such as medical or law school
have even greater standards of academic achievement, coupled with higher financial
costs. It is not uncommon for students in graduate programs to use stimulants and other
drugs as a means of boosting their cognitive performance.
Family Demands: Typical family demands include balancing work with raising kids, as
well as financial obligations towards family members. But, when those demands
become overwhelming, it can be difficult to manage. This may be especially true for
young mothers who can face feelings of isolation, loneliness, and anxiety. Drug use,
especially through prescription pills, can become an easy way for parents to help cope
with family demands.
Peer and Social Pressure: One of the most well-known ways for people — especially
teens and young adults — to start using drugs is through external pressures from other
people. Commonly known as peer pressure, people may begin using drugs because of
the influence of their peers. For them, it becomes something they all share in common,
and so they feel pressured to continue to use drugs even if they understand the dire
consequences.
Additionally, younger people may experience social pressure to use drugs from
television, social media, and other celebrity influences. It’s possible that people see
drug use being glorified in the media, and so they feel pressured to participate as well.
Trauma and Abuse: Past or current traumas such as abuse, accidents, emergencies
and other events can negatively impact people psychologically. Traumatic events can
imprint in memory, making it difficult to move past them. Even traumas that occurred
during childhood can resurface in adult years, bringing up new thoughts and feelings.
Instead of seeking professional help to address trauma in a healthy way, people may
use drugs as a means to help them forget these memories.
Present traumas, such as living in an abusive environment, can also trigger
substance use as a means of forgetting the pain and suffering. Often, abuse is faced on
a regular or even daily basis, and so drug use can quickly turn into an addiction in this
case.
Enjoyment of Getting High: Many people try drugs once as an experiment and end up
finding euphoric sensations from these substances. The chemical reactions between
the drug and the brain cause a release of dopamine, which is pleasurable to many
people. When this happens, people will continue to chase that same euphoria and
release because they like how it makes them feel. It may make them feel more relaxed,
self-confident, in control, or any number of other outcomes.
Boredom: Teens and young adults often face feelings of boredom or monotony, as
many of them don’t yet have adult responsibilities such as careers, bills, higher
education, families, and more. Drug use may seem like a convenient or entertaining
way to pass the time. While this may not always lead to a full addiction, it can often
become a go-to way of alleviating boredom instead of choosing other positive activities.
Wanting to Fit In: Because human beings are social creatures, it’s important for us to
feel like we belong or fit in. This can affect people of any age but is most influential
during teenage and early adult years. If others around them are using drugs, they may
fear feeling left out, or that they won’t fit in. As a result, they place pressure on
themselves to use drugs as well.
Curiosity and Experimentation: For those who are around drugs, but haven’t yet used
them, they may hear positive feedback about certain drugs. They may become intrigued
or interested in their friends’ experiences, and so they try certain drugs as well. This
isn’t necessarily the result of the pressure of fear of not fitting in, but rather genuine
curiosity and a desire to try something new.
Rebellion: Certain personalities are more prone to rebellion or going against the grain.
This occurs in teens and even in adults. Because drug use is illicit or not socially
acceptable, it actually drives certain people to want to use them in order to rebel, stand
out or be different. For some people, this may simply be a phase of rebellion and
experimentation, or it may develop into an addiction.
Being in Control: When stressful periods of time occur with relationships, job loss,
health scares, or other tragedies, many people lose a sense of being in control of their
own lives. Drug use provides a false sense of being in control of health, emotions or
behaviors that many people find appealing. They may feel as though when everything
else around them is falling apart, they can rely on their substance use to give them
stability.
Enhance Performance: Certain drugs may help to temporarily enhance cognitive
function, memory, and focus. They may also help to alleviate fatigue and lethargy.
These are usually stimulants and other prescription drugs. For students or busy
professionals, these types of drugs can seem like a viable solution.
Other drugs, such as anabolic steroids, human growth hormones or stimulants,
are used to improve physical performance in athletes or those who are extremely
physically active. People often choose to use these types of drugs in order to compete
or look a certain way.
Prescription Medications: Prescription drug abuse is becoming an increasingly
concerning issue that affects many people. Doctors may prescribe opioid painkillers to
patients who are recovering from surgery and facing injuries or other medical situations.
Left unmonitored, some people are susceptible to abusing these prescription
medications because of the high they provide. They may end up getting hooked
unintentionally and begin finding ways to keep obtaining their prescription pills.
Isolation: Despite being more connected than ever, many people suffer from feelings of
isolation. If they feel as though they can’t relate to others or that they aren’t understood
by their peers, they may feel out of place. These feelings can lead to low self-esteem or
even depression over time. This only further exacerbates a state of isolation. In order to
numb this loneliness or emptiness, they use drugs to feel alive and forget about feeling
isolated. Using drugs may also give them a sense of satisfaction and purpose.
Misinformation or Ignorance: Drug use and dependence have a number of
consequences. Physical, emotional, social, financial, and psychological repercussions
stop many people from continuing to use drugs or from using drugs in the first place.
Unfortunately, despite the amount of awareness surround the risks of drug use, there is
still a lot of misinformation about it.
This misinformation may especially impact young or undereducated people who
don’t have the life experience or ability to understand the dangers of drug use.
Additionally, many people may see others use drugs and not face any health or other
concerns, and so they think that it won’t hurt them either.
Instant Gratification: Many individuals have personality types that desire instant
gratification. This means they look for ways to be satisfied immediately and in the short-
term, as opposed to being satisfied by delayed gratification. This may be especially true
in young people who are conditioned today to expect that things happen on-demand.
Drug use delivers instant gratification in terms of physical, psychological, and
emotional sensations. It’s also often a social act, which further enhances feelings of
gratification.
Availability of Drugs: With the increased convenience of the internet and modern
communications, it’s relatively easy for people to obtain drugs today. When it comes to
prescription medications specifically, these drugs are now being distributed as street
drugs. They can also easily be obtained from friends, family members, and colleagues
who have prescriptions of their own.
Prescription drugs are also fairly easy to obtain with a prescription from a doctor,
provided there are no clear signs of a risk for abuse and dependence.
Signs of Addiction
People may have one or more of these warning signs:

 An urge to use the drug every day, or many times a day.

 They take more drugs than they want to, and for longer than they thought they
would.
 They always have the drug with them, and they buy it even if they can’t afford it.
 They keep using drugs even if it causes them trouble at work or in school or
makes them lash out at family and friends.
 They spend more time alone.
 They don’t take care of themselves or care how they look.
 They steal, lie, or do dangerous things like driving while high or have unsafe sex.
 They spend most of their time getting, using, or recovering from the effects of the
drug.
 They feel sick when they try to quit.

When to Get Help

If your drug use is out of control or causing problems, talk to your doctor.
Getting better from drug addiction can take time. There’s no cure, but treatment can
help you stop using drugs and stay drug-free. Your treatment may include counseling,
medicine, or both.

How to seek drug treatment and rehabilitation in the Philippines

Under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, an individual found

to be positive for use of any illegal drug should undergo a minimum of 6 months of
rehabilitation in a treatment center. If apprehended for a second time, the person will be
imprisoned for 6 to 12 years and fined from P50,000 (P126,500) to P200,000
(P505,000). This penalty, however, does not apply when the person is found to be in
possession of a dangerous drug.

How can an individual seek drug treatment and rehabilitation in the Philippines –
whether voluntarily or not? Rappler lists the steps based on guidelines from the
Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB):
1. A person, the drug user himself or his family, should obtain a referral form for a Drug
Dependency Examination (DDE) to determine the level of a drug user. This is available
at the Central Screening and Referral Unit (CSRU) at the Rizal Medical Center in Pasig
City. If the drug user is outside Metro Manila, he or she may coordinate with the local
Anti-Drug Abuse Council for assistance.

2. The drug user has to undergo the DDE conducted by a physician accredited by the
Department of Health (DOH). The DDE determines a person’s level of drug use: (1)
experimenter, (2) social recreational user, (3) habitual user, (4) drug abuser, and (5)
drug dependent.

3. If found to be a drug abuser or drug dependent (4th and 5th levels), a certification,
together with other requirements, should be submitted to the Legal Affairs Division of
DDB either by the parents, guardians, or spouse of the user. Other requirements
include police clearance, barangay clearance, and a certificate of no pending case from
the Regional Trial Court (RTC).

If the drug dependent is a minor and has a pending case in court, he or she, together
with his or her guardian, must secure a Certification of Suspended Sentence from the
RTC where the case is filed. Those found to fall under the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd levels can
avail of out-patient services such as counseling.

4. The drug dependent or a family member must fill out an application form and have it
notarized as requirements for the petition for confinement. The form will then be filed
with an RTC in the area where the drug dependent resides. If the drug dependent is a
minor, parents or guardian can submit in his or her behalf.

In case of compulsory confinement, the family member of a drug dependent must

execute an affidavit indicating that they are submitting the alleged drug dependent for
treatment and rehabilitation. DDB will prepare a petition for confinement and file the
same with the RTC. Drug dependents who cannot afford a lawyer can avail of free legal
counsel and representation from Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) lawyers nationwide.

5. The drug dependent or a family member can decide where to avail of drug treatment
and rehabilitation. DDB may recommend government-owned RTCs for individuals who
cannot afford to avail of the services of private centers. (LIST: Where are drug
treatment and rehab centers in the Philippines?)

Each treatment and rehabilitation center employs a treatment modality in its program.

(READ: What's a day like inside a private drug rehab center?) According to DDB,
there are currently 5 modalities which can be applied to drug dependents:
multidisciplinary team approach, therapeutic community approach, Hazelden-
Minnesotta model, spiritual approach, and eclectic approach.
 Module 4: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Awareness

Learning Outcomes:
After completion of the module, the students will be able to:
1. Recall knowledge on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management.
2. Recognize the importance of DRRM awareness in building a resilient
community.
3. Recognize the hazards and disasters affecting the Philippines.
4. Acquaint themselves with the Philippine Disaster Management System
(PDMS) and with laws and policies pertinent to its implementation.
5. Define key concept and principles of disaster management.
6. Internalize the principles of disaster preparedness and be ready for
involvement in times of crisis.
7. Enhance awareness of the tasks and responsibilities of key players in
disaster management.
8. Develop skills in responding on disaster incidents applying basic
knowledge on first aid and life support.

Introduction:

Our country, being in the- pacific belt of fire is always subject to constant natural
disaster and calamity. The Great Ocean and seas around the Philippine island serve as
spawning areas for destructive typhoons and monsoons as well as providing a wide
avenue for trade source of marine resources.

This module will discuss how to reduce risk brought about by disaster whether it
is natural or manmade because other calamities are unpredictable especially disastrous
earthquake. Since, Philippines is prone to this event being in the pacific ring of fire, all
we need to do is to prepare to lessen the damage in the lives and properties.

That is why Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management act of 2010 fortifies the disaster management and preparation of the
Philippine government. Signed on May 27, 2010, this law aims to develop a disaster
management framework as well as specify the resources that will be utilized to facilitate
the rebuilding of communities when disasters strike through the help of the national
government, local and other stakeholders.

Lesson Propoer:
Lesson 1. Geographic Profile of the Philippines

The Philippines is an archipelago state, consisting of some 7,100 islands

and islets, and covering a land area of approximately 300,000 km2 . The country
comprises three groups or large islands: (1) the Luzon group in the north and
 west, consisting of Luzon, Mindoro, and Palawan, (2) the Visaya group in the
center, consisting of Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay and Samar,
and (3) Mindanao in the South. Manila and nearby Quezon City, the country’s
most-populous cities, are part of the National Capital Region (NRC or Metro
Manila), located on the largest island Luzon

The islands and groups are divided into four main classes of
administrative divisions, which consist of 17 autonomous regions, 81 provinces,
1,489 municipalities, and the smallest political units, 42,044 Barangays as of
2018 (PSA, 2018).The Philippines is governed by a presidential form, in which
power is divided among three juridical branches; executive, legislative and
judicial, which seek democracy and balance by carrying their equally weighted
duties to uphold law, rights and representation of the interests of the people .

In terms of disaster risk, Philippines ranked third among all of the

countries with the highest risks worldwide according to the World Risk Report
2018, with index value of 25.14% (World Economic Forum, 2018). At least 60%
of the country’s total land area is exposed to multiple hazards, and 74% of the
population is susceptible to their impact (GFDRR, 2017). This is largely due to
the location and geographical context as the risk involving coastal hazards such
as typhoons, storm surges and rising sea levels is high. Also, as the islands are
located within the “Ring of Fire” between the Eurasian and Pacific tectonic plates,
earthquakes and volcanoes are posing serious risks to the safety of the
populace. Flooding, landslides, droughts and tsunamis further contribute to the
exposure to natural hazards (CFE-DM, 2018). Of these, hydro-meteorological
events including typhoons and floods, accounted for over 80% of the natural
disasters in the country during the last half-century

Lesson 2. Disaster Risk Profile of the Philippines

The geographical location of the Philippines makes the country

uniquely exposed to a plethora of hazards, including recurrent typhoons,
earthquakes and 53 active volcanoes, eruptions of which are classified as the
most deadly and costly globally. The subduction zone between the two
tectonic plates (Eurasian and Pacific) creating the seismic activity in the
region are predicted to have the capacity to generate major earthquakes in
the near future, and in the vicinity of metropolitan cities (Pailoplee & Status
Report 2019 Pages // 10 Boonchaluay, 2016). Other hazards include floods,
landslides, tsunamis and wildfires, all of which are occurring in a frequency
which has fundamentally changed the perception of hazards in the country.
 Disasters in the past, measured during the period between 1900-2014,
illustrate extreme spatial variability. Frequency and the extent of impacts are
unevenly distributed across the regions, with majority of the events affecting
Central Luzon, Cordillera Administrative Region and the Central Visayas
(Doroteo, 2015). On average, about 20 tropical cyclones enter the Philippines
waters each year, with approximately eight or nine making landfall
(ESCAP/WMO, 2009; Bankoff, 2003). They are also the largest contributors
to disaster damage. Of all the disasters, cyclones and the accompanying
landslides, storm surges and floods have caused the largest losses of life and
property (Huigen & Jens, 2006; Bankoff, 2003), mostly because majority of
the population is living within 60km from the coast. However, 80% of all the
damages and deaths caused by typhoons between 1970-2014 have been
caused by 6 super-scale events, Haiyan included (Espada, 2018). Based on
vulnerability studies, the most vulnerable regions to tropical cyclones in the
country are the National Capital Region (NCR), Southern Tagalog, Cagayan
Valley, Central Luzon, the Cordillera Administrative Region, and Bicol
Province (Cruz, et al., 2017). Visayas and Mindanao are likewise becoming
more at risk due to an increasing number of tropical cyclones entering the
southern part of the country. Furthermore, the varying geomorphology affects
the distribution of hazards. For example, the Baguio district is most landslide
prone region due to highest recorded rainfalls resulting from the interaction of
the monsoon season, cyclones, and the orographic lifting of air by the
Cordillera mountains (Nolasco-Javier, et al., 2015). Severe, reoccurring
flooding on the other hand is common in the lowland areas (Bankoff, 2003).
Earthquakes also tend to have their unique characteristics depending on the
local context. Seismic activity produces severe secondary impacts in areas
with cohesionless soil conditions. Liquefaction is a significant concern in
central Luzon, especially in the provinces of Pangasinan and Tarlac (Bankoff,
2003). Extremely destructive earthquakes and associated tsunamis have
been known to occur during the known history and are a likely threat in the
future.

Lesson 3. Overview of The Philippine Disaster Management System

1. Republic Act 10121, also known as the “Philippine Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Act of 2010”
 ”AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING FOR THE
NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONALIZING THE NATIONAL DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN, APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.”

RA 10121 was sign into law by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

on May 27, 2010. It recognizes among other things, the need to adopt a
disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) approach that is holistic,
comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socio-economic
and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change. It aims to
promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders
concerned, at all levels, especially the local community (Section 2, RA No.
10121).

RA 10121 provides a strong legal and institutional basis for DRRM in the
country and provided basis for the development of policies and plans,
implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of DRRM,
including (1) good governance, (2) risk assessment and early warning,(3)
knowledge building and awareness raising, (4) reducing underlying risk factor,
and (5) preparedness for effective response and early recovery (Section 4,
RA No. 10121).

Section 2. Declaration of Policy. – It shall be the policy of the State to:

(a) Uphold the people’s constitutional rights to life and property by

addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the
country’s institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management
and building the resilience of local communities to disasters including climate
change impacts;

(b) Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standards of
humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete
expression of the country’s commitment to overcome human sufferings due to
recurring disasters;

(c) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk

management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and
local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies,
plans and budgets;
 (d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is
holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the
socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate
change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all
stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community;

(e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen
the capacity of the national government and the local government units
(LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of
communities, and’ to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing
disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster
preparedness and response capabilities at all levels;

(f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficient

and responsive disaster risk reduction program incorporated in the
development plan at various levels of government adhering to the principles
of good governance such as transparency and accountability within the
context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection;

(g) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development

processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning,
budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment,
agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and
urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others;

(h) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and

programs with continuing budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction from
national down to local levels towards building a disaster-resilient nation and
communities;

(i) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict
resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to
property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go
back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts;

(j) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are
gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous know ledge systems, and
respectful of human rights;

(k) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen the
capacity of LGUs for disaster risk reduction and management through
decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at the regional and local
levels;
 (l) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in
mitigating and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the impact of
disasters;

(m) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the

private sector and volunteers in the government’s disaster risk reduction
programs towards complementation of resources and effective delivery of
services to the Citizenry;

(n) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized

groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of
disasters;

(o) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers,

communities, health professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and the
media are educated and trained on how they can actively support
breastfeeding before and during a disaster and/or an emergency; and

(p) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and

families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to
lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and
economic activities.

2. The National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council

(NDRRMC)

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Council (NDRRMC), formerly known as the National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC), is a working group of various government, non-government,
civil sector and private sector organizations of the Government of the
Republic of the Philippines established by Republic Act 10121 of 2010. It is
administered by the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) under the Department of
National Defense (DND). The Council is responsible for ensuring the
protection and welfare of the people during disasters or emergencies. The
NDRRMC plans and leads the guiding activities in the field of communication,
warning signals, emergency, transportation, evacuation, rescue, engineering,
health and rehabilitation, public education and auxiliary services such as fire -
fighting and the police in the country. The Council utilizes the UN Cluster
Approach in disaster management. It is the country's focal for the ASEAN
Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)
and many other related international commitments.

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)

is the agency tasked to prepare for, and respond to, natural calamities, like
 typhoons and earthquakes. It also monitors human-induced emergencies,
such as armed conflicts and maritime accidents.

3. The Office of the Civil Defense

The Office of Civil Defense (OCD), as the implementing arm of the

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, shall have the
primary mission of administering a comprehensive national civil defense and
disaster risk reduction and management program by providing leadership in
the continuous development of strategic and systematic approaches as well
as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and manage
the consequences of disasters. Its mission is to administer a comprehensive
civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management program towards a
safer and resilient community. The vision is by 2022, OCD is a fully
capacitated agency that leads the implementation of an integrated civil
defense and DRRM Program.

4. Organizational Network

The Philippine Disaster Management System (PDMS), as embodied in

PD 1566 and RA 10121, is carried out at various political subdivision and
administrative regions of the country through the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), 17 Regional Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC), 80 Provincial Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (PDRRMC), 113 City Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (CDRRMC) 1,496 D Municipal Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council (MDRRMC), and 41,956 Barangay
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (BDRRMC) respectively.

Lesson 4. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Concept, Principles and

Trends

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying,

assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic
vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other
hazards that trigger them. It should be an integral part of the way such
organizations do their work, not an add-on or one-off action. DRR is very wide-
ranging: Its scope is much broader and deeper than conventional emergency
management. There is potential for DRR initiatives in just about every sector of
development and humanitarian work.

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a term used for reducing and preventing
disaster risks. It is founded on the principle that while hazards are inevitable, its
adverse effects like lost lives and/or destruction of property are not. There are
steps that we can do to ensure reduction of risks. DRR actions can be political,
technical, social and economic.

1. Definition of Disaster Management Terms.

a. Hazards. Defined as a “dangerous phenomenon, substance, human

activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage”.

b. Risks. Refers to the potential (not actual) disaster losses, in lives,

health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur in a
particular community or society over some specified future time period.

c. Vulnerability. Vulnerability is a set of prevailing or consequential

conditions arising from various physical, social, economic and environmental
factors which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of
hazards Vulnerability also comprise various physical, social, economic,
political and environmental factors that affect the ability of communities to
respond to events.

d. Disasters. a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a

society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources.

Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of several

things: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are
present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the
potential negative consequences.

Effect of Disasters
1. Human toll; dead, injured and missing.
2. Community displaced
 3. Lost sources of livelihoods
4. Environmental damages
5. Infrastructure damages
6. Economic losses
7. Hampered delivery of services

2. The Disaster Equation

 Hazards (H), Physical impact of disturbance

 Risk ®, Likelihood of harm, loss, disaster

 People or Community (Exposure), Elements affected by Hazard

 Vulnerability (V), Susceptibility and capacity to prepare, absorb

and recover from hazard

H x R + V = Disaster

Where:

 Hazards (H)

 Risk (R)

 People or Community

 Vulnerability (V)

 Exposure, Elements affected by hazard

 Hazards- a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that

may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihood and services, social and economic disruption or environmental
damage.

Natural Hazards Human induced hazards

1. Typhoon 1. Civil disturbance
 2. Thunderstorm 2. Armed conflict
3. Flood/Flashflood 3. Terrorism
4. Hailstorm 4. Aircraft crash
5. Tornado 5. Industrial accidents
[Link] Surge 6. Maritime accidents
[Link] 7. Fire
8. Landslide 8. Pollution
[Link]
[Link] eruption
11. Earthquake
12. Drought
13. Biological

 Exposure – defined as “ the people, property, system or other elements present

in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses.

Philippine Risk profile

 Located in the Pacific ring of fire- earthquake and volcanic eruption

 Lies along the western part of pacific ocean (pacific typhoon belt)- typhoons

 Vulnerability – the diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate,

copes with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural or manmade hazard.
* Capacity – combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a
community, society or organization.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Measures are needed to be drawn to minimize the loss and destruction of

life and property. These include the formulation and implementation of long term
policies and programs to prevent or eliminate the occurrence of disaster based
on risk analysis.
The measure covers legislation and regulatory measures principally in the
fields of physical and urban planning, public works, and construction. Drills and
shelters for times of disaster are also needed.
Among the activities that may minimize the impact of disaster are:
1. Identification of areas prone to typhoon and some other calamities.
2. Display and teaching of structural improvements.
3. Preparation of educational materials.
4. Community system
5. Media liaison.

3. Disaster Risk Management: What and Who

 Disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) includes administrative
decisions and operational activities that involve:

a. Prevention

b. Mitigation

c. Preparedness

d. Response

e. Recovery

f. Rehabilitation

4. Disaster Risk Management Cycle

The disaster life cycle describes the process through which emergency
managers prepare for emergencies and disasters, respond to them when they
occur, help people and institutions recover from them, mitigate their effects,
reduce risks of loss and prevent disasters from occurring.

The Disaster Management Cycle is shown in the figure below.

 Mitigation. Measures put in place to minimize the results from a disaster.

Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public

education.

 Preparedness. Planning how to respond.

Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning

systems.

 Response. Initial actions taken as the event takes place. It involves efforts
to minimize the hazards created by a disaster.

Examples: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief. 

 Recovery. Returning the community to normal. Ideally, the affected area

should be put in a condition equal to or better than it was before the
disaster took place.
 Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Measures are needed to be drawn to minimize the loss and destruction of

life and property. These include the formulation and implementation of long term
policies and programs to prevent or eliminate the occurrence of disaster based
on risk analysis.
The measure covers legislation and regulatory measures principally in the
fields of physical and urban planning, public works, and construction. Drills and
shelters for times of disaster are also needed.
Among the activities that may minimize the impact of disaster are:
1. Identification of areas prone to typhoon and some other calamities.
2. Display and teaching of structural improvements.
3. Preparation of educational materials.
4. Community system
5. Media liaison.

Disaster Preparedness

Certain principles of disaster preparedness will guide us to be more

responsive and alert in times of crisis.
1. Principles
a. The risk must be known.
* Potential hazards must identified
* Incidence of hazards occurrence must be calculated
* Secondary risk must be identified
b. Vulnerability must be known
* Who and what are the risks must be determined
*Likely damage and disruption must be assessed
*human needs must be anticipated
c. Mitigation system must be in place
*Structural mitigation must be built
*Nonstructural mitigation measure must be installed
d. Preparedness system must be in readiness.
*All parties should be in state of readiness.
*A focal point for preparedness must exist
*A management system for emergency response must be in
place.
* Training, drills and practice must be routine.
*Effective warning system must be on alert.
*Authorities and public must be fully informed.
2. Effective warning Message
a. Clear, simple language
b. Consistent context
c. Convincing
 d. community- include clearly state precaution and action.
e. Repetitiveness
3. Risk Zoning.
a. Survey of mountainsides, riverbanks, coastal areas for their
suitability as housing sites, farming, mining, and any other
productive activities.
b. Rational plans for urban centers, forest preservation and some
other nature conservation measures.
c. Building codes regulating height, type of materials, and any other
specification for structures, particularly in risk areas.
4. Public awareness
a. Mitigation Awareness. When risk is high but perception
preparedness is low, people need technical
explanation about causes, possible and mitigating strategies.
b. Preparedness Awareness. When a risk is imminent, the
community needs detailed explanation of what is going to happen
and how, and what to and what not to do.
c. Emergency Response awareness. After the disaster has struck,
people need to know what to do next.

5. Rationale for Risk Management

a. Comprehensive risk management process has the potential to break

the cycle of damage and reconstruction when a community is
subjected to repeated natural hazards.

b. To be effective, a strategy must be in place and ready for immediate

implementation when necessary.

c. This can only be done through advance preparation and planning.

6. Disaster Risk Management Objectives

a. Reduce vulnerabilities in the community.

b. When sustained over a long term, reduce unacceptable risk to

acceptable levels and make the community become disaster
resistant/resilient.

7. Range of Risk Management Measures

1. Engineering measures (keep hazard away from people)

 2. Land use planning and management measures 9keep people away
from hazard)

3. Control and protection works (modifying the hazard)

4. Early warning (predicting hazard)

5. Preparedness planning (prepare in anticipation of a hazard event)

6. Reconstruction planning after a disaster with the aim of reducing the

vulnerability

7. Mainstreaming risk management in development practice and

institutionalization.

Lesson 5. Role of Youth in Disaster Preparedness and Management, Basic

Disaster Preparedness, and Response Training

1. First Aid /and other Basic Life Support

What is first aid?

First aid refers to the emergency or immediate care you should provide
when a person is injured or ill until full medical treatment is available. For minor
conditions, first aid care may be enough. For serious problems, first aid care
should be continued until more advanced care becomes available.
The decision to act appropriately with first aid can mean the
difference between life and death. Begin by introducing yourself to the
injured or ill person. Explain that you are a first aid provider and are willing
to help. The person must give you permission to help them; do not touch
them until they agree to be helped. If you encounter a confused person or
someone who is critically injured or ill, you can assume that they would
want you to help them. This is known as “implied consent.”

What are first aid basics?

The first step in any emergency is the recognition of the problem and
providing help. When in doubt or when someone is seriously injured or ill, you
should always activate the emergency response system. If you’re not sure how
serious the situation is, the operator will ask you a series of questions to
determine the seriousness of it.
 Remain on the line until additional help arrives, or until the operator tells
you to hang up. Emergency system dispatchers can guide you through the steps
of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using an automatic external
defibrillator (AED), or delivering basic care until additional help arrives.

Whether you are at home, work, or school, know where the first aid kit and
the AED are kept and be familiar with their contents. Know how to activate the
emergency response system. Be aware of any policies in the workplace
regarding medical emergencies.

After determining the problem, the next step in providing help is to

determine the unresponsiveness of the injured or ill person. The best way to
determine this is to tap the person and talk loudly to them: “Are you okay?” After
determining unresponsiveness, yell for help. Look for any medical identifications,
such as a necklace or a bracelet. This may provide a valuable clue to the cause
of the situation. One set of goals to keep in mind for first aid would be what we
like to call the “Three P’s.”

 Preserve life – your main goal should be to keep the person alive.
 Prevent further injury – keep the injured person safe and from becoming
injured any more. It is always recommended that you do not move them
until help arrives.
 Promote recovery – try to help fix their injuries as best as you can.

What is Basic Life Support?

Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-
responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to
anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an
obstructed airway. It requires knowledge and skills in cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR), using automated external defibrillators (AED) and
relieving airway obstructions in patients of every age.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in
many emergencies, including a heart attack or near drowning, in which
someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. The American Heart Association
recommends that everyone — untrained bystanders and medical personnel alike
— begin CPR with chest compressions.
It's far better to do something than to do nothing at all if you're fearful that
your knowledge or abilities aren't 100 percent complete. Remember, the
difference between your doing something and doing nothing could be someone's
life.
Here's advice from the American Heart Association:
  Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR, then provide hands-only CPR. That
means uninterrupted chest compressions of 100 to 120 a minute until
paramedics arrive (described in more detail below). You don't need to try
rescue breathing.
 Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and confident in your ability,
check to see if there is a pulse and breathing. If there is no breathing or a
pulse within 10 seconds, begin chest compressions. Start CPR with 30 chest
compressions before giving two rescue breaths.
 Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR training but you're not
confident in your abilities, then just do chest compressions at a rate of 100 to
120 a minute. (Details described below.)

The above advice applies to adults, children and infants needing CPR, but
not newborns (infants up to 4 weeks old).
CPR can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs
until more definitive medical treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm.
When the heart stops, the lack of oxygenated blood can cause brain
damage in only a few minutes. A person may die within eight to 10 minutes.
To learn CPR properly, take an accredited first-aid training course, including
CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). If you are
untrained and have immediate access to a phone, call your local emergency
number before beginning CPR. The dispatcher can instruct you in the proper
procedures until help arrives.

Before you begin

Before starting CPR, check:

 Is the environment safe for the person?

 Is the person conscious or unconscious?
 If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask
loudly, "Are you OK?"
 If the person doesn't respond and two people are available, have one person
call 911 or the local emergency number and get the AED, if one is available,
and have the other person begin CPR.
 If you are alone and have immediate access to a telephone, call 911 or your
local emergency number before beginning CPR. Get the AED, if one is
available.
 As soon as an AED is available, deliver one shock if instructed by the device,
then begin CPR.
Remember to spell C-A-B
The American Heart Association uses the letters C-A-B — compressions, airway,
breathing — to help people remember the order to perform the steps of CPR.

Compressions: Restore blood circulation

1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.

2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
3. Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, between the
nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight
and position your shoulders directly above your hands.
4. Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on
(compress) the chest at least 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters) but not
greater than 2.4 inches (approximately 6 centimeters). Push hard at a rate of 100
to 120 compressions a minute.
5. If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until there are
signs of movement or until emergency medical personnel take over. If you have
been trained in CPR, go on to opening the airway and rescue breathing.
Airway: Open the airway

 If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the
person's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's
forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin
forward to open the airway.

Breathing: Breathe for the person

Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the

mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened.

1. With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the nostrils
shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours,
making a seal.
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one
second — and watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second
breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then
give the second breath. Thirty chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths
is considered one cycle. Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe
with too much force.
3. Resume chest compressions to restore circulation.
4. As soon as an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and
follow the prompts. Administer one shock, then resume CPR — starting with chest
compressions — for two more minutes before administering a second shock. If
you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 or other emergency medical operator may
be able to guide you in its use. If an AED isn't available, go to step 5 below.
5. Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical personnel
take over.