Pikit National High

TRANSFORMING WASTE INTO STRENGTH: A SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION IN

CONCRETE HOLLOWBLOCKS (CHBs)

ANDIK, MARATO MARK K.

DIANON, RASTYMOR M.

GAMBAO, JOENAIRA A.

JOPISTA, KRISTINE JANE C.

KADALEM, JOENNABAI S.

MANCERA, ALEXA KATE A.

SAMAD, ZUKRIA D.

TAMAY, SHAHANA JEAN M.

PIKIT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

January 2025
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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Waste materials have long been a significant contributor to environmental

degradation, with plastic waste being one of the most pressing global challenges.

Plastics, known for their durability and versatility, often end up in landfills or as

pollutants in natural ecosystems, where they can take centuries to decompose. This

has led to growing concerns over their adverse impacts on land, waterways, and

marine life. As urbanization and industrial activities expand, the need for innovative

and sustainable solutions to manage plastic waste becomes increasingly urgent.

The global waste trade intensifies environmental and health risks in Global

South countries as the Global North exports plastic waste under inadequate

environmental standards, leading to significant social injustices and an unequal

distribution of responsibilities. According to Cotta (2020), this issue raises concerns

about equity, fairness, and distributive justice, as developing nations bear the brunt

of waste processing and disposal without sufficient resources or regulatory

frameworks. While there are opportunities to extract valuable materials from waste

for income generation, the persistent challenges in resource access and allocation of

risks remain prevalent.

The Philippines faces a significant plastic waste problem, with daily solid waste

generation reaching 30,000 tons, and plastics accounting for 17% of this total.

Current recycling rates are low (8.4%), leading to environmental contamination from

discarded or burned plastic (Singh et al., 2017). This necessitates exploring

alternative waste management solutions. Recycling and upcycling are presented as

environmentally friendly alternatives, promoting reuse and reducing environmental

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impact. The construction industry, experiencing rapid growth fueled by government

initiatives like the Build! Build! Build program, presents a significant opportunity.

Using recycled plastics in concrete production has shown promise, as demonstrated

by initiatives like those undertaken by The Green Antz Builders, Inc.

While several studies have explored the use of plastic waste in concrete

mixtures, most have primarily focused on compressive strength and durability.

However, limited research has been conducted on the impact resistance of plastic-

infused CHBs.

Additionally, previous studies often examined plastic waste in small-scale

applications or as fine aggregates, but few have investigated its optimal proportion

for maintaining both strength and cost-effectiveness in CHBs.

Thus, this study aims to assess the effect of incorporating plastic waste on the

structural integrity and impact resistance of concrete hollow blocks (CHBs).

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on incorporating plastic waste into concrete hollow blocks

(CHBs).

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Assess the effect of incorporating different proportions of plastic waste on the

impact resistance of CHBs.

2. Compare the compressive strength of CHBs with plastic waste to traditional

CHBs.

3. Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using plastic waste in CHBs as a sustainable

alternative.
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HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

Ho: The inclusion of plastic waste in concrete hollow blocks does not significantly

impact their compressive strength or cost-effectiveness compared to traditional

hollow blocks

Ha: The inclusion of plastic waste in concrete hollow blocks significantly impacts

their compressive strength and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional hollow

blocks.

Significance of the Study

Environment: The study addresses the global plastic waste crisis by offering an

innovative solution for recycling plastics into construction materials. By reducing the

amount of non-biodegradable waste in landfills and preventing pollution, the

research supports environmental conservation efforts and promotes a circular

economy.

Construction: Industry The study introduces plastic bricks as a sustainable

alternative to traditional construction materials. These bricks are cost-effective,

durable, and lightweight, which can reduce the reliance on non-renewable resources

like sand and cement, potentially transforming the construction industry.

School: The findings can be incorporated into educational programs, raising

awareness among students, teachers, and school administrators about sustainable

practices and waste management.

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Community: The use of plastic bricks in local infrastructure projects can offer

affordable and durable solutions to housing, schools, and public facilities. This

approach can also generate employment opportunities in plastic brick production,

contributing to community growth.

Policy and Governance: The research can guide policymakers in implementing

regulations that promote sustainable waste management and green building

practices. It aligns with both national and global sustainability goals, potentially

influencing future environmental policies.

Future Research: The study lays the groundwork for further exploration into the

improvement of plastic brick production processes, quality enhancement, and

broader applications in construction, paving the way for more sustainable

innovations in the industry.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study focuses on incorporating plastic waste into concrete hollow blocks

(CHBs) as a sustainable construction material. It will examine the effects of plastic

waste on the compressive strength and cost-effectiveness of CHBs, aiming to

determine the optimal proportion for maintaining structural integrity.

Definition of Terms

Plastic- is a synthetic material used to make many everyday items, such as

bottles and bags. In this process, plastic waste is collected, cleaned, and recycled to

create new products, like bricks.

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Hollow Blocks- are building materials that have empty spaces inside, making

them lighter but still strong. They are often used in construction. When made from

recycled plastic, they help reduce waste and are more eco-friendly.

Waste Materials- are things we no longer need or use, such as old plastic

items. These can be repurposed or recycled into new products, like plastic bricks, to

help reduce pollution and make use of things that otherwise be throw away.

Sustainable- refers to practices that meet current needs without harming

future generations. In plastic bricks, it means using recycled plastic to reduce waste,

conserve resources, and minimize environmental i

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related studies which will deepen the understanding

of the researchers with the research at hand.

PLASTIC WASTE AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS IN CONSTRUCTION

The construction industry is exploring sustainable alternatives.(Designboom,

2021) uses recycled plastic bricks to build affordable housing, while Matee (2020)

has developed recycled plastic pavers in Kenya. These initiatives demonstrate the

potential of repurposing plastic waste into construction materials. Further research

could enhance their strength and durability, making them a viable and eco-friendly

alternative in the building sector (R. Kumar et al., 2021).

Studies also focus on addressing key challenges such as structural integrity,

durability, regulatory standards, and public acceptance of plastic-based construction

materials. For instance, (Kudan Yadav et al. 2024) showcase the successful

application of plastic bricks in construction projects, highlighting their strength, cost-

effectiveness, and innovative design possibilities. Beyond construction benefits,

these bricks offer significant environmental advantages, including recyclability and

their role in promoting circular economy initiatives.

Ahmed (2021) highlights the construction industry's high resource

consumption and waste production, emphasizing innovative solutions like

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interlocking bricks made from recycled plastic to improve buildings' acoustic and

thermal performance.

Mak et al. (2021) discuss plastic waste as a global environmental crisis,

threatening ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Its slow decomposition leads to

accumulation in landfills, oceans, and natural habitats, harming wildlife and releasing

harmful chemicals. As plastic pollution grows, it poses a major challenge to

sustainability, underscoring the urgent need for effective management and reduction

strategies.

SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PLASTICS

According to (Jiang et al. 2024), the sustainability and environmental impacts

of plastic recycling have been assessed across various technologies, including

mechanical, chemical, thermolysis, and biological methods. They evaluate

environmental factors like energy consumption and emissions and highlight

economic challenges, such as contamination in mechanical recycling, high energy

costs in thermolysis, and material costs in chemical and biological recycling. The

review also discusses emerging trends, such as digital technologies and circular

economy practices aimed at improving the sustainability of plastic recycling.

On the other hand, (Smith et al. 2023) provide a comprehensive review of

mechanical, chemical, and biological plastic recycling technologies. They focus on

environmental impacts like energy consumption, waste generation, and emissions.

The authors emphasize the economic feasibility of each method, noting the

challenges of contamination in mechanical recycling, scalability issues in chemical

recycling, and high operational costs. They also point out the potential of biological
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recycling but call for more research to address material cost challenges. Additionally,

the review highlights recent advancements, including digital technologies for waste

management and the adoption of circular economy principles for sustainable

recycling.

CHALLENGES EARTH FACES DUE TO PLASTIC WASTE

According to Alqattaf (2020), plastic waste is an escalating global issue driven

by increasing production and human consumption and by 2050, it is predicted that

there could be more plastic in the oceans than fish, posing significant threats to the

environment, the economy, and public health. Plastics present major environmental

challenges due to their non-degradable nature, which causes both direct and indirect

impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Microplastics, in particular, require

further attention as their environmental effects remain largely uncertain (Song,

2024).

The management of plastic waste is a critical global issue. Improper disposal

of plastics significantly contributes to rising carbon emissions due to the release of

plastic chemicals when exposed to sunlight or burned. As the plastics industry

continues to grow in production, the accumulation of plastic waste also increases

annually. This study examined the relationship between plastic production and CO2

emissions at the global level using simple linear regression analysis. Findings

indicated that plastic production has a positive and significant impact, meaning that

an increase in plastic production leads to higher CO2 emissions. Additionally, the

GDP per capita variable also showed a positive and significant effect, implying that
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global income patterns still contribute to environmental degradation. (Oktavilia ,

2020).

Furthermore, plastic pollution is a critical global problem that demands urgent

action (Macheca et al., 2024). The disposal of solid waste remains a widespread and

persistent challenge in both urban and rural areas across developed and developing

nations ( Abdel, 2018).

Both study of Teles et al. (2020), Wilke (2020) says that plastic pollution

poses a severe and urgent global challenge, impacting ecosystems, wildlife, and

human health on an unprecedented scale. From the smallest marine organisms to

vast forests and even remote Arctic ice, plastic waste infiltrates every corner of the

planet. Its effects extend beyond visible debris to microscopic particles, known as

microplastics, which threaten food chains by entering the diets of animals and

humans alike.

Tackling this issue requires international collaboration to enforce regulations,

improve recycling, and adopt sustainable practices. Transitioning to a circular

economy is essential to safeguard ecosystems, food security, and public health.

Vulnerable coastal communities, especially in less-developed nations, face severe

consequences due to limited waste management resources, further exacerbating

poverty and hindering progress. Urgent action is needed to reduce pollution and

build environmental resilience (Beaumont et al., 2019)

PLASTIC BRICKS AS A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION TO WASTE MANAGEMENT

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The research conducted by (Yadav et al. 2024) examines the utilization of

plastic bricks as an eco-friendly building material to reduce plastic waste and

minimize environmental impact. According to Ahmed (2023), converting plastic

waste into building materials aligns with circular economy principles, offering a

solution to plastic pollution while simultaneously conserving resources. (Lamba et al.

2022) highlight that plastic bricks possess beneficial properties such as durability,

thermal insulation, and weather resistance, making them a viable alternative to

conventional building materials. Similarly,( Kognole et al. 2019) emphasize that the

production of plastic bricks, whether through mechanical or chemical recycling,

contributes to waste reduction and lowers the construction industry's carbon

footprint.

Despite these advantages, challenges remain. (Belay et al. (2021) argue that

while plastic bricks offer promising benefits, concerns related to structural integrity,

industry acceptance, and regulatory compliance must be addressed for wider

adoption. (Kumar et al. 2021) further explore the potential of plastic waste in brick

production, noting benefits such as reduced water absorption and improved moisture

resistance. Their review also examines different plastic types, such as polyethylene

terephthalate (PET), and the testing methods used to assess strength, durability, and

sustainability. Although plastic bricks present a cost-effective and environmentally

friendly alternative, the authors stress the need for additional research to enhance

their quality and long-term performance. The increasing interest in sustainable

construction highlights the importance of innovative solutions for repurposing plastic

waste.
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A Study of (Muyen et al. (2023) investigated the feasibility of using discarded

PET bottles filled with aggregates as a novel building material for wall construction.

Their research assessed the mechanical properties of these bottle-based units,

testing five different bottle sizes (250, 500, 1250, 1500, and 2000 ml) with fine sand

as the aggregate. A key finding was that the largest bottles (2000 ml) exhibited a

high compressive strength of 17.44 MPa, demonstrating their potential for load-

bearing applications. This study underscores the importance of optimizing the size

and configuration of recycled plastic components to maximize structural

performance.

In a parallel effort, (Mohan et al. 2023) focused on the development and

analysis of a specialized plastic brick manufacturing machine. Their work advanced

the technological aspects of plastic brick production while also providing comparative

data on plastic composite bricks versus traditional clay and cement bricks. The

results demonstrated the superior efficiency of plastic composite bricks, highlighting

their potential for significant improvements in construction efficiency and material

utilization. Similarly, (Daftardar et al. 2023) explored the creation of plastic bricks

using a combination of plastic beads and fly ash. Their findings revealed that these

bricks exhibited higher compressive strength and lower weight than conventional red

clay bricks. However, the study also noted high water absorption characteristics,

suggesting the need for further research into surface treatments or material

modifications to improve water resistance and durability in diverse climatic conditions

SYNTHESIS
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Moreover, the reviewed literature consists of credible sources, including

certified publishers, academic journals, and industry experts, all of which support the

feasibility of utilizing plastic waste for construction purposes. These studies highlight

the environmental and economic benefits of plastic bricks, emphasizing their

potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional materials. The reviewed works

provide essential insights into the strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness of

plastic-based construction materials, reinforcing the relevance of this study.

Additionally, these studies explore innovative methods for recycling plastic waste,

demonstrating how plastic bricks contribute to reducing environmental pollution and

promoting circular economy practices. The findings from previous research serve as

a foundation for this study, offering valuable technical knowledge and best practices

that can enhance the development and application of plastic bricks in construction.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

 Impact resistance
Different proportions of  Cost-effectiveness
plastic waste in CHBs of plastic-infused
CHBs
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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discuss about designing and methodology employed in the

conduct of the project study. The flowing is discussed in details: techniques,

methods, research design, materials, tools and equipments used, procedure of

constructing, data gathered, and data.

TABLE 1. Materials and Expenses

Materials Quantity Price

1. Cement 1 sack 170

2. Sand 1 sack 80

3. Water 1 gallon 20
1
4. Plastic Waste /2 sack 0

5. Cement Molder 1 pcs 3000

Other Expenses

5. Transportation 400

Total 3,670
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TABLE 2. Equipments
Materials Unit

1. Cement Molder 1 pcs

2. Mixing tools 1 pcs

3. Shovel 1 pcs

4. Scisscors 3 pcs
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GENERAL PROCEDURES

The general procedure for conducting the experiment is outlined as follows:

Collection and Preparation: Plastic waste was collected, cleaned to remove

impurities, and shredded into small pieces to enhance workability in the mixture.

Mixing and Molding: The shredded plastic was mixed with cement, sand, and water

in controlled proportions. The mixture was then poured into molds and compacted for

uniformity.

Curing and Hardening: The molded CHBs was left to cure under controlled

conditions for a specific period to ensure proper strength development.

Testing and Evaluation: The cured CHBs have undergone drop test with the height

of 1 meter to test its strenght to compare their performance with traditional CHBs.

Environmental and Economic Analysis: The feasibility of plastic CHBs was

assessed based on production costs, waste reduction benefits, and potential market

adoption.

DATA GATHERED
Throughout the study, we will systematically gather data aligned with our

objectives.
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Specifically, our focus in data collection will be on the following parameters:

 Compressive strength of CHBs incorporating plastic waste compared to

traditional CHBs

 Production cost comparison between plastic-incorporated CHBs and

traditional CHBs

DATA PROCESSING

Data processing will involve employing descriptive statistical methods to

analyze the collected data from the experimental setup. Specifically, we will focus on

parameters related to the compressive strength These parameters will be crucial in

evaluating the feasibility of incorporating plastic waste into CHBs as a sustainable

construction material.

To interpret the results, descriptive statistical analysis will be conducted. This

will include calculating the mean compressive strength. Graphical representations,

such as bar charts and line graphs, will be utilized to visualize trends in CHB

performance. These analyses will enable us to draw meaningful conclusions

regarding the structural viability and sustainability of plastic-incorporated CHBs, as

outlined in our study objectives.

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Optimal Proportion of Plastic waste in CHBs

Sample Plastic Content Observation after Strength

impact Assessment

A 0% (Traditional) Completely Weakest

Crushed

B 6% Plastic Partially Broke Strongest

C 10% Plastic Broke but not Moderate

completely crushed

D 12% Plastic Completely Weak

crushed

The results indicate that Sample B (6% plastic content) demonstrated the

highest strength, as it only partially broke upon impact. Sample C (10%) maintained

moderate strength, while Sample D (12%) and Sample A (traditional CHB)

completely shattered, indicating lower durability. These findings suggest that

incorporating 6% plastic waste into CHBs enhances strength, whereas higher plastic

concentrations weaken the blocks.

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Table 2: Comparison of CHB Strength

Sample Plastic Content Overall Strength Ranking

A 0% plastic 4th
B 6% plastic 1st
C 10% plastic 2nd
D 12% plastic 3rd

The 6% plastic-incorporated CHBs (Sample B) ranked 1st, proving to be the

most structurally sound. Meanwhile, Sample A (0% plastic) ranked last, confirming

that traditional CHBs are weaker compared to plastic-modified ones. Although

Sample C (10%) performed well, an excess of plastic (12%) resulted in weaker

CHBs, indicating that too much plastic may reduce the bonding capability of cement.

Table 3: Cost Analysis of CHB production

Sample Plastic Cement Cost Sand cost Total cost

content
A 0% 170 80 250
B 6% 159.8(6% 75.2(6% less) 235
less)
C 10% 153(10% 72(10% less) 225
less)
D 12% 149.6(12% 70.4(12% less) 220
less)
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The data reveals that as plastic content increases, cement and sand costs

decrease, leading to lower overall production expenses. Sample D (12% plastic) had

the lowest cost but was also the weakest in strength. Sample B (6% plastic) provides

the best balance between strength and cost reduction, making it the most viable

option for sustainable CHB production.

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating plastic waste into

concrete hollow blocks (CHBs) as a sustainable construction material. The primary

objectives were to assess the strength of plastic-incorporated CHBs compared to

traditional CHBs, analyze the cost differences in production, and determine the

optimal proportion of plastic waste for achieving the best balance between strength

and affordability.

The research involved collecting and preparing plastic waste, mixing it with

cement, sand, and water, molding the mixture into CHBs, and subjecting the

samples to impact and strength tests. The results were analyzed using descriptive

statistics, with mean compressive strength comparisons and cost analysis.

Findings indicated that CHBs containing 6% plastic waste exhibited the highest

strength, making them a viable alternative to traditional CHBs. The inclusion of

plastic waste in CHB production reduced material costs, with the 12% plastic CHB

being the most cost-effective, although it had the weakest structural integrity. A 6%

plastic composition provided the best balance between cost reduction and strength

retention.

CONCLUSION
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The results of this study support the feasibility of integrating plastic waste into

CHB production as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional

materials. A 6% plastic incorporation was found to be the optimal proportion, yielding

stronger CHBs than traditional ones while reducing material costs. However,

excessive plastic content (10% and 12%) resulted in weaker CHBs, indicating the

need for controlled usage.

This study highlights the potential of plastic-incorporated CHBs as an

environmentally friendly solution to construction waste and pollution, while offering a

practical and economical alternative to standard CHBs.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the study findings, the following recommendations are proposed:

Implementation in Construction: Given the favorable strength and cost benefits of

6% plastic-incorporated CHBs, it is recommended for potential use in non-load-

bearing construction applications, such as partition walls or paving blocks.

Further Strength Testing: Additional research should be conducted to explore

alternative curing methods or additive materials that could enhance the strength of

plastic-incorporated CHBs, particularly for those with higher plastic content.

Large-Scale Production Feasibility: Future studies should evaluate the feasibility

of mass production and market adoption of plastic-incorporated CHBs to determine

its potential commercial viability.

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Environmental and Economic Analysis: More in-depth environmental impact

studies should be carried out to assess the long-term sustainability and waste

reduction benefits of using plastic waste in CHB production.

Policy Support and Awareness: Policymakers and industry leaders should be

encouraged to support the adoption of plastic-incorporated CHBs through policy

incentives and awareness campaigns, promoting sustainable construction practices.

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APPENDICES
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