Jayachandu HN

CHAPTER 1

COMPANY PROFILE

1.1 ABOUT THE FIRM

R.K. ASSOCIATES is in Jayanagar (15th cross), Mysore. An extraordinary team of people

are empowered to deliver the best projects safely and efficiently, while consistently redefining
the best practice of industry.

They assign value in working relationships with their clients by listening carefully to them and
understand thoroughly their needs and work closely with them to solve their engineering
problems. Its technical staff members stay abreast of developments in their technical
professions, allowing us to implement both traditional and state of the art technologies in our
engineering analysis and designs.

Mr. R. Kiran is the Principal Consultant of this firm who pursued his BACHELOR'S
DEGREE in Civil Engineering from VTU. He obtained his POST GRADUATE degree
[Link] in Industrial Structures from SJCE, Mysore and Secured Gold Medal.

R. Kiran is a registered life member of the

 Institute of Engineers (AMIE)

 Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (ACCE)

With a wide and varied exposure in the construction industry, over 10 years, the firm ensure
that the client's requirements, Quality standards, Quantity surveying, costing and billing.
Monitoring work progress by using construction management software packages to plan
smooth work flows, safety etc. The project is completed on time and within budget.

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1.2 SERVICES

Professional Project management is an integral part of its services with residential, commercial,
industrial and institutional projects as specialized sector Various Structural services undertaken
are

 Industrial Structures
 High Rise Structures
 Verification and Certification
 Water tanks/Retaining walls/Box culverts
 Structural steel detailing
 Reinforcement detailing
 Steel/concrete/Timber structures
 Structural analysis report
 Structural calculations

CHAPTER 2

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INTRODUCTION

2.1 GENERAL
The rise in global competition has prompted organizations to devise strategies to have a
talented and innovative workforce to gain a competitive edge. Developing an internship policy
is an impactful strategy for creating a future talent pool for the industry. The Internship program
not only helps fresh pass-outs in gaining professional know-how but also benefits, corporate
on fresh perspectives on business issues and even discovering future business leaders.

The interaction of Technical Institutions with the industries has been restricted to the level of
faculty communications and 2 to 4 hour industrial visits by the students generally. The
institutions are under a great stress to renew education offered by them, to be as close as
possible to the industrial requirement and expectations. Competition in the job sector is rising
exponentially and securing entry-level jobs is getting very difficult, as the students passing out
from technical institutions lack the experience and skills required by industry. The main aim
of these initiatives is enhancement of the employability skills of the students passing out from
Technical Institutions

Internships represent an important experience for our students by allowing them in particular
to achieve the following goals. submersion into the professional world of a company, bring to
life the importance of group work, acknowledge the goals set by company in its processes,
application of the knowledge acquired during the university years.
The Civil Engineering internships have duration of at least eight weeks. In general, they can be
divided into two types:
Short internship of two months, which is in general done during the periods between
semesters, allows students to not elongate the duration of their Master's degree. This internship
can be done in two parts, but it needs to be in the same company.

Long internship of at most six months results in general in adding one semester to the length
of the student's Master's degree

2.2 OBJECTIVES
Internships are educational and career development opportunities, providing practical
experience in a field or discipline. They are structured, short-term, supervised placements often

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focused around particular tasks or projects with defined timescales. An internship may be
compensated, non-compensated or some time may be paid. The internship has to be meaningful
and mutually beneficial to the intern and the organization. It is important that the objectives
and the activities of the internship program are clearly defined and understood.

Following are the intended objectives of internship training:

 Will expose technical students to the industrial environment, which cannot be simulated
in the classroom and hence creating competent professionals for the industry.
 Provide possible opportunities to learn understand and sharpen the real time technical
managerial skills required at the job.
 Exposure to the current technological developments relevant to the subject area of
training.
 Experience gained from the 'Industrial Internship' in classroom will be used in
classroom discussions.
 Create conditions conducive to quest for knowledge and its applicability on the job

2.3 INTRODUCTION TO ETABS

ETABS is a sophisticated, yet easy to use, special purpose analysis and design program
developed specifically for building systems. ETABS features an intuitive and powerful
graphical interface coupled with unmatched modelling, analytical, and design procedures, all
integrated using a common at a base. Although quick and easy for simple structures, ETABS
can also handle the largest and most complex building models, including a wide range of
nonlinear behaviors, making it the tool of choice for structural engineers in the building
industry. The ETABS building is idealized as an assemblage of area, line and point objects
Those objects are used to represent wall, floor, column, beam, brace and link/spring physical
members. The basic frame geometry is defined with reference to a simple three-dimensional
grid system. With relatively simple modelling techniques, very complex framing situations
may be considered. The buildings may be unsymmetrical and non-rectangular in plan.
Torsional behaviors of the floors and inter-story compatibility of the floors are accurately
reflected in the results. The solution enforces complete three-dimensional displacement
compatibility, making it possible to capture tubular effects associated with the behavior of tall
structures having relatively closely spaced columns. Semi-rigid floor diaphragms may be
modelled to capture the effects of in-plane floor deformations. Floor objects may span between
adjacent levels create sloped floors (ramps), which can be usefid for modelling parking garage

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structures. Modelling of partial diaphragms, such as in mezzanines, setbacks, atriums and floor
openings, is possible without the use of artificial ("duminy") floors and column lines. It is also
possible to model situations with multiple independent diaphragms at each level, allowing the
modelling of buildings consisting of several towers rising from a common base. The column,
beam and brace elements may be non-prismatic, and they may have partial fixity at their end
connections. They also may have uniform, partial uniform and trapezoidal load patterns, and
they may have temperature loads. The effects of the finite dimensions of the beams and
columns on the stiffness of a frame system are included using end offsets that can be
automatically calculated

A creative sense, imagination, understanding and keen observation of structures in nature,

scientific knowledge of various aspects of structures, understanding of the various structural
phenomenon on basis of statistical and experimental data, and finally, the backing of vast
experience from the past are the some of the qualities required for a structural engineer, So it
is necessary that a structural engineer not having a background of long experience should try
to acquire sound knowledge about the various basic aspects of engineering structures and the
basic aspects of the structural design.

The various aspects of structural design, which a structural engineer is required to know are
 Types of loads and actions
 Strength and behavior
 Types and methods of structural analysis
 Methods of design and design codes.
 Drawings and detailing.
 Methods of construction
 Computer programs and their usage.

2.4 Stages in Structural Design

Once the building form and structural arrangement have been finalized, the design problem
consists of the following:

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 Idealization of the structure into load bearing frames and elements for analysis and
design.
 Estimation of loads.
 Analysis to determine the maximum moments, thrusts and shear for design
 Design of sections and reinforcement arrangements for slabs, beams, columns and walls
using the results from 3.
 Production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules.
The structural drawings that are to be prepared are:
 Beam column layout.
 Load distribution of slabs on beams.
 Excavation plan.
 Footing detailing.
 Column detailing.
 Beam detailing.
 Slab detailing.

2.5 Design Procedure

The procedure of structural design consists of the following phases

Phase-I: This stage involves the determination of the following:

 Type of structure (like load bearing or frame)

 Form of structure (like slab-beam, grid or shell)
 Geometry and layout, which include determination of positioning of columns, beams
and so on.
 Type of material, particularly grades of steel and concrete, method of construction like
RCC, steel, P.S C, cast-in-situ, pre-cast etc.

Phase-2: This stage involves gathering the necessary information from the client which is as
follows

 Function of the structure

 Resources available
 Importance of the structure and aesthetic requirements

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 Expected life span

Phase-3: This stage involves the analysis of the structure for the determination of internal
design forces (like bending moment and shear force) in the members and behaviour of structure
under the action of these forces

Phase-4: Thus stage involves the determination of size of members, amount and detailing of
reinforcement for resisting the design force. This stage forms the core and substance of design

Phase-5: This stage involves preparation of working drawings, giving sizes of the members,
detailing of reinforcement, preparing bar bending schedules and schedule of quantities giving
specifications of material notes and special instruction, if any

2.6 ETABS Modeling and Analysis

ETABS is software that is uses to perform analysis and designing in engineering. Part of that power lies
in an array of options and features Once the Beam-Column layout is ready, the modeling is carried out
in ETABS for the further analysis and result.

The basic process of analyzing a structure on ETABS include the following steps,

Select the
Define Define Draw
base units Set up
story levels Section Structural
and Design grid lines
Properties Objects
codes

Select Assign Assign Define Load Assign

Object Properties Supports Patterns Loads

Edit the Display

Define load model View the Analyze the Results for
cases geometry model Model checking

2.7 Structural Planning:

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This involves determination of the form of the structure, the material for the same, the structural
system, the layout of its components, the method of analysis, and the philosophy of structural
design. The main elements of RC building frame are:
 Slabs
 Beams to support slabs and walls
 Column to support beams, and
 Footing to transmit column loads to soil structure safely

2.8 Steps followed in Structural Planning

After preparation of architectural plans of the building, the structural planning of the building
frame is done. This involves the determination of the following:
 Column positions
 Beam location
 Spanning of slabs
 Type of footing

2.8.1 COLUMN POSITIONING:

Following are some of the guiding principles, which help in deciding the column positioning:
1. Identify key location of columns that will form a well-knit system of framework
2. Columns should preferably be located at the junction of walls, meeting points of main
beams, manageable spans for beams, etc.
3. Column locations should be selected in such a way that they do not obstruct the
architectural utility of the building on each of floors including movement of vehicles in
the parking area.
4. As far as possible the columns should be concealed within the proposed structure.

2.8.2 POSITIONING OF BEAMS:

Following are some of the guiding principles for positioning of beams.
1. Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below concentrated loads.
2. Since beams are primarily provided to support the slabs, its spacing shall be decided by
the maximum desired spans of the slabs.

2.8.3 SPANNING OF SLABS

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This is decided by the positions of supporting beams or walls. When the supports are only on
opposite sides or only in one direction, the slab should be designed as one-way slab. When the
slab is supported on more than two supports, it should be designed as a two-way slab. However,
the two-way action of a slab does not depend only on the manner in which it is supported but
also on the aspect ratio Ly/Lx (the ratio of longer span Ly to shorter span Lx), the ratio of
reinforcement in the two directions (Mux/ Muy) and the boundary conditions. This decision
may be taken considering the following points
 If aspect ratio Ly/Lx is greater than 2, the slab acts as a one-way slab.
 If the aspect ratio Ly/Lx is less than or equal to 2, then the slab acts as a two-way slab.
 The two-way action is advantageous essentially for large spans (greater than 3m) and
for live loads greater than 3kN/m2. For short spans and light loads, steel required for
two-way slab does not differ appreciably as compared to steel for one-way slab because
of the requirement of minimum steel.

2.8.4 TYPE OF FOOTING

Following are the types of footing that can be provided for a structure depending upon the loads
from the column, moments, safe bearing capacity of soil and proximity of adjacent columns.
 Isolated footing.
 Combined footing.
 Strap or cantilever footing.
 Mat or raft footing.
 Pile foundation.

2.9 LOADS
Loads and properties of material constitute the basic parameters affecting the design of a R.C.
Structure. The various types of loads acting on the structure that need consideration in building
design are as follows:
2.9.1 Dead load (DL): It includes self-weight, weights of finishes, partitions, walls grills
etc. The dead load in a building shall comprise the weight of all walls, partitions,
floors and roofs and shall include the weight of all other superimposed loads, which
are permanently attached to the structure. For such loads, which do not change their
position and so not vary in magnitude, and where self-weight of the structures
unknown, preliminary section may be assumed by the design engineer using
experience, thumb rules and the formulae available.

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Table 1: Unit Weight of Material (from IS:875-part-1)

Unit Weight
No. Materials (KN/m³)

1 Reinforced Cement Concrete 25.00

2 Cement Mortar 20.40

3 Burnt Brick Masonry (BBM) 20.00

4 Ceiling Plaster 20.40

5 Mosaic Tiles 24.00

6 Clay Tiles 0.20

7 Steel 78.50

2.9.2 Live Load (LL): Live loads on roofs and on floors are taken according to IS: 875-
1987. Live load comprises of those loads whose position or magnitude or both may
change. Live load is expressed as a uniformly distributed static load In our country,
floors of various types of buddings have been categorized into different classes and
live loads corresponding to these classes have been specified in the code IS:
875(part 2)-1987.

Table 2: Live Lodes as per 15:875(part 2)-1987

Uniformly Distributed
No. Occupancy Classification Load (kN/m²)

1 All rooms and kitchen 2.0

2 Toilet and bathrooms 2.0

3 Roofs 1.5

4 Corridors, Passageways and Storerooms 3.0

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5 Balconies 3.0

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
3.1 REFERRING TO THE CODES

Initially, to begin with the internship program the codes referred are:

1. IS: 456:2000
2. IS: 875 PART I
3. IS 875 PART 2

3.1.1 Modeling Of Structure Using Etabs Defining Of Material Property

The materials which are used in the model are defined in this section as property of concrete
and the rebar maternal

1. Select the define command in the software.

2. Add new materials.
3. Select the required region in which the construction is done, material type (either
concrete or rebar) and the grade of material required.

Materials defined in the project is

Concrete of grades- M25

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Rebar material-Fe 550

3.1.2 Defining of Sectional Properties

 Select the define command then choose frame sections
 Now choose to add new property and give the required dimensions of either beams or
columns and choose the grade of concrete required.

Defining Of Slab Sections

Like wall and frame sections define for the slab sections using define slab section command
and provide the different depth of slab and then the type of slab. In this model the depth used
is 150mm.

Draw Beams/Column, And Slab

With reference to the structural drawing of the model draw beams, shear walls and slabs using
the commands draw beams, walls, and slab respectively.

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3.2 MODEL OF THE PROJECT - 1

3.2.1 Details of Residential building

Columns Size
C1
230 X 450 mm
C2
230 X 230 mm

Beam size
B1
230 X 450 mm
SBC 245.16 KN/m2
Floors G+1
Slab Depth 150 mm
Story Height 3.0m
Live load on slab 2 kN/m2
SIDL 2.5 kN/m2 (FLOORS)
1.5 kN/m2 (TERRACE)
Grade of concrete M25 = 25 N/mm2

Grade of steel 550 N/mm2

Frame Load (Super Dead) 13 kN/m

Parapet Frame load @ top floor (Super 5 kN/m

Dead)

Table 3: Details of Residential building

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A. PLANS

FIG 1: GROUND PLAN

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FIG 2: BEAM COLUMN LAYOUT OF GROUND PLAN

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FIG 3: FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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FIG 4: BEAM COLUMN LAYOUT OF FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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FIG 5: BEAM COLUMN LAYOUT OF SECOND FLOOR

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FIG 6: GRID LINES VIEW FROM AUTOCAD

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FIG 7: PLAN VIEW FROM ETABS

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FIG 8: ELEVATION VIEW FROM ETABS

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FIG 9: 3D VIEW FROM ETABS

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B. LOADS

 WALL LOADS
As per IS 875 part I

9” X 20 X 3 = 13 kN/m

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 Plan view of Wall Load

FIG 10: PLAN VIEW FOR WALL LOAD

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 LIVE LOAD

As per IS 875 part III

Residential = 2 kN/m2

Commercial = 4 kN/m2

 Plan view of Live Load

FIG 11: PLAN VIEW FOR LIVE LOAD

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 SUPERDEAD LOAD

 Plan view of Superdead Load

FIG 12: PLAN VIEW FOR SUPERDEAD LOAD

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3.3 MODEL OF THE PROJECT - 2

3.3.1 Details of Residential and Commercial Building

Columns Size
C1
230 X 450 mm
C2
203 X 203 mm

Beam size
B1
230 X 450 mm
B2 203 X 203 mm
SBC 245.16 KN/m2
Floors G+2
Slab Depth 150 mm
Story Height 3.0m
Live load on slab 2 kN/m2
SIDL 2.5 kN/m2 (FLOORS)
1.5 kN/m2 (TERRACE)
Grade of concrete M25 = 25 N/mm2

Grade of steel 550 N/mm2

Frame Load (Super Dead) 13 kN/m (for 9 inch wall)

11.5 kN/m (for 6 inch wall)
Parapet Frame load @ top floor (Super 5 kN/m
Dead)

Table 4: Details of Residential and Commercial Building

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C. PLANS

FIG 13: GROUND PLAN

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FIG 14: FIRST FLOOR AND SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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FIG 15: BEAM COLUMN LAYOUT OF GROUND, FIRST AND

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

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FIG 16: BEAM COLUMN LAYOUT OF HEAD ROOM

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FIG 17: GRID LINES VIEW FROM AUTOCAD

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FIG 18: PLAN VIEW FROM ETABS

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FIG 19: ELEVATION VIEW FROM ETABS

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FIG 20: 3D VIEW FROM ETABS

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D. LOADS

 WALL LOADS
As per IS 875 part I

9” X 20 X 3 = 13 kN/m

6”X 20 X 3 = 11.5 kN/m

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 Plan view of Wall Load

FIG 21: PLAN VIEW FOR WALL LOAD

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 LIVE LOAD

As per IS 875 part III

Residential = 2 kN/m2

Commercial = 4 kN/m2

 Plan view of Live Load

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FIG 22: PLAN VIEW FOR LIVE LOAD

 SUPERDEAD LOAD

 Plan view of Superdead Load

FIG 23: PLAN VIEW FOR SUPERDEAD LOAD

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CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

MODEL – 1

4.1 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

FIG 24: CHECK

FIG 25: BENDING MOMENT

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FIG 26: SHEAR FORCE

From the above figures it is clearly observed that all the beams and columns have passed the
design check and no failure of building is observed.

FIG 27: SINGLE BEAM BM, SF & DEFLECTION

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FIG 27(b) : AXIAL FORCE

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FIG 28: DESIGN RESULTS (IN PLAN VIEW)

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FIG 29: DESIGN RESULTS (IN ELEVATION VIEW)

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4.1.2 DESIGN REPORT OF BEAM AND COLUMN RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING

[Link] DESIGN OF A SINGLE BEAM

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[Link] DESIGN OF A SINGLE COLUMN

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MODEL - 2

4.3 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

FIG 30: CHECK

FIG 31: BENDING MOMENT

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FIG 32: SHEAR FORCE

From the above figures it is clearly observed that all the beams and columns have passed the
design check and no failure of building is observed.

FIG 33: SINGLE BEAM BM, SF & DEFLECTION

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FIG 33(b) : AXIAL FORCE

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FIG 34: DESIGN RESULTS (IN PLAN VIEW)

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FIG 35: DESIGN RESULTS (IN ELEVATION VIEW)

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4.3.1 DESIGN REPORT OF BEAM AND COLUMN RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING

[Link] DESIGN OF A SINGLE BEAM

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[Link] DESIGN OF A SINGLE COLUMN

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The internship training with R.K. CONSULTANTS has been a good experience for me.
During the internship period it helped me to know and develop various technical. It also gave
me a lot of knowledge about structural buildings.

 Overall, this internship was a useful experience, have gained a new knowledge, skills
and met new people.
 We got insight into professional practice.
 The internship was good to find out what our strengths and weakness are, this helped
me to define what skills and knowledge we have to improve in the coming time.
 Develop skills for interacting with practicing professionals.
 It would also be better if we could present and express ourselves more confidently.
 This internship has given me new insights and motivation to pursue a career in planning
and design department.
 The training helped us to get exposure to ETABS software.
 All the design requirements were checked for codal provisions.
 Knowledge about preparation of structural design report is obtained.
 My internship Experience has taught more than I could have imagined.

TECHNICAL OUTCOMES
 An ability to use the techniques, skill, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice.
 For any structure it is very much important to provide economical design to meet the
structural requirements.
 An ability to evaluate concepts and ideas from alternative perspectives.
 An ability to communicate effectively.
 Learnt about codes, standards and specifications.

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The project provided us a sense of satisfaction because of we are given an excellent opportunity
to engage ourselves in the internship covering all its civil engineering aspects. For the proposed
residential building framed structure was adopted because of versatility in the matter of
construction utility of space, rigidity, strength durability case of space construction etc., the
most important facture of this type of construction is the possibility of construction as per
demand.

ETABS is universal software assigning of beams and loading is easy as compared with other
software. Modelling and Analysis of complicated or irregular structure can easily done by
ETABS Software and results will get in short duration of time and ETABS will gives an
economical design hence we save the time of designing by using ETABS software and the
project is completed in short duration of time.

Here we do not really support the end results, because we too believe in that fact that is always
better to be within inside safer limit instead of standing on the edge of safety. . 1 got to know
new techniques,

Internship program brought bridge between theoretical and practical knowledge and also, I
Learned to use ETABS software.

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REFERENCES

1. IS 456-2000, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plane and Reinforced Concrete,
Fourth Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2000.

2. IS 875, Part 1, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Dead Loads.

3. IS 875, Part II, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Live Loads.

4. Balakrishna, M. N., Mohamad, F., Evans, R., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Analysis of
Single-Story Building by ETABS. International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), 7(2).

5. CSI ETAB Software

INTERNSHIP / INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (22CIS31T) Page 58