8

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

PROBABILITY
Probability plays an important part in our daily lives. The study of chance has applications
in weather forecasting, predicting disease, political campaigns, insurance and gambling.
Insurance companies use probability to assess the risk of an event occuring. Statistics
show that the age and sex of a driver affects the chances of a car accident, and the more
distance a person drives, the higher the risk of an accident. These statistics determine how
much drivers pay to insure their cars.

354 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 [Link]/Dmitry Kalinovsky
Chapter outline Wordbank
at least Referring to the smallest number,
Working mathematically for example, ‘at least 2’ means 2, 3, 4, …,
8.01 Probability U F R C that is, ‘2 or more’
complementary event The ‘opposite’ event
8.02 Complementary events U F PS R C Quiz
(for example, the complementary event to
Wordbank 8
8.03 Venn diagrams* U F PS R C selecting an Ace from a deck of cards is
not selecting an Ace)
8.04 Two-way tables* U F R C
expected frequency The expected number of times an event will
8.05 Probability problems U F PS R C occur over repeated trials
8.06 Observed and expected U F R C mutually exclusive events Events or categories that have no
frequencies items in common
*YEAR 9 EXTENSION observed frequency The actual number of times an event
occurred over repeated trials
trial One go or run of a repeated probability experiment, for
example, one roll of a die
Venn diagram A diagram that uses circles (usually overlapping)
to group items into categories

U = Understanding | F = Fluency | PS = Problem solving | R = Reasoning | C = Communicating

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 355

 Videos (8): 8.04 Two-way tables • Two-way
probability tables
SkillCheck Probability
8.05 Probability review
8.01 Probability of an event
8.06 Relative frequencies • Coins
8.02 Complementary events probability • Dice probability
8.03 Venn diagrams 1 • Venn diagrams 2 • Spinning chance • A page of
8.04 Two-way tables spinners • Experimental probabilities
• Probability review • Coin toss
8.06 Experimental probability • Observed
experiment
and expected frequencies
Mind map Probability
Twig videos (2):
Skillcheck Probability: Irrational fears
Puzzles (12):
8.01 Greedy Pig game • Spinner game
8.01 Venn diagrams: Global habitats
• Basic probability • Theoretical
probabilities
PhET interactive (1):
8.02 Complementary events
8.06 Plinko probability
8.03 Venn diagrams group clues
Quizzes (5): • Venn diagrams
• Venn diagrams matching activity
• Wordbank 8
8.04 Two-way probability tables
• SkillCheck 8
8.05 Matching probabilities
• Mental skills 8
8.06 Experimental probability • Duelling
• Language of maths 8 dice
• Test yourself 8 Language of maths Probability crossword
Skillsheets (2): Technology (1):
SkillCheck The language of chance 8.06 Simulating a spinner
8.01 Sample space
Presentations (3):
Worksheets (19): 8.03 Venn diagrams 1 • Venn diagrams 2
SkillCheck Chance cards • Describing 8.06 Theoretical probability
probability
8.01 Basic probability • Games of chance Spreadsheets (3):
• Probability problems
8.06 Coin-tossing simulator
8.02 Theoretical probabilities • Die-rolling simulator
8.03 Venn diagrams • Spinner simulator

To access resources above, visit

[Link]/nelsonmindtap

In this chapter you will:

• use the sample space to calculate the probability of an event
• solve problems involving complementary events
• (EXTENSION, YEAR 9 PATH) use Venn diagrams and two-way tables to represent sample
spaces and events to solve probability problems
• (EXTENSION, YEAR 9 PATH) identify 2 or more events that are mutually exclusive or
overlapping
• (EXTENSION, YEAR 9 PATH) describe events using words such as ‘and’, exclusive ‘or’,
inclusive ‘or’ and ‘at least’
• compare the observed frequency of an event with its expected frequency

356 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 SkillCheck ANSWERS ON P. 596
Convert each number into a decimal.
17 3
1
2% 30%
Quiz

20 8
SkillCheck 8
a b c d

2 List all the possible outcomes for each situation.

a tossing a coin b rolling a die
c the gender of a baby d the colour of traffic lights
the result of a football game the result of a driving test
8.01
Videos
e f Probability

Convert each number into a percentage.

Probability:

2 6
3
0.7 0.56
Irrational fears

3 25
a b c d

Evaluate each expression.

1 2 3
4
1− 1− 1−
3 5 8
a b c

Which term best describes the chance that the next baby born in Australia is a girl?
Skillsheet

Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

5 The language
of chance

A certain B definite C even chance D probable Worksheets

Convert each number into a simplified fraction.

Chance
cards
6
0.28 0.02 64% 80%
Describing
a b c d probability

1
Is the chance of each event greater than or less than ?
2
7
a You being home by 4 p.m. this afternoon
b You winning Lotto one day
c You listening to the radio today
d You learning to drive next year
e You going interstate this year
f You sending a text message on your phone today

Probability 8.01
In probability (chance) situations, the set of all possible outcomes is called the sample space.
For example, if a coin is tossed, the sample space is {heads, tails}. If each outcome has an equal
chance, then we say that each outcome is equally likely.
An event consists of one or more outcomes. For example, the event that a baby is born in a
Skillsheet

summer month consists of the outcomes {December, January, February}. An event has the
Sample

symbol E, and we can calculate its probability as a fraction.

space

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 357

 Probability of an event
P(E) means ‘the probability of an event, E (occurring)’.
If all possible outcomes are equally likely, then:
Video

number of favourable outcomes

Probability

P( E ) =
of an event

total number of outcomes

number of outcomes matching E
or P ( E ) =
number of outcomes in the sample space

A favourable outcome is one of the outcomes in the event that you want, whose probability
you are calculating.

The probability of an event can be written as a fraction, decimal or percentage. For example,
1
the probability of tossing tails on a coin can be written as , 0.5 or 50%.
2

Example 1
a Write the sample space for this spinner.
Is each outcome equally likely?
Worksheets
b
Find the probability that the spinner lands on red.
Basic
probability
c
Find the probability that the spinner lands on
Games of

a ‘traffic light’ colour.

chance d
Probability
problems

Solution
The sample space is {red, yellow, green, blue}.
Puzzles
Greedy Pig a
game

1
Each coloured region is equal in size  of the circle ,
4
Spinner 

so each outcome is equally likely.

game b


1 One chance in 4
Basic
probability

4
Theoretical c P(red) =

P (traffic light colour) = P (red or yellow or green) 3 favourable outcomes out of 4

probabilities

d
3
4
=

The language of probability

Probability term In Example 1
An experiment (or chance experiment) is a situation Spinning a spinner
involving chance that leads to results called outcomes.
A trial is one go or run of the experiment. One spin of the spinner
An outcome is the result of an experiment. The arrow landing on red
The sample space is the set of all possible outcomes. {red, yellow, green, blue}
An event is one or more outcomes of an experiment. The arrow landing on a ‘traffic light’ colour :
red, yellow or green
In a random experiment, every possible outcome has All spins on this spinner are random because
the same chance of occurring. every colour has the same chance.

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The range of probability
Because probability is a fraction, its value must range from 0 to 1, or as a percentage, from 0% to
100%.
no way not likely even chance almost definitely must
happen

0 1 1
impossible 2 certain 8.01

Example 2
A die is rolled. Find the probability that the number rolled is:
a divisible by 3 b a factor of 6
c less than 7 (answer as a percentage) d at least 4 (answer as a decimal)

Solution
There are 6 possible outcomes when a die is rolled: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2 1
P(divisible by 3) = = 2 numbers {3 and 6}
6 3
a

4 2
P(a factor of 6) = = 4 numbers {1, 2, 3, 6}
6 3
b

6
P(less than 7) = = 100% All outcomes are less than 7: a certain event
c 6

3 1
P(at least 4) = = = 0.5 3 numbers {4, 5, 6}.
6 2
d

‘At least 4’ means the smallest number

is 4; that is, 4 or more.

EXERCISE 8.01 ANSWERS ON P. 596

Probability UFRC

1 For each spinner:

  i write down the sample space
EXAMPLE
1

for one spin, calculate the probability that the spinner lands on red.
C

ii

a b c

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 d e f

2 For each experiment, count the number of possible outcomes and state whether each
outcome is equally likely. C
a tossing a coin
b the result of a rugby match when Australia plays New Zealand
c the first letter of a person’s name
d the gender of a baby
e the last digit of a car number plate
f the result of a driving test

3 List the outcomes in each event.

rolling an odd number on a die
C

a
b selecting a vowel from the letters of the alphabet
c having a house number greater than 4 but less than 10
d having a birthday in a month beginning with A
e living in a state of Australia
f being in a high school grade

4 A money box contains 4 $2 coins, 3 $1 coins, 2 50c coins, 6 20c coins and 5 10c coins. It is
shaken and one coin falls out at random. Calculate:
EXAMPLE
2

a P(50c coin) b P($1 coin) (answer as a decimal)

c P(10c or 20c coin), as a percentage d P(not a 10c coin)
e P(gold coin), as a decimal f P(a coin under $1), as a percentage

5 A jar of lollies contains 5 red, 3 green, 6 yellow and 2 blue lollies. Taylor
selects one lolly from the jar at random. Calculate each probability.
a P(green) b P(yellow or blue)
c P(traffic light colour), as a decimal
P(not yellow), as a percentage
d 
6 What is the probability that a person randomly chosen has a birthday in a month
beginning with the letter J? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. R
1 1 1 1
12 6 4 3
A B C D

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 7 NSW is playing Queensland in a rugby league match.
List the sample space for the outcomes of the match.
R C

a
b Are all outcomes equally likely? Explain your answer.

8 A packet of jelly beans has 4 yellow, 3 red, 6 green and 3 black jelly beans remaining.
You tip the packet and one jelly bean rolls out at random. What is the probability that it
is not a red jelly bean? Select A, B, C or D.
4 3 3 13 8.01
12 16 13 16
A B C D

9 Malik is holding 12 playing cards, as shown.

His friend Lara picks a card without looking and
calls out the number on the card. R C
a How many 5s are there in the 12 cards?
List all the possible numbers that Lara could
pick.
b

c Copy and complete this table.

Outcome 5 6 7 8
1
Probability as a fraction
4
Probability as a decimal 0.25
Probability as a percentage 25%

10 Elena has 2 $5 notes, 4 $10 notes and 3 $20 notes in her wallet. If she selects one note at
random, what is the probability that it is a $20 note? Select A, B, C or D.
3 60 1 20
35 110 3 35
A B C D

11 Match each probability value to its correct description.

1
0 90% 1
C

2
a b c d

3
0.1 0.6 2%
4
e f g h
cannot happen better than average chance even chance
good chance very likely almost impossible
A B C

slim chance must happen

D E F
G H

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 12 The 52 cards in a standard deck of playing cards are shown below, divided evenly into
4 suits: hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades.

Hearts:

Diamonds:

Clubs:

Spades:

The cards are shuffled and one is taken out at random.

a How many outcomes are in the sample space?
b Is each outcome equally likely?
c How many Aces are in the deck?
d How many hearts cards are there?
e How many red 7s are there?
f Find the probability of selecting:
i a red card ii a clubs card iii the King of spades
iv a Queen v a card with an a black picture card
even number
vi

13 The weather forecaster says that the probability of a rainy day in April is 30%.
a Is this a high probability or a low probability?
b About how many rainy days are expected in April?

14 Your maths teacher calls out a name randomly from your class roll.
What is the probability that it is:
a your name? b a girl’s name?
c someone aged 14? d someone with brown hair?

15 An Esky contains 8 cans of lemonade, 5 cans of orange drink and 2 cans of lime drink.
How many cans of cola must be added so that the probability of randomly selecting: R
a a lemonade is 50%? b an orange drink is 0.25?
1 2
a lime drink is ? a cola can is ?
12 5
c d

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 Investigation
Complementary events
In everyday life, we use the word ‘complementary’ to describe things that go together and
‘complete the picture’ when they are together. For example, when dressing for an occasion:
• a shirt and a matching tie complement each other
• a dress and a matching pair of shoes complement each other
Remember also that ‘complementary’ angles add to 90°.
8.01

In probability, complementary events are events that together make up all the possible
outcomes.

Event Complementary event

Tossing a tail on a coin Tossing a head on a coin
Rolling a 6 on a die Rolling any of the other numbers, from 1 to 5, on a die
Raining Not raining
Being born on a Monday Being born on a day other than Monday

Suppose that there is an equal chance of being born on any day of the week: Monday to
Sunday.
1

a What is P(Tues), the probability of being born on a Tuesday?

b What is P(not Tues), the probability of being born on a day other than Tuesday?
c What do you notice about P(Tues) + P(not Tues)?
A fruit bowl contains 7 apples, 4 oranges and 9 bananas. One piece of fruit is selected at
random from the bowl.
2

a Find P(orange).
b Find P(not orange).
c What do you notice about P(orange) + P(not orange)?
A baby is selected at random from the maternity section of a large hospital. There is an
equal chance of the baby being a boy or a girl.
3

a Find P(boy).
b Find P(girl).
c What do you notice about P(boy) + P(girl)?
4 Copy and complete the following sentence.
The probability of an event _____ the probability of its complementary event must
always equal _____.

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 363

 Did you know?
Two-up
Two-up is an Australian coin-tossing game.
The game was very popular with soldiers
during World War I and it is only legal to
play it on Anzac Day (25 April). Two-up

AAP Photo/AP/Rick Rycroft

involves the tossing of 2 coins and betting
on ‘heads’ or ‘tails’ on both coins.
Heads: both coins land heads up.
Tails: both coins land tails up.
Odds: one head and one tail.
There is no winner if ‘odds’ are thrown and the coins are tossed again.
Write down the sample space for this game.
What is the probability of throwing ‘odds’?

8.02 Complementary events

In any situation, the probabilities of all possible outcomes must add to 1.
Complementary events are 2 events that together make up all the possible outcomes, such as
a head and a tail when tossing a coin. The complement of an event E, are all those outcomes
that are not E, or that are the ‘opposite’ of E.
Puzzle

Because an event and its complement cover all possible outcomes, the sum of their probabilities
Complementary
events

Worksheets must equal 1.

Theoretical
probabilities
Complementary events
P(E) + P(not E) = 1
or P(not E) = 1 − P(E)
or P(complementary event) = 1 − P(event)
or P(event not occurring) = 1 − P(event occurring)

If the probability is written in percentage form, then P(not E) = 100% − P(E)

Example 3
A pack of 20 cards contains 10 red, 6 yellow and 4 green cards. One card is drawn from the
Video
pack at random. Find the probability that this card is:
yellow b not yellow c not green
Complementary
events
a

364 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 Solution
6 3
P (yellow) =
20 10
a =

P (not yellow) = 1 − P (yellow)

The complement of ‘yellow’ is
b
3
= 1− ‘not yellow’, which is ‘red or green’
10
7
10
=

Note that P (yellow) + P (not yellow) = 3 + 7 = 1, which covers all possible outcomes.
8.02

10 10

4 1 The complement of ‘green’ is

20 5 ‘not green’, which is ‘red or white’
c P(green) = =

P (not green) = 1 − P (green)

1
= 1−
5
4
5
=

Note that P (green) + P (not green) = 1 + 4 = 1, which covers all possible outcomes.
5 5

EXERCISE 8.02 ANSWERS ON P. 597

Complementary events U F PS R C

1 Write the complement of each event.

Tossing tails on a coin Cloudy day tomorrow
C

a b
c Selecting a white chocolate from a box containing white and brown chocolates
d Rolling a 6 on a die e Winning a game of hockey
f Selecting a hearts card from a deck of cards
g Being born in winter h Being under 15 years old

2 A pile of 11 cards is placed on a desk. There are 6 red cards and the rest are blue. If one
card is selected at random, what is the probability that it is not red? Select the correct
EXAMPLE

answer A, B, C or D.
3

5 6 6 5
11 11 5 6
A B C D

3 A die is rolled. What is the probability that the result is:

a a 3? b not a 3? c not even?
d not prime? e at least 2? f at most 4?

4 There are 6 books on a shelf: 3 Mathematics, 2 History and 1 Sport. If one book is chosen
at random, what is the probability of selecting:
a a History book? b a book that is not History?
c a book that is not Sport? d a book that is not Science?

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 5 A car park has 450 cars, 100 motor bikes and 10 buses. One of them is selected at random.
a What is the probability that it is a car?
What is the probability that it is not a car? Select A, B, C or D.
45 110 10 11
b

56 450 560 56
A B C D
6 What is the probability that your maths teacher was born in a month:
a beginning with the letter M?
b that does not begin with the letter M?

7 What is the decimal probability that a mobile phone number selected at random does
not end in 0 or 1?

8 Tahnee buys 5 tickets in a raffle in which 1000 tickets are sold and there is only one
prize. What is the probability of Tahnee not winning the prize?

9 A jar contains 40 red, 25 blue, 50 black and 15 white jelly beans. One jelly bean is
selected at random. What is the probability that it is:
a white? b not white? c not yellow?
d not blue or black? e not red? f not black or white?

10 Write the probability of the event that is complementary to each event. C

1
The probability of choosing a Jack from a pack of cards is .
13
a
b The chance of shooting a basketball hoop is 61%.
c The probability of winning a prize is 0.15.

11 In a bag of toy cars there are only 3 colours: red, blue and white. If you take out a car at
random, the chance of it being red is 0.4, and the chance of it being white is 0.25. R
a What is the chance of selecting ‘red or white’?
b What is the chance of the car you select being blue?
c If the bag holds 40 cars, how many of each colour would you expect to find?
d What is the chance of the car you select being pink?

12 4 students, Sue, Liam, Emily and Matt, write their names on cards and place the cards in
a bag. A card is chosen, without looking, to select the class captain.
a Find the probability that Emily was not chosen.
b Find the probability that the captain is a boy.
c What is the chance that the captain is not a boy?
d What is the chance that the captain is the teacher?
13 The probability that it will rain this weekend is 85%. What is the probability that it won’t
rain?
14 Which of the following is the complementary event to ‘winning a race’?
Select A, B, C or D. R C
A coming last B coming second or third
C not winning the race D coming second

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 15 A game involves throwing a coin into a grid of squares.
For a player to win, the coin must land in a yellow
square. If the coin lands outside the grid or between
squares, the throw is not counted and the player has
another try.
For each throw, what is the probability of:
a not winning?
winning?
8.03
b

16 The letters of the word PROBABILITY are written on separate cards and one is selected
randomly. What is the probability that a letter drawn out is:
a not P? b not a vowel? c not I? d not A or B?

17 In a family there are Mum and Dad, 2 daughters and a son. Each day, they take it in
turns to wash the dishes after dinner. If you visit the family, what is the chance that the
person washing up is:
a male? b not a parent? c not Mum? d not male?

18 A random 4-digit number is to be formed from the digits 1, 3, 5 and 8. What is the
probability that the number will: PS R
a start with the digit 5? b be an odd number? c be greater than 5000?

Extension: Venn diagrams 8.03

A Venn diagram is a diagram that uses circles (usually
overlapping) to group items into categories. A rectangle
YEAR 9
PATH

represents the whole group while the circles represent

categories. Items common to 2 or more categories are
placed in the intersection (overlapping region) of the
circles. The Venn diagram was invented in 1880 by English
Videos

mathematician and priest, John Venn (1834–1923).

Venn
diagrams 1
Alamy Stock Photo/Gl Archive

Venn diagrams:
Global
habitats

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9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 367

YEAR 9
PATH Example 4
A group of people were surveyed on the
type of vehicle they drove, and the results Joe
are shown on the Venn diagram.
Car Motorbike

Mark Tim Sue Cathy

How many people were surveyed?
Fiona Labib Erica Ben
Worksheet
a
How many people drive a car? Mervat
Venn diagrams

Juan
Abde
b
How many people drive a car or ride a
Puzzles

motorbike?
Venn diagrams c 
group clues

Who drives a car and rides a motorbike?

Venn
diagrams
d
Who only rides a motorbike?
Venn diagrams
e
Why is Joe outside of the circles?
matching
activity
f

Solution
a 12 people were surveyed.
b 7 people drive a car. The people within the Car circle.
c 11 people drive a car or ride a motorbike. All the people within the circles.
Sue and Labib can drive a car and ride a bike. The people in the intersection of the
circles.
d

e Cathy, Erica, Ben and Juan can only ride a bike.

f Joe does not drive a car or ride a bike.

Mutually exclusive vs overlapping events

Sometimes, 2 categories must be represented
on a Venn diagram as 2 separate circles
because it is not possible for them to overlap. Mark Tim Cathy
Male Female

Here is an example: Joe Erica Sue

In this case, it is not possible to be male and Abde Labib Fiona
female. This is an example of a mutually Ben Juan Mervat
exclusive event. Mutual means ‘shared
feature’ and exclusive means ‘belonging to
one group only’ (such as an exclusive party or
an exclusive news story).
However, most Venn diagrams (as in Examples 4 and 5) describe overlapping events, or
non-mutually exclusive events.

‘And’ vs ‘or’
For 2 categories or events A and B, the phrase ‘A and B’ means to have both of them occurring
together. For example, ‘to drive a car’ and ‘to ride a motorbike’ in Example 4 means to do both
things.

368 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

If A and B are overlapping, the phrase ‘A or B’ means to have A or B or both. For example,
‘to drive a car’ or ‘to ride a motorbike’ in Example 4 means to drive a car only, or to ride a
YEAR 9
PATH

motorbike only, or to do both. In this case, ‘A or B’ actually includes ‘A and B’ so this is an

example of an inclusive ‘or’.
If A and B are mutually exclusive, the phrase ‘A or B’ means to have A only or B only (but not
both). For example, ‘male’ or ‘female’ means to be male, or female, but not both. In this case,
‘A or B’ excludes ‘A and B’ so this is an example of an exclusive ‘or’.

8.03
Example 5
30 students in a class were surveyed on how they relaxed after school.
• 18 play on their computer
Video

• 15 play sport
Venn
diagrams 2

• 6 play sports and play on

their computer
Show this information on a
Venn diagram.
a

If one student is selected at

Presentations
Venn

random from this class, find

b diagrams 1

the probability that the student:

Venn
diagrams 2

  i 
plays sport, but not on their
computer
plays sport or on their
computer, but not both
ii 

[Link]/skynesher
Solution
When drawing Venn diagrams always
begin with the intersection.
a

• 6 students belong to both groups Computer Sport

• 18 play on the computer but 6 have 12 6 9
already been counted, so 18 − 6 = 12
play on the computer only 3

• 15 play sport but 6 have already been

counted, so 15 − 6 = 9 play sport only
• 12 + 6 + 9 = 27, but there are 30 students in the class, which means that 3 students
do not belong to either group
9 3
P(plays sport but not computer) =
30 10
b i =

12 + 9 21 7
P(plays sport or computer but not both) =
30 30 10
ii = =

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 369

YEAR 9
PATH
EXERCISE 8.03 ANSWERS ON P. 597
Venn diagrams U F PS R C

1 A group of students were asked whether they

liked Maths or Science at school. The Venn Science
EXAMPLE

diagram shows the results of this survey. Maths

4

21 9 12
How many students: R C
were surveyed?
8
a
b liked Maths but not Science?
c liked Maths or Science?
d liked Maths or Science but not both?
e did not like either subject?
f liked Maths and Science? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 9 B 21 C 33 D 42

2 This Venn diagram shows the sports played by a

6
number of female students. R C Netball Hockey
Are netball and hockey mutually exclusive
21 19
or not?
a

How many students play neither netball nor

hockey?
b

c How many students play netball or hockey?

d Find the total number of students surveyed.
e How many students play netball and hockey?

3 This Venn diagram compares the categories

Female and Left-handed. R C Female Left-handed
Is Female and Left-handed mutually 10
38 4
­exclusive or not?
a

Find the total number of people represented

in the diagram.
b

c How many left-handed females are there?

What is the decimal probability (correct to 3 decimal places) that a person randomly
chosen from this group is:
d

i female? ii female but not left-handed?

iii female or left-handed? iv a left-handed male?
Describe the type of person that would be represented outside the 2 circles on the
Venn diagram.
e

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 4 A survey was carried out by an ice-cream shop
YEAR 9

to decide whether chocolate or strawberry was

PATH

the more popular flavour. R C

Chocolate
Strawberry

120 57 248 8.03

15

a How many people were surveyed?

How many people liked strawberry or
chocolate, but not both?
b

[Link]/Barcin
How many people liked neither strawberry
nor chocolate?
c

If a person is randomly chosen from the

survey, what is the probability that the person likes both chocolate and strawberry?
d

Select A, B, C or D.
57 368 425 57
440 440 440 425
A B C D

5 The Tourism Council surveyed 130 people to find whether they prefer New South Wales
or Queensland as a holiday destination. R C
EXAMPLE
5

NSW 44 Queensland 66 NSW and Queensland 20

a Construct a Venn diagram to represent the results.
b How many people like NSW or Queensland?
c How many people like NSW or Queensland, but not both?
d What is the probability that a person likes NSW exclusively?
e What is the probability that a person does not like NSW or Queensland?

6 a Draw a Venn diagram representing the eye colours of this group of students.
Blue eyes 32
R C

Brown eyes 38
Neither blue nor brown eyes 10
b Are these groups mutually exclusive or not? Why?
c How many students are in the group?
d How many students have blue or brown eyes?
e How many students have blue and brown eyes?
What is the percentage probability that a student chosen at random from this group
does not have brown eyes?
f

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 7 A retailer surveyed the first 30 customers to see what they bought.
YEAR 9
PATH

20 bought milk     13 bought bread     1 bought neither milk nor bread

PS R C

a Show this information on a Venn diagram.

b How many customers bought milk and bread?
c How many customers bought milk only?
d What is the probability that a customer randomly chosen:
i bought bread only? ii did not buy milk?
iii bought milk or bread? iii bought milk or bread, but not both?

8 There is a class of 30 students, all of whom study Information Technology or Chemistry.

7 of them study both subjects, and 20 study Information Technology. PS R C
a Copy and complete the Venn diagram to find how many study Chemistry.

IT C

If one student is chosen at random, what is the probability that the student studies
Chemistry?
b

8.04 Two-way tables

A two-way table is another way of grouping items into overlapping categories, especially when
there are many overlaps that cannot be represented by Venn diagrams easily.
YEAR 9
PATH

Example 6
50 students were surveyed on whether they preferred dogs or cats more as pets. The results
were sorted into this two-way table.
Worksheets
Two-way
tables

How many students do not like dogs or cats?

Two-way
a
How many students like cats?
probability
tables
b Preferred pet

c How many boys like cats? Dog Cat

How many students:

Puzzle
Two-way
Boys 12 4
probability d
  i like cats or are boys?
tables
Girls 11 15

ii like cats or are boys, but not both?

e What is the probability that a student selected at random from the survey likes dogs?
Video
Two-way
tables

Foundation Standard Complex

372 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 YEAR 9
Solution PATH

a 12 + 4 + 11 + 15 = 42 Adding the values in the table.

Students who do not like dogs or cats = 50 − 42 50 students in survey.
=8
Students who like cats = 4 + 15
= 19
b

c Boys who like cats = 4 8.04

i Students who like cats or who are boys = 12 + 4 + 15

= 31
d

Students who like cats or who are boys but not both = 12 + 15
= 27
ii

Students who like dogs = 12 + 11

= 23
e

23
Probability of selecting a student who likes dogs =
50

[Link]/Eric Isselee

Example 7
A group of 50 Year 9 students were grouped in
a Venn diagram according to whether they took
Chinese Art
Chinese or Art as an elective subject.
Represent this information in a two-way table. 21 9 12

Solution
From the Venn diagram:
• 9 students take Chinese and Art
Chinese Not Chinese

• 21 students take Chinese, but not Art

Art 9 12 21

• 12 students take Art, but not Chinese

Not Art 21 8 29

• 8 students do not take Chinese or Art

30 20 50

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 373

YEAR 9
PATH
EXERCISE 8.04 ANSWERS ON P. 597
Two-way tables UFRC

1 A primary school class was surveyed on whether

its students could swim. The results are shown
Can swim Cannot swim

below. R C
EXAMPLE
6 Boys 13 2

How many students are in the class?

Girls 9 3
a
b How many students are boys or cannot swim?
c How many students are boys and cannot swim?
d What is the probability that a student randomly selected from this class is a girl?
e What is the probability that a student selected at random is:
i a non-swimmer? ii a girl who can swim?

2 The players of a soccer club were divided into groups

according to their age and weight. R C
Heavy Light

How many players does the club have?

Junior 64 96
a
How many players are juniors or light?
Senior 144 32
b
c How many players are juniors or light, but not both?
d What is the probability that a player selected at random is:
i a senior? ii a junior and heavy?     iii a senior or light?

3 This incomplete table describes the audience

watching a movie at a cinema. R C
Under 18 Over 18 Total

Copy and complete the table.

Female 142 198
a
How many males were in the audience?
Male 45
b
How many under 18 females were there?
Total 344
c
If a person is selected at random from the audience, what is the probability that the
person:
d

i is male and over 18? ii is male or over 18?

iii is male or over 18, but not both? iv is over 18?

4 A group of children were asked whether they liked carrots. R C

Likes Dislikes Total

carrots carrots
[Link]/Shanta Giddens

Boys 75 200

Girls 40

Total 145

a Copy and complete the table.

b How many children dislike carrots?

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374 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 What is the probability that a child randomly selected is:
YEAR 9
c
a girl?   ii a boy or dislikes carrots?    iii a boy and dislikes carrots?
PATH

i
What is the chance that a child randomly selected is a girl and likes carrots?
Select A, B, C or D.
d

29 11 7
1
62 31 31
A B C D

5 The Venn diagram below shows the number of students who participate in swimming or
bowling regularly. Copy and complete the two-way table for this data. R C
EXAMPLE 8.04
7

Swimming Not Total

5 Swimming Bowling
swimming

11 20
Bowling

34
Not bowling

Total

6 The Venn diagram compares 2 features of the

cars on display at Rusty Motors. R C
a Copy and complete the two-way table. 4-doors GPS navigation

42 25 3
GPS No GPS Total
navigation navigation
12
4-doors

Not 4-doors

Total

b A car is chosen at random from the car yard. What is the probability that it has:
i GPS navigation? ii 4 doors?
iii 4 doors and GPS navigation? iv no GPS navigation?

7 A group of university students were tested to see if they needed glasses. The table shows
the results. R C
Needs glasses Does not need glasses Total

Male 22 82

Female 85 98

Total 145

a Copy and complete the table.

If a student is chosen randomly from this group, what is the probability that the
student:
b

is female? needs glasses?

iii is female and needs glasses? iv is male or does not need glasses?
i ii

is female or needs glasses?

vi is male or does not need glasses, but not both?
v

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9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 375

 Technology
Rolling a die
In this activity, you need a scientific calculator or spreadsheet to simulate the rolling of a die.
1 Copy this table.

Outcome Frequency
1

[Link]/Olga Popova

Random numbers from 1 to 6 can be generated on a calculator or spreadsheet using the

RanInt, RANDOM or =RAND() functions.
2

Casio scientific calculator Sharp scientific calculator

Enter the formula RanInt#(1,6) as shown: 2nd F 7 (RANDOM), select 1 R-DICE, =
ALPHA · 1 SHIFT ) 6 ) =

Press = more times to generate more random integers from 1 to 6.

On a spreadsheet, type =INT(RAND()*6+1) into a cell and press the Enter key, then
the F 9 key repeatedly for more random numbers.
3 Repeat the simulation 20 times and record the results in your table.
Are certain numbers more likely to be rolled than others? For example, is a 2 more likely
to be rolled than a 5? Do your results reflect this?
4

Compare your results with the simulated results of other members in your class. Are
they similar or different? Are they what you and your classmates expected? Discuss.
5

376 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 Mental skills 8: Maths without calculators ANSWERS ON P. 598
Multiplying or dividing by a multiple of 10 Quiz

Study each example.

Mental skills 8
1

a 4 × 700 = 4 × 7 × 100 = 28 × 100 = 2800

b 5 × 60 = 5 × 6 × 10 = 30 × 10 = 300 8.04

c 12 × 40 = 12 × 4 × 10 = 48 × 10 = 480

d 3.2 × 30 = 3.2 × 3 × 10 = 9.6 × 10 = 96 (by estimation, 3 × 30 = 90 ≈ 96)

e 4.5 × 50 = 4.5 × 5 × 10 = 22.5 × 10 = 225 (by estimation, 5 × 50 = 250 ≈ 225)

9.4 × 200 = 9.4 × 2 × 100 = 18.8 × 100 = 1880

(by estimation, 9 × 200 = 1800 ≈ 1880)
f

2 Now evaluate each product.

a 8 × 2000 b 3 × 70 c 11 × 900
d 2 × 300 e 4 × 4000 f 5 × 80
g 7 × 70 h 1.3 × 40 i 2.5 × 600
j 6.8 × 200 k 3.9 × 50 l 4.4 × 4000

3 Study each example.

a 8000 ÷ 400 = 8000 ÷ 100 ÷ 4 = 80 ÷ 4 = 20

b 200 ÷ 50 = 200 ÷ 10 ÷ 5 = 20 ÷ 5 = 4

c 6000 ÷ 20 = 6000 ÷ 10 ÷ 2 = 600 ÷ 2 = 300

d 282 ÷ 30 = 282 ÷ 10 ÷ 3 = 28.2 ÷ 3 = 9.4

e 3520 ÷ 40 = 3520 ÷ 10 ÷ 4 = 352 ÷ 4 = 88

f 8940 ÷ 200 = 8940 ÷ 100 ÷ 2 = 89.4 ÷ 2 = 44.7

4 Now evaluate each quotient.

a 560 ÷ 70 b 2500 ÷ 50 c 3200 ÷ 400
d 440 ÷ 20 e 160 ÷ 40 f 1500 ÷ 30
g 450 ÷ 50 h 744 ÷ 80 i 2550 ÷ 300
j 846 ÷ 200 k 576 ÷ 60 l 2040 ÷ 50

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 377

 8.05 Probability problems
The following exercise involves all the probability ideas that have been covered so far.

EXERCISE 8.05 ANSWERS ON P. 598

Probability problems
Worksheet
Probability U F PS R C

1 There were 28 students on the school trip to Japan: 17 were born in Australia, 3 in Italy,
review

4 in Vietnam, 1 in Japan and 3 in China. One student was chosen at random.

Find the probability that the student was:
Puzzle
Matching
probabilities

a born in Australia b born in Asia c not born in Vietnam.

2 The 7 letters of the word SUCCESS are written on separate cards. A card is selected at
random and the letter noted. R C
a List the sample space.
b Is each letter equally likely to be selected? Explain.
c Find the chance that the letter chosen:
i is an S ii is a vowel
iii is not a C iv is also a letter of the word FAIL.

3 Alex selects one sock at random from a bag containing 2 black, 2 blue and 2 red socks.
List the sample space.
R C

a
b Find the probability that Alex selects:
i a blue sock ii a black sock iii a pink sock
What is the complementary event to choosing a red sock? What is the probability of
this event?
c

4 A spinner is evenly divided into 5 sections numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. For one spin, find
the probability, as a percentage, that it lands on:
a 2 b an even number
c a number less than 5 d a number at most 5

5 Sophia bought 4 tickets in a lottery in which there were 100 000 tickets. What is the
probability that she won first prize? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 0.000 0025 B 0.000 25 C 0.04 D 0.000 04

6 One ball is selected at random from a barrel of balls numbered 1 to 100.

Find the probability that the number shown on the ball is:
a 12 b greater than 40 c even d at most 85

7 Stathis flipped a coin 7 times and a tail showed each time. What is the chance of a tail
showing on the next toss? R

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 8 A computer selected a random number from 1 to 15 inclusive. Find the probability that
the number is:
a odd b not prime
c a multiple of 3 or 5 d a factor of 12

9 The probability that a carton of eggs contains any broken eggs is 0.1. Find the probability
that a carton contains no broken eggs.

10 In a tennis tournament there are 60 players. Of these, 34 are from NSW, 20 are from
8.05

Victoria and 6 are from Queensland. Find the probability that a player selected at
YEAR 9
PATH

random from the tournament is: R C

a from NSW b from Queensland
c not from Victoria d from Queensland or Victoria.

11 40 students at a school camp can select kayaking

or bushwalking as an activity, or both. A total of Kayaking Bushwalking
35 students chose kayaking, 20 chose bushwalking,
15
including some who chose both. All students chose
an activity. PS R C
Copy and complete the Venn diagram
­representing these students.
a

b What is the probability that a student, chosen at random:

i chose both activities? ii did not choose bushwalking?

12 A sample of students from a sports high

school were surveyed on whether they
Judo Not Judo Total

participated in hockey or judo.

Hockey 128 360

The results are shown in this two-way

table. R C
Not hockey 100 40

Copy and complete the table.

Total
a
b What is the probability that a student chosen randomly:
i does judo? ii doesn’t do hockey?
iii does judo, but not hockey? iv does hockey and judo?
v does hockey or judo? vi does hockey or judo, but not both?

13 In a bag there are lollies of 3 different colours: red, green and purple. The chance of
taking out a red lolly at random is 0.5, the chance of it being green is 0.2. PS R C
a What is the chance of the lolly being purple?
b If the bag holds 10 lollies, how many of each colour would you expect to find?
c If a second bag had 100 lollies, how many of each would you expect to find?
Which bag would give you a better chance of picking a red lolly? Explain your
­answer.
d

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 379

 8.06 Observed and expected frequencies

Probability calculated using the formula:

number of favourable outcomes
P( E ) =
total number of outcomes
is more specifically called theoretical probability or expected probability.
Worksheets

We can also determine the probability of an event based on the results of an experiment or trial
Relative
frequencies

that has been repeated many times, such as the safety testing of different cars, or rely on past
Coins

statistics, such as the number of rainy days in April. This type of probability is called observed
probability

probability or experimental probability, which is based on relative frequency, the number

Dice
probability

of times an event occurred as a fraction of the total frequency of outcomes.

Spinning
chance

A page of
spinners
Relative frequency
number of times the event happened
P( E ) =
Experimental

As in statistics, ‘frequency’ means the

probabilities

total number of trials

frequency of E number of times something happens.
Probability

or P ( E ) =
review

total frequency
Interactive
Plinko
probability

Observed and expected frequencies

The expected number of times an event will occur over repeated trials is called the
Puzzles
Experimental
probability
expected frequency.
Expected frequency = theoretical probability × number of trials
Duelling
dice

The actual number of times an event occurs over repeated trials in an experiment is
called the observed frequency.
Presentation
Theoretical
probability

Example 8
Declan rolled a die 60 times and recorded the results in a table.
Videos
Experimental Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
probability

Observed
Frequency 10 11 13 7 8 11

What is the theoretical probability of rolling a 5 or 6 on a die?

and expected
frequencies

For 60 rolls, what is the expected frequency of rolling a 5 or 6? How does this compare
a

with the observed frequency?

b

c What is the observed probability of rolling a 5 or 6?

380 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 Solution
2 1
P(5 or 6) = =
6 3
a

1
Expected frequency of 5s or 6s = × 60 Probability × number of trials
3
b
= 20
From the table, the observed frequency of 5s and 6s = 8 + 11 = 19, which is close to the
expected frequency, 20. 8.06

8 + 11 19
Observed P (5 or 6 ) = =
60 60
c

EXERCISE 8.06 ANSWERS ON P. 598

Observed and expected frequencies UFRC

1 Harper rolled a biased die 60 times and the number 2 came up 15 times.
What is the observed probability of rolling a 2?
EXAMPLE
8
a
b If the same die was rolled 500 times, what is the expected frequency of rolling a 2?
2 a Copy this table.
Flip a coin 50 times and record the results in the
Outcome Tally Frequency

table.
b Head

Find, as a decimal, the observed probability

Tail

of flipping:
c
Total

i a head ii a tail
d Find, as a decimal, the theoretical probability of flipping:
i a head ii a tail
e How do the observed probabilities compare with the theoretical probabilities? C

3 Vinh spun this spinner 80 times and found the following results:

Outcome Red Green Yellow

Frequency 44 25 11

a What is the theoretical probability of spinning red?

For 80 spins, what is the expected frequency of spinning
red? How does this compare with the observed
b

frequency? C
c What is the observed probability of spinning red?
d What is the theoretical probability of spinning yellow?
Find the expected frequency of spinning yellow over 80 spins and compare this with
the observed frequency. C
e

f What is the observed probability of spinning yellow?

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 381

 4 The matches in a sample of matchboxes were counted. The number of matches in each
box are recorded below. R

Number of matches 48 49 50 51 52 53
Number of matchboxes 3 6 20 16 4 1

a How many matchboxes were tested?

b What is the observed probability of finding 51 matches in a box?
c What is the observed probability of finding fewer than 50 matches in a box?
d In 1000 matchboxes, how many matchboxes would you expect to contain:
i exactly 50 matches? ii at least 50 matches?

5 a Copy this table. R C

Roll a die 72 times and record the results in

Outcome Tally Frequency

the table.
b 1
2

c Find the expected probability of rolling: 3

i 4  ii a number greater than 2 4

an even number
5
iii
When rolling a die 72 times, what is the
6

expected frequency of rolling:

d Total

i 4?  
ii a number greater than 2?  iii an even number?
How do your expected frequencies compare with the observed frequencies from
the table?
e

f Find the observed probability of rolling:

i 4 ii a number greater than 2  iii an even number
g If a die was rolled 1000 times, how many times should 4 come up:
  i based on the expected probability?
ii based on the observed probability?

6 Sefina tossed a coin many times and got 135 heads and 115 tails.
Calculate, as a percentage, the observed probability of tails with this coin.

7 A die was rolled 80 times, with the results shown below. R C

Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 11 13 9 13 12 22

a Is each outcome equally likely?

b Do you think this die is biased (unfair)? Give a reason for your answer.
c Write, as a percentage, the observed probability of rolling a 1 on this die.
d If this die was rolled 100 times, what is the expected frequency of 3 coming up?

Foundation Standard Complex

382 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 8 A pair of dice was rolled 50 times and their sum calculated each time.
Sum 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency 0 2 4 6 5 5 9 6 8 3 2

a Find, as a decimal, the observed probability of rolling a sum:

i of 11 ii of 5 or 6
iii that is odd iv of 6 or more
of at most 6 vi that is a composite number
8.06
v
Which sum(s):
3
b
was most likely? had a probability of ?
25
i ii
iii was least likely? iv had a probability of 16%?
1
was second-most likely? vi had a probability of ?
10
v

Technology
Tossing a coin
In this activity, a spreadsheet is used to simulate the tossing of a coin. The computer can
Worksheet

quickly generate either a 1 (representing heads) or a 2 (tails). We will use the command
Coin toss
experiment

RAND to generate these random numbers.

In cell A1 enter the label ‘Tossing a coin’.
Spreadsheets
Coin tossing
1 simulator

In cell A2, enter the formula =INT(RAND()*2+1). Press Enter and either 1 or 2 should
Die rolling

appear randomly in the cell.

2 simulator

Spinner

Select cell A2 and Fill Down to cell A11 to generate random numbers (1 or 2),
simulator

to simulate the tossing of a coin 10 times.

3
Technology

Your results will probably be different from those of other students in the class. Compare.
Simulating a
spinner
4
Copy the table below and in the first blank row record your results for Trials 1−10
(the numbers of heads and tails in your first 10 ‘tosses’).
5 Interactive
Plinko
probability

Trial Number of heads Number of tails

1–10
11–20
21–30
31–40
41–50
51–60
61–70
71–80
81–90
91–100
Total

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 383

 6 Simulate another 10 tosses of the coin by making the spreadsheet generate another set
of random numbers. Do this by placing the cursor between the tops of columns A and B
(so that it turns into a ‘double arrow’) and clicking.
7 Enter the results for Trials 11−20 in your table.
8 Repeat 8 more times so that you have 100 tosses of the coin recorded in the table.
For 100 tosses of a coin, what is the expected frequency of heads based on the
theoretical probability?
9 a 

b Compare this with the observed frequency.

10 Calculate, as a decimal, the theoretical and observed probabilities of tossing heads.
11 Compare your results with those of other students in your class. Briefly explain any
differences and why they may have occurred.
12 Combine the results of students in your class to calculate the observed probability of
tossing heads, as a decimal. How does this compare with the theoretical probability?

Investigation
Family with 4 children
A simulation is an experiment that imitates a real event, used to estimate the probability of
the event. For example, the sex of a newborn baby can be simulated by computer/calculator/
spreadsheet, tossing a coin, rolling a die or selecting a card at random from a deck of cards.
What is the probability that for a family with 4 children, all 4 children are girls?
Determine a method of simulating the genders of the 4 children in a family, such as
tossing 4 coins together or using a spreadsheet to generate 4 random numbers.
1

2 Record the outcome of each trial, for example, BBGB.

3 Run 50 trials of this simulation, then count how many instances of GGGG there were.
4 Calculate the observed probability that all 4 children are girls.
Research what the theoretical probability that all 4 children are girls, and therefore what
the expected frequency for 50 trials is.
5

Run another 50 trials of this simulation to achieve a total of 100 trials, and calculate the
observed probability that all 4 children are girls.
6

Is this observed probability closer to the theoretical probability? Is the observed

frequency closer to the expected frequency?
7

384 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 Power plus ANSWERS ON P. 598
A market research survey of 50 people shows that 42 people own a car, 20 own a tablet
+

device and 8 own a UHD TV. Of these:

1

• 4 own a car and a UHD TV

• 3 own a UHD TV and a tablet
• 14 own a car and a tablet
• 1 person has a car, a tablet and a UHD TV
8.06

Copy and complete the following Venn diagram to represent the survey results.

Car Tablet

1
3

UHD TV

2 2 dice are rolled and the numbers are multiplied together to arrive at a score.
a Copy and complete this table to show all possible products.

1st die
× 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3
2 2 4
2nd die

3 3 6
4 12
5
6

b How many different products are possible?

c Why isn’t each product equally likely?
d Which product is most likely?
e Which product is least likely?
f What is the probability of a product of:
i 6? ii 20? iii at least 20?
1
Which product has a probability of ?
12
g

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 385

 3 friends decide to play a game with 2 dice. Danielle wins if the sum of the numbers
is 3 or 5, and Vanessa wins if the total is 6 or 8. Any other total means that Karla wins.
3

Is the game fair? Explain your answer.

A committee of 2 people is to be selected from 2 boys (Paul and Sumeet) and 2 girls
(Tash and Nadine).
4

a List all the committees you can form.

If you were to choose a committee at random, what is the probability that it would
include Tash?
b

386 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW
Language of maths
at least certain complementary event Quiz

expected frequency impossible improbable inclusive

Language of
maths 8

likely mutually exclusive observed frequency observed probability

CHAPTER 8 REVIEW
outcome overlapping probability probable
Puzzle
Probability

random relative frequency sample space simulation

crossword

theoretical probability trial two-way table unlikely

Venn diagram
1 What is the meaning of sample space?
2 What is the complementary event to winning a soccer match?
3 What does it mean when a person is selected ‘at random’ for a survey?
4 What is the difference between theoretical probability and observed probability?
5 What term means the number of times an event should occur over repeated trials?
6 Express ‘even chance’ as a decimal probability value.

Topic summary
• Write in your own words what you have learnt in this chapter.
• Write which parts of the chapter were new to you.
• Copy and complete:
Worksheet

The things I understand about probability are…

Mind map:
Probability

The things I am still not confident in doing in this chapter are…

Print (or copy) and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using
pictures, symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.

Probability

Observed and
Complementary
expected Probability
events
frequencies

Probability
problems

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 387

 Quiz
Test yourself 8 TEST YOURSELF 8 ANSWERS ON P. 599

1 There are 6 red, 3 yellow and 4 blue hair ties in a drawer. One hair tie is selected at random.
What is the probability that it is red? Select the correct answer A, B, C, or D.
8.01

1 6 6 13
13 13 7 6
A B C D

2 A die is rolled. Find the probability that the number that comes up is:
TEST YOURSELF 8

1 more than 2 odd composite

8.01
a b c d

Write the sample space for this spinner.

6
3 a
Find, as a percentage, the probability that the number spun is:
8.01

5
b
5 at least 5
7
i ii
iii 5 or less iv less than 5
8

4 Write the complement of each event and its probability.

Choosing an Ace from a standard deck of cards
8.02
a
b Rolling a factor of 6 on a die
c Buying the winning ticket out of 1000 tickets sold

5 A golfer has a probability of 74% of sinking a putt. What is the probability that he will miss
a putt?
8.02

6 A truck carries 240 boxes of hand sanitiser, 305 boxes of soap, 335 boxes of paper and
120 boxes of pens. The driver chooses one box at random. What is the probability that it is:
8.02

a a box of hand sanitiser? b a box of pens or soap?

YEAR 9
PATH c a box of paper? d not a box of paper?

7 The medical history of a group of children is shown

in the Venn diagram.
Measles
8.03

7 Mumps
How many children are in the group?
16 28
a
How many children have had the mumps and
22
the measles?
b

How many children have had the mumps or

the measles, but not both?
c

d What is the probability that one child selected at random from this group has had:
i the measles?
ii the mumps or the measles?
iii neither the mumps nor the measles?

Foundation Standard Complex

388 New Century Maths 8 9780170479516

 8 A group of people were surveyed on whether they watched cricket or soccer on TV. YEAR 9

The results were sorted into a two-way table.

PATH

TV sport 8.04

Cricket Not cricket

Soccer 28 15
Not soccer 20 7

How many people were surveyed?

TEST YOURSELF 8
a
b How many people watch soccer?
c How many people watch soccer or cricket?
d What is the probability that a person selected at random from the survey:
i watches neither soccer nor cricket?
ii watches soccer or cricket, but not both?
iii does not watch cricket?
iv does not watch soccer?

9 Represent the data in the Venn diagram on the two-way table. 8.04

12
Tall Not tall

Tall Blond
Blond

3
Not blond

10 5

10 An 8-sided die has 2 red, 3 white, 1 blue and 2 yellow faces. If the die is rolled, find the
­decimal probability that the face that comes up is:
8.05

a blue b yellow c not red d white or yellow

11 A die was rolled 80 times and the numbers 1 or 6 came up 25 times.

What is the observed probability of rolling 1 or 6, as a percentage?
8.06
a
b What is the theoretical probability of rolling 1 or 6, as a percentage?
c Calculate the expected frequency of rolling 1 or 6 over 80 trials.

Foundation Standard Complex

9780170479516 Chapter 8 | Probability 389