Date

S. No.
Title Page Teacher's
No. Sign /
Remarks
H2|2024 Bacrlal orowh cuve
Factors attechng owh t bactena
2. Genehe engineering
DNA Vaccine
3. aol oil2o2s Impetigo - [Link] inteLt n
4 SeveYe combined immnunodeF:
S. Post - lkala azav deYmal leishmaniasIs
Ahican sleepins Sickness
28|u|102y VectoY borne diseaScs
kyasanuy toye st disease
i2)12]202y Communiy aca. pneum on 4e
Mycloplasma pneum onae
26|12|20ky Or homy xoviYOSeS
ParainflwenaYUs
Mycotoxicoses
OcculaY fungal in echons
Cyshccrws cellulosae
13]1 |2015 Lwng uke, Liver Hwke
12.
D6o2]2oLs Hand foot e mouth diceasc
Coxsackie VIYUS AeB

13 20] o2] 2ors DYacuncuhaSIS

Prion discase

21lo3|2bs BioteyyoYSm
 Assignment-I

BacteYial GrOwh CUYVe

when bacter\al Count suit able laid

cultue determined at Attevent
lntervals and plotted nelaHonto.
Hme, a bácte) gowth cUrve s
obtained,

tot l caun t

cells
ot

-Wable coun
stahonavy
phas

nase phase ot
dectine

time

Lag phase
- period betucen ioculahon and beginni ng
t multhpllcation bactera.
bactena. ngreáse ns|2e due to
accumulaton ot enzymes metaboli es
Yeach maxim A12c

Log phase
-dvide exponnhally
stained: best Hme pertornn
-Uni ormly
the staln

- blochemically ace.

staionary phase:
3rewth ceases almost completely
- bacterla
accumulaon
exhaUshon nurients
dve to

tox\e roducts and autolyHe enzymes

Dechne phase:
due to exhaUstion
cell deah conhnues

nuhlents.
-involuon toyms are Scen
2 Factovs attecHng bacteyia

Oxygen
(n he
4TOw only
ot
-obligate, acrobes
pYesceke
xygent
anaçrobesi they aYe acrobes
- facut aHve
that can also qY ow anaerob)cally.
the
-micYoaerophill e
pYesence low oXyaen tension

oblgate anarrobes: Can only i

absence ygen.
TempeYatuYe:
-Psychrophiles grow best at
temp below

mesophi les gow within a vage ot 2s C - oc

thermophiles: qYOW at high tmp 55°c - 80c

Cay bon diox\de:
apnophi he:
pH

most
patiogenie bac teria pH ¬.6
-acidie:
- alkaline pH
lactobacilll
bri o
Lght:
cholerae
-bactexia (except photoh
In dark ness ophs) well
Osmohc cttect:

external
Can
withsand wide
ange ot
VarlaHon
the mechanical
shhengh becAUse
he cell Wall.
MolsuYe
&o the
ot wa ter bactea Cel
ConsIsts
 Asslgnmet -2

GeneHc engineen g

Aelibete modiftcahon ot an oYgAnis m's

genehe in tomaon by directlyltering
nuclele Senome

’VecteY:
smallplece ot DNA, into, which a
be inserted
torelgn DNA fragment can
maintalncd
and hat an be stably

In an organìsm
clonlng PUYposes

- 4 tyPes
plasmids
bacteiophagsg
cosmlds
artt fcia chYomosomes

’ Appli catons
- PYoduction ot acclncs
Used lagnoste
produchon ot antgens
kits CELISA)
Used inthnerapy
prodUcHon pyotejns
animals
hansaenne
gene therapy
’ Recombinant bNA technology
wihreshieionenzyme
I, Treatmer+
Hhe microorGarnism
- the rom
is and then 1S cleaved by
exhhacted
Yeshhichon endnueleases
enzymcs called
to produce a mixture fragments.
 2. Sothern blot
contalning the desiYed
- the hagment
1s 1solatcd fram the
gene

DNA fragments.
3 Recombinaten
with a vectoy

the Isolated DNA ragm ent s

anneated wiha vecor byaDNgase

enzyme
4 Inhoduchon vector Into bactena
ot
5. cloning
-culuye t the bacteri a con talnlng
the desiret gene tollewed by exprYesslon
the gene products, yelds a large
anhhy desired proeln,5

2 DNA Vaccnes

type t genehc vaccine that

engineeved o provoke an Ammune

Yesponse aganst a
specihediseaser
7eXpeimental PYescnt .

advantages
* cost cttecHveness
mantains a shongcY
and WidY

Yange ot lmmune Yesponse,

Small pleces DNA
gencs hom, the
pathogenc
contanng
aYe njected In to the host +micoorganisms
2v4neplerns
covID toy India
developed -D
ZycoV was vaccine
n
Appyoved tirst the
humans,
veterinary torapproved
Some
vebecn Vaccnes DNA
Yesponseb immUne
agalnst
the which,
ounts m host
ts
stay
pYotelns hansenbing
the
with
drsfn celenom host the
the <-
tcd gene
1nteest
|3o]o||202s Assianment -3

In the given case, a 7 yeaY old boy pYesented

to the OPD with

* Yed soYes cOveYed witb honey colouved

Ihmbs
cYUsts oveY the face and
* hlo YecurYent eplsodesr

anYanged
qYam stalning - qram,positive cocci
14 in clusteYS
coagulase test positive

gYowth on mann) tol Salt agar.

A) Pro bable diagnosis:

Impeigo
occUYS in childyen
manly
- appears as Yed Sores on the face
- honey colouYed cTUsts

B) Causative pathogen:
Staphylo coccus aUTeUS

c)) Virulence factors

’ Cell wall assoclated factors
pephaigglycan
* telcholc acid

4 cell surface adhesins

* protein A

’ Toxins
MenbYane active toxins
- hemolysin - a, P,Y, 8
- leuk0cldin Cpanton valenhne tDX 0n)
Epidevmolyhc toxin
Entevotoxins
Toxlc shock syndrome toxin
 ’ExhaLellulaY enzymes
coagulase
Vbeat stable hermonuclease

deoxyTibonuclease
staphylokinase

"Membrane active tox\ns

* Hemolysin on RBCs
membranedamaqing toxins, act
-
dermo necYotic cytotox\c, neuyotoxlc
-

y Leukocidin hemolysin
synergeshcally wih y-
acts
om on l [Link]
MRSA
expressed

or
Epidermolytic |extoliaive toxin -on2 uittang skin
Staphylococcal scaldet
* Yesponsible for
Syndromenempi welleusblo heat stable)
ET-ACchyomosomal
pYoteins ’
+ 2 Cplasid coded, heat Labile)
ieBiameoore
Enterotoxin
staphylococcal fopd soning
* Tesponsible foy
al) act assupeyanhanS
15 seoty pes,
Type A : food polsoning
Type F: toxie shock Synd

Syndrome toxin
" Toxic shock
toxic shocksyndomeiM
*Yesponsible tor
2omoron
2 subtypes - TSST ITSsT
absorbent tanmpons
using highly
- women
Staphylococcol abscess
- 0steomyeliths.
 * pathogenesis -
TSST-| qets absoYbed into clrculahon
fom the tanponste

shmulates the T-cells non specitically

by binding to VB Yegon of Tcell.

potenhalls fatal multisystemmsos

Duht dsease

D) Laboratory diagnosis:
" Sample collechonw
PUS, wound, sputum, mìdsheam UMne, blood
"dinect smear
microscopy -
qYam positive cocci in clusters and pus cells.
" cultuYe -

*nuhient agar -
g9leen yelow Plgmentedrhp
*bloodagar colones WithinarYOw Zone ot
B-he molysis
" biochemical faénhicahon
* catcalase test
*coagulase test
PYotein

Automated systems
VITEK, MALD)- ToF

E) Methicillin - Tesistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

*
MehicillinYesistance in [Link] ls mediated
by a chyomosomally coded qene called mecA qere,
which alters penicillin - binding Protein (PBP)
PYesent n
[Link] cellmembrane to
PBP2a.
* The alteved PBP 2a of MRS shains has

less
affiniy for P-lactanm anthbiotcs, hence,
shains are Yesistant to al| B-actan
MRSA
anhbiotics.

MRSA
* Types -

communy hospital
assocatedgassociated

Detechon

- Antmlerobial SUsçéphbility test Using

cefoxi tin disk oxacillin
- PcR

- latex agaluination

TYeatment

Vancomycin s the drug ot choice foY MRSA

24 }1o]202y Asslqnmcnt
4 - T
SEVERE cOMBINED IMMUNODEFIclENcIES

ScID Yepve sents gYoups ot genehcally

dishnct syndomes all haing in Common
deBects n both T and B cell esponses

"Genehc defects:
- Mutahon s cytokineYeceptorso
-X-nked
Autos omal yecessive :

ADA dehcienc y
- RAG mutahon
- Jak 3 mutaton
Class i MHc deciency
" Infechons:s3n
- attected dt intants aYe sUscepible
to SeveYe YecuYYent In kchons due to
both T and B cel)
deects
" Tyeotment

-Bone maY YOW

hransplantaton
-Gene theropy

’ X- ink ed SCiD:

4 mutathons IL 2R G gene encoding the

Com mon gamma chain,a Protein shared
by the Yecep oYs of L- 2, 4)1,4, 15,2)
4 comnplete faluve of the mmune system
to develop and
funchon
 ’Adenosine deaminase dehciency
ADA enzyme byeakdoNn Puines

dATP

\nhibit the achvity ot

reductase
ibonucleoHde

proll eyaton is inbibited

lymphoeyte

’ Purne nucleo hde phosphorylase detciency

mutaons the PNP gene

T- cell tox\city

’ ReHcular dysgenesis
pYecUYSOYS
+ inability 9Yanu locyte
to mi to chondYal
granules secondayy
fovm malfunchon.
kinase CAK 2)
adenylate

’ Onenn Syndrome tp
Recombin athon achvatin g enes
4 mtahons
RAG-), RAG- 2
*im paiym ent 'in manutacture. ot immuno alobuins

’ BaYe lymphocyte syndrome

Is not expYessed
class I
* Type I : MHc
On Hhe cell [Link]

not expresses
Type MHc class
all APC
the cel Sytace
 Assianment -5

PosT KALA AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIAsIs

A mucocutaneoUs disease Usuallg Seen n

Heated
appaY entyuh euYed inadeauately
oY unheated caSes vÌsceral

leishmnaniasis.

CausatHive agent:
enerttum
Leishmanla donovani

antimmonial heatment
that atteruated the organis ntSo
m that
Was Ihmitd to the skin spanng
the \nternal
[Link]
Clinical mani festahons:
-Depigmented aYes

-Eythe ma / butter tly vashe

Nodules papules
-Mucous membrane lesion9
-Uleerated lesionu

Mucosal and genital Inyolve ment

Seen n SeveYeo C a s e s
Mmay be
with extensve lesions
AYade i : scattered
macul opapulav
nodular lesions on he 4+ace
With
withou t tew lesion s On the

chest aYns
Upper
Grade 2i Dense
lesicns
maculopapular 0Y
nodula

arade 3: Dense
maculopepula nodulav
lesions all the bedy
 Tyeat ment
MILTEFOSiNE - fiYst ine

-AMP HOTERIcIN

AFRICAN SLEEPIN G SickNESS

caused
Human African TypanosG o m a s i S
proto Zoahs the genus Tyyparnosoma,
by
hans mitted by tsetse fHies.

FoYms:

* Trypanosoma brucei ganmbiense

Typanosoma bucei: ybodesiense

’ Amenca ypanosomiasis

Lchagas dlsease

Signs and Sympt ms

stage
- milA tu like Symptoms

2hd
stage
-moYeY Severe symptomsthatafect

byan and CNS

TYeatrnent :
PENT eMIDINE
SURAMIN SULeHATE

FEXINIDAzoLE
28]u|2o24 Assignment b
VECTO2 BoRNE DISEPSES

Iil nesses Caused by parasites, VIYUSes, and

bactema that aYe spread by living
oY4anisms Iike [Link]
mos quitoes
"VectoY S: 7
- blood sucklng Insects which Ingest
disease producing micYooganisms during
a blood meal hom an Infected host
and later hansmit In to hew host,
aftr Hhe
pathogen has Yepi cated
vectoY
disease type ot
patho yen
Mosquto
- Aedes
chikungunya , Dengue,
Kift valley fever,ViTUs
yellow fever, Zika

AnophelesLymphatia
Malaria
flaiasIs, Paraste

-Culex
Japanese
West nile
encephaiths, Virusay
Hver
Lce Ty phu s, louse -
bome bactema
Yelapsl ng tvey

Triatome bugs Chagas Parasie

Tsetse Hies
Sleeping Slck ness
Parasie
Tieks Lyme disease,
boYellos1S, tevey Bacena
Fleas Plague
Bactea
 KYA SANUR FOREST DISEASE

haemoYy hagic disease Spread by heks

Viyal
Can be fatal hunans and
that
PYimates

Causa tive agent:

kyasanuy fovest disease VYuS

L enveloped
SsRNA

family flavvi Yidae

VectoY:
Hard tcks

Ampli hey bost:

Monkey
Laboratoy diagnosis
VIYUs lSolat on
1S made b
Dagoss
rom blood by anhbody
dete chon by ELISA

y Nested RT-PcR

Ldete ct VIYal 2NA

leuk opena
hrombocytopenahng mesieo
J hem ato c t
albunninui a
abnoymal

klled KFD Vaccine :

vaccine
A ebick
form alin inach vated emby
has been developcd tor
 Assiqnment 7
2]12)202y

AGENTS cAUSING COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEU MONIA

Bactcr\a:

" Gram posi tve agents

Shepto coccUS pneumoniae

Staphyloco ccus aUYeus

Gyam negatve agents

Haemophilus Influenzae
MoYaxella catayyhal1s

- EnterobacteriaCeae

Atypica)
- Legionella
- Mycoplasma
-chlamydia pneumoniae

VYuses:
Rhno ViYUS
- Infuenza
SAR - CeV 2

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
ne most Conmon
bactenal agcnt
cavsng atypica) preumon a.
"Geneal Poperes:
- Very small

- Hee iving
- lack a iqid cell wal|
- pleormorphic
sporing
non tagellakd
 3ene ahesin PI
vkNA l6sdetects
ods meh Moleculay
TOFMALDI- -
ldenthcatien:
ange toxbidity
and
ColoUY
Liad -
broth
contalning
PPLO mediom
Produces
fried
nce
apeara
agar: PPLOcontaining medium
Solid -
Cultue:
biopsies
pratts,
nasophcvyrgea) sWaos
Tbroat
Speamens
diagnsis Laboratory
protin ytadhesin
Pi L
PYoeine
adhesion
by medlat
ed
bound membvane
vespivatory the Ptlachment
to
mucoSa
is
Pathogeness: .
plasm
EMyeoplas
ma UYea
mataceae Myroplas Family
.classifeahon
 Assignm ent - s
26|2 J2o24

VIRuS
oRT HoMY Xo

Otho myxoviY\dae intechons

Lintwena - A, B, c, D

- Morpholo g9:
- hellcal sym mery
Segm ents ot

PBI, P 2,PA
nuc le opyotin

Mahix pYoein

- Hae magslutnin
Neuraminidase

" Complicaons:

Pneumon) a
se condary bacertal pneum oni a

Other Ye spivatory hact Compicatons

L worsening
chronic bronchihs
meda

Qshma

Rey Synd ome

L
faty egenerathon
acute with
encephalopahy
 PARANFLUENZ A

.Mopholo
- largcr
pleomarphie
linear, non - Segmened
shue hural Pteins

-HA an NA an hsens

. LaboYatoy dlaanoss:

Antgen deecHon:
-Vmal anHsens the nteced
extobated epithellal cells

- dinect lFge

VYa 1So laton

pnmany monkeyeidney cel ine

Cyto pahlc etect
-shel vial

antbodles
techniqueeretet
te st
ELIs

- highly Spee sensihrees

 Assignmnent 4
alollaos

MYcoToX)cosES

cause o
Myeohc poisening
food peisoning
Cla ssihed nto
AMycotexicosis
by con s mpho
L disease Prsduced
with toxins berel
e ontminated
tood
by certain
fung'
"Aflatoxin Aspergillus,tlavus
- produced by PubeYUlum
Penicllium

" Fumonisins:

pYoduced by Fusarium moniborme

" Obyatoxin:

- HspergillusochYaeUs
- A. niger
P. Ve YUCoSum rt

*Mycehsm
L toric etfects produced by eahng
Polson ou s fleshy tung
st. Anthony's hre
pntabuse lee Yeachan
chelin ergie etteet
-Hepatoce llwlay talure
 occULAR FUNGL INFECTIONS

keya h tis:

- Asperglus
candid a
FusaYim

mucoy mycosls.
MucoY
Rhizopus
+ Fungal end oph t h a l m i h s : s
- Aspergllus
FusariUm

candida

OVe h s
Fongal

* Mycoti c corneal Ulcey

-t anhbiotics
Laue to injodictoUs Use

and sterolds
Commensa)
anti b i o c s SOPpYeSs the
and steroTA
in the eycs
bacteria
|mmune Sy stem.
SUpPYesses rhe

Orbita) mucoy myeosI s

the SinuSes and
Lintech an begins
bia) cavity
ero des 3nto the
bloo vessds
tnden cy to invade
nd ase 1saheme nec Yos S
 Assighment -to
14loil2025
ce lllosae
Cyshcercus
most
Com non
NeurDcy stcerc
Cy sh cercos)s
torm ot
Pge: Bo -S years

* Types
L paven chymal
exhapavenchyma) rtetitbre

celllosae
cysheercus
Smm lng
- slishHy va)
yelash whie

- 2 chambYs
bladder like
O-S mL ot vesiular urd
InneY : Srowing
Seolex present

- large leblated
22cemosc CysH eri

*Maniestathons
seizUYe
- hydDce phalus
-inNeascd
InhhacranaI Pressuve
-chronic
- denncnha
meninghs
 LaboYator diagnocic

- 2adi o ciaqnosis
-T<can

Anhbody detechon
-ELISA

-Western blot

- Anthgen detccion
-in serm CSF - ELSA
(
- FNAC ot the cyst and hen staining
Gensa

- Fondoscopy t eye, detects lanae

- Moditrd Del Butto diagnostie larvae

 Assig ment -1
aa)o/aos
FLUKE
LIVER

pcthorchis aYe

Faseiela, clen eychis,

LiveY flukes.
called
toge thev

Lje eyele:
Mephelogy
- a d ult oym
operculated eggs
lavae (5 stages)

* Hosts:
-detoiive host : man
internmediate host snail

intermediate host

aquahe plant: Fasclela

craytish: lonorch s
opis horchis
y Tansm)ssion

- Man gets Infe chen by

second Interm ediate
ingesthon
bost
metacevcama lonvae. carryn
Fascioliasis:
-caused y
Fasciola
adrant hepatica
- Yight uppeY
hepato megaly , paln,
obshuchon bile duct
- heatment
4TRI CLAsENDAZoL
 Faseiola giganhea
herbivove s
- Pavasite
CleneYehiass opisthoy ehiasis
-Clenerchis SinenGis

ViveYini
-stherehls

ehelangihs
chelanngiocycnoma

LUN G FLUKE

Pavagonimus westermai

nental lung {luke

-coUses endemie hemoptysis

Lite cyele :
-detnitive host: buman s
- i n termediate host: snails

Crabs, cyafsh

-ansmssio: ingeshon t
metacercaria
in te mediate host casrng
larvae
Chnical features:
eosinophi ie avanulomatous
- pulmonay:
\nplammation in the lungs
blood thnged vusty sputum
doY
wih an fensive thshy

- exhapulmon avy: eutoncos cerebrel toms

Labovaoy diagnosis:
- Sputurm micvoScopy'
L oval, golden - brown, opereulated

-ELIsA
L
anigen detecion
- Wes tesn blot

Tveatmenti
PRAZ\QUANTEL
o6lo2]aovs Assianment -12

HAN D Foot ANTD MOUTH DISEAsC

HF M Aisease
Usuallyatects childrenoSr
ulc erahons OYal and pharyngeal
muc o s a and veslcular Tashes 4he
palms and Soles Which heal without

CrUSHng

Agents
-CoX s ack)eviYUS A lG

-CoX sackie viYus AG

Entero i r s

y TYansmssion:
- Nose and throt secrehons

Contact and drople ts

coxsacke -A Cox sackie

Hand too+ mouh Myocardiis,

dlsease PeriardiHs,
Boxnholm disease
herpangina, Aseptic
meningiHs
he art muscles,
’ attects mosHy skin
n r V oUs syst m
and mucoUS membranes

fecal- oal, Contat

y teca - oral Yespiratoy
espiYatory droplets
droplets Conact

adu lts
attects mosty
Intants and youn g
chilyen
 Assign ment 3

Dyacun cultasis-Dyacunculo& medinens,s

Gunea' wbY rn disease

chavecterced by bliseYs

Hosts:

- dehohve host man

- intev mediate host ' cyclop s

Mode ot hransmiss0n
-drinkng water rom s tagnat pools
contoining Cyelops Inte cted witth

lavae

Lite cycle
L3 larvae

Penerate the
Sma) Inteshne

migvak to skin

locas pentul bhctrs

muptuves
Neleas
1nto
ot Li lavae
Wate
tntect Cyelap
L2 larvae
 Cinical teatures:
þaintu) bister om whic the temale
WOrm eme vges

local evy thema

fever
nausca

run tus

Diagnosis
when the skin Cones n Contact

with wate the Noptures,

blisex Yeleasins
adult Worms an
large number -t
LI lavae

Tyeatment i
Wom Yemovalth
 Assianment-y
s]o3)20s

PRio N DISEA SE

intectDUS protein parhcles

Pnons are

nuclejc acid
that lack my
They aYe Hlhrable like VirUses, but
Yesistant to agents
cterllsahon
are

Mechanls:
intt choUs protin Paricles

Carned to brain

in duce
mistolding n ormal
cellular pnor proteins (Pr pe)

form d)sease causing

|sotorm Prp se

Prp sc
aggY egatd as

amylad - hlke plaques

brain

1ntrnallsed
neuron s
by

accu mula on
VacUoles cyoplasmie

spengi torm
appearanee
 Vanant
(ahoene
famiha)
lassical/speradic tendc
disea
se
Jakob
Cxeutzteldt
disease PYiOn Human
disease Cow Mad
pathy
encephalo Mink x
Scape
animals: dlsease Pnon
set on 1year
ot within DCCOrs death 4
demenha
eoorinat
on t loss
ermoYS
)erks lonie myoc
shivering
conhrol muscle
h's mon S to 3 L
phase domal Po
yeaYS to ths mon penod
manifestathons: clinical
 Assianment-is

BloTERRoRISM

Form at terroris m where theve

Intentonal and delibYate YelcAse t
to Cause
biolagical agents mass
1|lness death people , animals
plants

Classit cahon
* Categog A
- these agen the highest
which
aYe

Hhe
pnonty
pathogens pOse 9Yeatet
natonal
secunty
Anthrax
Botulis m
Plague
Small pox

Catego B
- these agents ave HhendhiahesT
priorry pah ogens

Glanders
Brucclloss
Peitacosis
y Categy
agents are the thrd highest
pathogens. They Hhe emerging
which the 3eneral
þathoens,
Populahon lacles \mmuni hy
VIYVS
-Nipkah
Hana VIYOS

SARs
MeS
MD2 -TB