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Notes On Normal Distribution

Chapter 6 discusses the normal distribution, a bell-shaped curve used to describe various medical and statistical variables, including blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It explains how normal intervals are determined and introduces concepts like skewness and the empirical rule. The chapter also covers the standard normal distribution and methods for finding areas under the curve, which can be applied to probability problems.

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39 views25 pages

Notes On Normal Distribution

Chapter 6 discusses the normal distribution, a bell-shaped curve used to describe various medical and statistical variables, including blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It explains how normal intervals are determined and introduces concepts like skewness and the empirical rule. The chapter also covers the standard normal distribution and methods for finding areas under the curve, which can be applied to probability problems.

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mariatarrago02
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ee 300 Chapt ter 6 The Normal Distbuton What Is Normal? Medical researchers have determined so-called no=ma! intervals for a person's blood: etaur, cholesterol, rigyeerdes, and the ike, For ‘example, the normal range of S75 folic blood pressure is 110 to 140. The: ‘sonal interval for a person’s triglycerides from: 30 to 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). By measuring ‘these variables, a physician cam 3 Ea pacen’s vital statistics ae within the noma! interval or if some type Of detent is needed to correcta condition and avoid {Wie illnesses. The question then, trams one determine the so-called normal intervals? See Statistics i at the end of the chapter. thi chapter, you wil learn how researchers deter9e normal intervals for spe medial ets by using «norma sirbution. You wil se Now the same methods ae rei nine the lifetimes of batteries the strength of FOP=S, ‘and many other tats Introduction tram variables can be either disrete oF continuous. PICT variables and theif Random were explsied in Chapter 5. Recall that der ‘variable cannot assumes tributions een any two given values of te variables. 1 the other hand, 2 continu value can assume all values between any 10 EVR aright joous variables are the heights of alt men, Poy 1 of cont Tovelsof adults. Many continpous variables, Suet 56 thee lester Mations that aze bell-shaped, and these are called approximately 70 aa i ariables. For example, if a researcher sles & random sample oF tributed WeTaoures heir heights, and consieaes 2 histogram ihe researcher £258 wore the one showin in Figure 6-1(a), Now if the researcher increases thes sir creases the width of the classes, the histograms ‘will look Tike the ones d Figure 6-1(b) and (C). Finally if it were possible ‘measure exactly th Fie cmales inthe United States and plot them. the Meter ‘would approa ida normal distribution, shoven in Figure 6-18) “This distribution is als (a) Rardom spe o 100 woman (0) Sample si Chapter 6 The Nou Distsbution need and lass wid deceased {e) Sample ste increased and le wth {@) Nora sbuton forthe popuaon eceasd tuter ‘Mean Mian Bode (0) Regs Skewes ‘a bell curve ot a Gaussian distribution, named for the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855), who derived its equation ‘No variable fits a normal distribution perfectly, since a normal distribution is a theoretical distribution. However, a normal distribution can be used to describe many ‘Variables, because the deviations from a normal distribution are very small. This concept will be explained further in Section 6-1 Ybjective When the data values are evenly distributed about be a symmetric distribution. (A normal distribution is the mean, a distribution is said 10 symmetric.) Figure 6-2(2) shows {entity distributor Fogrnsneor me _2S ymmetri distribution, When the majority ofthe data values fall to the lft or right of ‘he moan, the distribution is said to be skewed. When the majocty ofthe data values fall kewed, tobe to the right of the mean, the distribution is said to be @ negatively or left-skewed distri- : bation. The mean is to the left of the median, and the mean and the median are to the left of the mode. See Figure 6-2(b). When the maj the mean, a distribution is said to be a positively or ‘mean falls to the right of the median, and both of the mode. See Figure 6-2(c). ity of the data values fall 0 the left of right-skewed distribution. The the mean and the median fall to the right V—SSSSSES—— 302 Chapter 6 The Noma! Distibuton ‘right is positive, left is ies the direction of skewness ( gure 3-1 in ‘The “tail” of the curve indicat ‘be compared with the ones shown in Figs negative). These distributions can Chapter 3. Both types follow the same principles ie rpter Will present the properties of a normal disiriton and discuss its applications. Then a very important fact about a norms! distribution called the central see tpeorem wil be explained. Finally, the chapter ‘ii explain how @ normal di ion curve can be used as an approximation to oles distributions, such as the isrinial distbution, Since a binomial distribution is a disco distribution, @ cor nem for continuity may be employed when @ normal distribution is used for its approximation. EEE Norm! Distributions | Inmathematice, curves can be represented by equations, For example, the equation of the dant own in Figure 6-3 is + yr = 7, where rs the radivs "A circle can be used to even hough iis nt pos Objective @ fepresent many physical objects, such as a whec) Or Be Identity the properties ity tho properties Prev many Ty yecl that is perfectly round, the equation and We Peper ofa hel, such as area, velocity and accel I k ‘of a normel y ‘stibution. circle can be used to study many aspects of the wt cee. a similar manner, the theoretical curve, called a normal distribution curve, ables that are not perfectly normally distributed but are ccan be used to study many var nevertheless approximately normal “The mathernatical equation for a normal distribution is 01-0 = | ‘an Application oviw I ten \ fg = 2.718 (~ means “is approximately equal 1" eld | = population mean | : ‘> = population standard deviation t ‘This equation may look formidable, but in applied statistics, ‘tables or technology is q for specific problems instead of the equatio ; pei Pr tn consideration in appli states is chat he area We aor ye values on the y axis, ‘Therefore, distribution curve is used more often th Ca rebution is pictured, they axis is sometimes ome, ra lcs can be different sizes, depending on their diameters OF radii), and ca axed io represent wheels of different sizes, Likewise, normal curves have different sha land can be used to represent different variables. sf normal distribution curve depend on two parame ‘The shape and position of mean and the standard deviation, Each normally distributed ‘variable has its own 80 aah andard deviations. The lasgr the standard deviation, A disperses spread out, the distribution is. al distributions with aeine standard deviation but with different means. saree at diferent positions on the x axis. Figure 6-4(¢) shows Wo dons with different means and different standard deviations. Figure 6-4(b) shows two norm: These curves have the same SBP 303 ‘Section 61. Normal Distbutions » wee {oy Same means bt tren sana eins cane? “YK cana? m (e)ovecent means nd feet standard evans {eye reas but same staf devitons ee "A normal distribution js a continuous, symmetric, belt-shaped distribution of variable. “The propedies of a normal distribution, including those ‘mentioned in the definition, are explained next. enn ec ian ‘Summary of the Properties of tt 1 Anoemal distibution curve is bell-shaped 2. a anne ne al ad ted athe cee of te dation 3. wee vomal ibuton eure is unimodal (.. thas only one mode) 4 a nt bute man, whic pint oye at hee see son both sides of a vertical line passing through the center 5. Fe connor tee neo ge xbts Farceh ae NES 8 {8 The area under the part of a normal mean is approximately 0.68, or 68%: land within 3 standard deviations, about 0.997. shows the area in each region. (on ia “The values given in item 8 of the summary follow the empirical rule for data given in Section 3-2. Sree ast know these properties in order to solve problems involving dis fl that are approximately normal. stributions 304 Chapter 6 The Normal Dison Distribution Curve The Standard Normal Distribution Since each normally distributed variable has its oW7) ‘inte earlier, the shape and location of dhese ATES ‘will vary. In practical applications, tenet would have to have a table of steas wagey ‘the curve for each variable. To sim plify this situation, statisticians use Satis called the standard normal distribution. ‘Objective Find the area under the standard normal distribution, given “The standard normal distribution is shown in Figure 6-6. various z values: The stand pce nite te propor faa Sh ‘deviation above or below the Je, the area between the mean and 1 about 0.3413, or 34.13%. ‘The formula for the ‘normal distribution is em a> ie ‘Att nonmally distributed variables can be wansforned into the standard nocmal ‘ributed variable by us standard score: Jing the formula for the st ‘This is the sam in Section 6-3. ‘As stated earlier, the cal application problems, between 5 feet 4 it the area un the procs ue Bge. The applications will be shown in Scott formed by using the 1 formula, they are called z values. The pied deviations that a particular X value is the number of stand th mes Ore es th ae (0 oUF cial Ee) wer SSS urve for any z value from ~3.49 10 3.49. Section 61, Nomal Distributions Finding Areas Under the Standard Normal Distribution Curve rane lution of problems using the standard normal distibution, a four-step proce: ‘dure is recommended with the use of the Procedure Table shown. ‘Step 1 Draw the normal distribution curve and shade the area Step 2 Find the appropriate figure inthe Procedure Table and follow the directions given. ‘There are three basic ypes of problems, and all three are summarized 1p the Procedure Table. Not that this table is presented as an ad in understanding Pow 0 Oe he Sandard normal distribution table and in visualizing the prot the procedures, you should not find it necessary to refer to the Procedure “Table for every problem. oo ng the Area Under the Standard Normal Distribution Curve 2, To the right of any z value: ‘Look up the z value and subtract the area from 1. Tote left of any z value: ‘up the value in the table and use the area given. Between any two z values: ‘Look up both z values and subtract the 7 306 Chapter 6 The Normal Dssibuton ‘Table E Area Value for 22139 distribution curve to the left area to the left of a z value endix C gives the area under the normal top row. Where the ‘Table E in App cof any z value given in two decimal places, For example, the oto found by Joking up 1.3 in the left colnet and 0,09 in the area of 0.9177. See Figure 6-7 a a ee Solution Step 1 Draw the figure. -The desired area is shown in Figure 6-8- Example 6-1 0 199 ‘Step 2 year oking fre re unde the standard onal EP We se kg ee ean xa ofthe css, OP in the table. 144g 0.9767, Hence 97.679 of the area is ess than 99. EE Solution gure, The desired area is shown in Fisoe 69. Step 1 Draw the fi Section 6-1 Normal Distibations 307 Step 2. We are looking for the area to the right of 2 = 5126 ‘This is an example Hear spond ease, Look up the area for z = —116. Itis 0.3770. Supinctt Oa 90. L000 ~ 0 1230 = 0.8770. Hence 87.70% ofthe ares under the reo sj normal distribution curve is tothe lft of = 1.16 ‘Find the area between z = +1.68 and z= —1.37. Solution ‘Step 1 Draw the figure as shown. Th desired areas shown in Figure 6-10. Step 2 Since the area desired is between two given z values, Took up the tt sete bwo 2 values and subtract the smaller area from the {anger azea. (Do not subtract the values.) The area fF 2 +1.68 is 0.9535, and the area for z = ~1:37 is 0.0853. "The area between the two z values is A Normal Distribution Curve as a Probability Distribution Curve ‘A normal distsbution curve can be used as a probability distribution curve for normally aeaotyuted variables, Recall that a normal distabution is a connie distribution, a8 ‘opposed toa discrete probebility distribution, as ‘explained in Chapter it gPpestnuuus means that there are no gaps in the curve In othe ‘words, for every z value is conics, there is a corresponding height, oF frequency, vale, he x axis eer the standard normal distribution curve can also PS thought of as a probability. Thais, iit were possible to select any 2 aie random, the probability of aropanng one, say, between O-and 2,00 would be the same a8 196 OT under the curve ce sad 200. In this case, the area is 04772, Therefore, the probability of eonaly selecting any z value between 0 and 2,00 is O72 ‘The problems involving probability aze solved in the same mannet as the previous examples involving ateas pros section. For example, if the problem is to find (he probability of selecting @ in tie between 2.25 and 2.04, solve it by using the method shown in case 3 of the ‘ear probabilities, a special notation is used. For exam, if the problem is to find the probability oF any z value between O and 2-32, this probability is written as oo NS oral Disibsion ‘308 Chapter 6 TheN yn, the probability, of any exact Z value is 0 since the he ve the value Bot vera Tnes 39 eon Note: In area would be nave no area. S a, PO<2< 2:32) b. P@ < 1.65) cP 19) Solution a. PO <2 < 2.32) means wo find He A under the standard normal distsibution ripe berween 0 and 2.32. ist look WP the area ct jing to 2.32. Itis (0.9898, Then Took up the area to = 0. [tis 0.500, Subtract the aoa rsas: 0.9898 ~ 0.5000 = 0.489%. Hence the probability is 0.4898, 0° Standard Normal Distribution Curve for Part a of Example 6-4 0 b, P(g < 1.65) is represented in Figs 6-12. r= 1.65 in Table B. Tes 0.95 0 95.05%. 309 Section 6-1 Normal Disubations 0 151 ‘Sometimes, one must find a specific z value for a given area under the standard ‘normal distribution curve. The procedure is to work backward, using Table E. ‘Since Table E is cumulative, it is necessary to locate the cumulative area up 10 & given z value, Example 6-5 shows this. ” Find the z value such thet the area under the standard normal distribution curve between and the z value is 0.2123. Solution Draw the figure. The area is shown in Figure 6-14. ‘Area Under the ‘Standard Norma! Distribution Curve for Example 6-5 oo In this case it is necessary to add 0.5000 to the given area of 0.2123 to get the ‘cumulative area of 0.7123. Look up the area in Table E. The value in the left column is (0.5, and the top value is 0.06, so the positive z value for the area z = 0.56. ‘Next, find the area in Table E, as shown in Figure 6-15. Then read the correct z value in the left column as 0.5 and in the top row as 0.06, and add these two values to get 0.56. Finding the 2 Value {rom Table E for Example 6-5 611 o12 where between the nu the variable constitute @ the dials face between 0 and 12 me Mjored to be 12 units Yong, and the ‘Bom 2 through 5 would be 3 t igure 6-16(b). Notice thatthe area oF Ne sree rectangle i the same a8 Re Fg found previously. Hence the area of this rectangle ‘corresponds to the: probability event. eu Hees apie 0 ar a ‘rnding the aea ud somal iribuson curves eis hd tain yf practical applications the variables are a wide Fapooe applications wile present ‘Section 6-2. Section 6-4 Normal Distibutions S44 Applying the Concepts 6-4 [Assessing Normality ree eee Maen necessary tserifasetof ata vais is apponinaey noma Many mes tel techngues that xn be wed, One eng i 10 22 ited, Tr dua ace its approximately bl shaped (Note B-des mothe 0 noe symmetric robe bell-shaped) sre wees of ranches ofthe 0p brass te shown, ou 9 7 7 9 @ 7 3 oe fp ow 3 8 Ms BR eM oh on mw mw i 2 4 em om 0 BD Boe fe i mz % lo 6 2% msc: The Word Alnane and Book of oc | | ‘Construct a frequency distribution for the dats. Construct a histogram forthe data. ‘Describe the shape of the histogram. ased on your answer o question 3 do you feet that the dsrivtion i approximately normal? Th adton othe histogram, distributions tht ae appoximately nonnal have bows G17 or within | standard deviation of te mean, bout 95% ofthe das als fall oar dardGevavon of the mean, and almost 100% of the data vals fll within Y standard deviations of the mean. (See Figure 6-5.) 5, Find the mean and standard deviation for the dats. 6. What percent ofthe data values fall within 1 standard deviation of ds 4+, What percent ofthe data vale all within 2 standard deviations ofthe mean? 4 What perent ofthe data ves fll within 3 standard deviations ofthe mean? 9, How do your answers to questions 6,7, and 8 compare to 68,95, and 10026, respectively? 10, Dees yur answer belp suppor the conclusion you reached in question 4? Explain. (More techniques for assessing normality are explined in Section 6-2) See pages 353 and 354 for the answers. 1 What are the characteristics of a normal distribution? 2, Why isthe standard normal distribution important in statstical analysis? Many vanbles Sere cnn can Be used to describe thes 3, What is the total area under the standard normal distribution curve? | 0 100% ible. 4. What percentage of the area falls below the mean’? ‘Above the mena? 0% ofthe ara ies below the mean, 0 sete area es above the meas, '5, About what percentage ofthe area under the normal dismibution curve falls within 1 standard deviation above and below the mean? 2 standard deviations? ‘standard deviations? 6%: 95%: 9.7% re ormallydstibuted, For Exercises 6 through 25, find the area under the standard normal distribution curve. 6. Berween 2 = Oandz = 1.89 04706 7, Between z = O and z = 0.75. 0278 8 Between z = O and z = 0.46 917 9, Between 2 = O and z= ~2.07 10, To the rightotz = 211 00178 11. To the right of z = 0.23 0099 12. To the left of : = ~0.75 02266 =1.43 ooT6t 13, To the eft of 2 e183 SE 312 Chapter 6 The Nonna Distabaton 44, Between z = 1.23 and z= 1.90 000806 1, Between z = 1.05 andz = 1.78 0.10% 16, Between 2 = ~0.96 and z = ~0:36 01909 17, Between z = —1:56 and ¢ = 1.83 00258 18, Between 2 = 024 and z= —1-12 0.4634 19, Between 2 = —1:53 and 2 = ~2.08 002 20, To the leftof DA. To the let of z = 2.11 09826 22, To the right of = 1.92 0.9728 23, To the right of = ~0.25 05957 24, Tobe leftof z= ~215 and tothe rghtof z= 162 06st 25, Tothe right of2 = 192 and tothe left of = —044 131 09049 26, PO< 2 < 1.96) 04750 21, POO <2 < 067) 02988 2B, (1238 <2 <0) 0997 29, PAST <2<0) 04808 30, P(e > 0:82) 02061 31, P(e > 288) 0005 32, Ple<~1.71) 00884 38 Pe < 120) 011 34, PE-0.20 <2 < 1.56) 051% 138. PH2.46 << 1.74) 019522 09520) 36, POLID <2 < 143) 00589 37, POLA6 <2.<297) 0706.11 0070) 38, Pe> -143) 09086 39, Plc < 142) 09222 139 oars cri 13885) 7 2 198 239 a z 43. 2-208 -2.0792) ois ? ° Hoon 184 ° 2 4 ~126 j 45, ee m2) 7 0 146, Find the z value tothe right of the mean s0 th 54.78% ofthe area under the distribution cuts {othe leftofit. 0.12 69.85% of the aren under the dstsbution a to the let of it 052 ‘e. 86:10% of the ara pnder the distribution 4S tothe leftof i118 «a7: Find the z value to the lft ofthe mean s0 hat ‘a. 98.87% of the area under the distribution tothe right of it. ~2.28(71 22801) b. 82.12% of the area under the distribution tothe right of it. -0 9271-09199) ‘e. 60,64% of the azoa under the distribution tothe right of it. 0.27 T0268) SS 16 Chapter 6 The Nora Distbaton Example XL6~3 Find the area between z= ~204 and = 155 Tabla cell sypo: = NORMSDIST(L99) ~ NORMSDIST(~2.04) ‘Answer: 0.956029 senting wz vse given an area under te tanra normal aeinlon Ne Example XL6~4 othe left of 2) is 0.0250. the cumulative area (area Find az score given =NORMSINV(.025) na blank cel ype: “Answer: ~ 1.95996 ormal Distribution REE sentcetons ot se ‘The standard normal, ‘distribution curve can be used to solve & wide variety of practical Jems. The only requirement is that the v fable be normally of approximately nor= atical tests TO determine whether & variable objective oly distibuted. There are several matherns Find probabilities er gemally disributed. See the Critical "Thinking Challenges on page 352. For all the {for a normally problems presented in this chapter, you can assume that ‘the variable is normally or tore otod variable approximately normally distributed andard normal distibaton, transform the ogi by transforming it “To solve problems by Using 1al distribution variable ‘by using the formula into a standard ‘variable to a standard norm: normal variable. value ~ mean *= Sandard deviaion spss the same formula presented in Sexton 3-3. HS formula transforms the vals Thi able into standard nits oz was, Once 6 ‘variable is transformed, then tt ‘Procedure Table and Table E in to solve problems. ‘For example, suppose that the scores have a mean of 100, and have a standard dev) Have ad to z values, the two distributions coinch te istibution has a mean of Oand a standard Test Scores and Their Corresponding z values a 2 6 7 transform the values of ty problems inthis section, normal distribution, # To solve the application ‘areas under the standard to z values and then find the Section 6-1. ‘section 62 Applications of th Normal Distibusion 347 _ Holiday Spending ‘A survey by the National Retail Federation found that worn spend on average $146.21 \ ry stmt holidays. Assume the standard deviation i $29.4, Find the percentage | er yomen who spend less than $160.00. Assume the variable is normally distributed. i Solution ‘Stop 1 Draw the igure and represent the area as shovn in Figure 618. aL siap2t $160 ‘Step 2 Find the z value corresponding to $160.00. _ X= _ $160.00 ~ $146.21 _ Xt oe Hence $160.00 is 0.47 of a standard deviation above the mean of $146.21, as shown in the z distribution in Figure 6-19. 0 our the curve to the left of z = 0.47 ‘ea andz Values for Example 6-6 ‘Step 3. Find the area, using Table E. The area under is 0.6808. ‘Therefore 0.6808, or 68.08" the women spend less than $160.00 at Christmas time, ‘Monthly Newspaper Recycling ach month, an American household generates an average of 28 pounds of newspaper for garbage or eeyesng. Assume the standard deviation 62 pounds. If a household is ‘elected at random, find the probability ofits generating ‘a. Between 27 and 31 pounds per month +b, More than 30.2 pounds per month ‘Assume the variable is approximately normally distributed, 4 ‘Souce: Mis D, Sonn Rbert tk, The Boo ls \ 6-19 a ET a Step 1 Draw the igure and represent the area, See FBS ow. ‘Area Under a Normal Curve for Part 2 of Example 6-7 it ‘Astronomers inthe late 1700s and the 1800s used the principles undesying ‘the normal dstrbution to comect measurement errors that occurred in vrata the postiono Step 3 Find the appropriate aoe whe ‘Table E. The area to the left of z, is 0.9332, of the planets. vain the area tothe left of z, is 0.3085. Hlenoe the area Derween and zis (0.9332 — 0.3085 = 0.6247. See Figure 6-21 7B Et ‘Step 2. Find the two z values, m= [Area and 2 Values for Part a of Example 6-7 7 8 31 450 15 enc, the probability that randomly selected household generates between 27 and 331 pounds of newspapers per month i 62.47%. q Solution b ‘Step 1 Draw the figure and represent the area, as shown in Figure 6-22, Ae Curve for Part b of Example 6-7 Section 6-2 Applications ofthe Normal Distrbion 1 Step 3 Find the appropiate area, The ara tothe leftof z = 11 8 0.8643, Hence the 4 itea to the right of z = 1-1 is 1.0000 ~ 0.8643 = 0.1357. ence, the probability theta randomly selected household wi acctpatate more than 30-2 pounds of newspapers is 0.1357, of 13.57%. —_— $$ | i ‘A normal distribution can also be used to answer questions of “How many?” This. | application is shown in Example 6-8. a Emergency Call Response Time ‘The American Automobile Association report thatthe average tie it es 6 respond emergency eal i 25 minotes. Assume te variable is approximate ‘normally eared the standard deviation is 4.5 mites. If 80 calls ae randomly selepted, Spproximatly now many willbe responded tin less than 15 minutes? ‘To solve the problem, find the area under a normal distribution curve 0 the left of 15. ‘Step 1 Draw a figure and represent the area as shown in Figure 6-23. 15 % ‘Step 2 Find the z value for 15. 15-25 z = W222 o Step 3 Find the area tothe left of 2 = ~[Link] 00132. Step 4 ‘To find how many calls will be made in less than 15 minutes, multiply the sample size 80 by 0.0132 to get 1.056. Hence, 1,056, oF ‘approximately 1, call ‘will be responded to in under 15 minutes. ———— ___——_— Note: For problems using percentages, be sue to change the perce tage 8 decimal bef matapiving. Als, round the answer to the nearest wiole number since itis not possible to have 1,056 calls. Finding Data Values Given Specific Probabilities dota distribution can also be used to find specitic data values for given Pereenakes, ‘This application is shown in Example 6-9. on a GE EE 320. Chapter 6 The Nomal Distribution EE on “To qualify fora police academy, ‘candidates must score in the | ‘a mean of 200 and @ standard Opjective abilities test. The test has Find specific data _—_—possible score 10 qualify. Assume the test scores values for given percentages, using ‘Solution porcertegeg normal Since the test scores are nornaty distributed, the test v distribution. Sine ander anormal isuibution cure is desired ‘roa Under @ Normal Curve for Example 6-8 0% or 01000 ‘a0 x Work backward to solve this problem. under the normal distibution ‘stop 1 Subiract 0.1000 from 1,000 1 Be ease ait of x: 1,0000 ~ 0.10000 = 0.9000, saree cau that coesponds oan es of 03000 OLSnE ES the area portion of Table F. if the specific value cannot be found, use the yi onion of B97, as shown in gue 6-25. Te comespondings ras 128 the aca falls exactly halfway Porwery two z values, use the Iarger of the two z values 019495 and 0.9505. In this ‘Step 2

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