SWARNA SRI LEARNING CENTRE

STUDY MATERIAL-maths FORMULAE

BASICS:

1. Area of a square = 𝒂𝟐

2. Perimeter of a square = 𝟒𝒂

3. Diagonal of a square = √𝟐𝒂

4. Area of a rectangle = 𝒍 × 𝒃

5. Perimeter of a rectangle = 𝟐(𝒍 + 𝒃)

𝟏
6. Area of triangle = 𝟐 × 𝒃 × 𝒉

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
7. Heron’s formula for area of a triangle = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) where 𝑠 =
2
√𝟑 𝟐
8. Area of equilateral triangle= 𝟒
𝒂 .

9. Area of parallelogram = 𝒃 × 𝒉
𝟏
10. Area of rhombus = (𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔)
𝟐

𝟏
11. Area of trapezium = 𝟐 𝒉(𝒂 + 𝒃)

12. Area of circle = 𝝅𝒓𝟐

13. Circumference of a circle = 𝟐𝝅𝒓

14. Natural nos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…….

15. Whole nos: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…….

16. Types of fractions:

3
(a) Proper : (Num<Denom) Eg: 4
4
(b) Improper: (Num>Denom) Eg: 3
3
(c) Mixed: Eg: 1 4

17. Algebraic identities:

(a) (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 .

(b) (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 .

(c) (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 .

(d) (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏.

(e) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎.

(f) (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎 3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 + 𝑏3 .

(g) (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏2 − 𝑏3 .

(h) 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ).

(i) 𝑎3 − 𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 +𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 )

(j) 𝑎3 + 𝑏3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎).

𝑷×𝑹×𝑻
18. Simple Interest: 𝑺. 𝑰 = where P is Principal, R is the rate of interest & T is the Time
𝟏𝟎𝟎
period.

19. Types of decimal expansions:

(a) Terminating: Eg: 3.15

(b) Non-terminating repeating: Eg: 4.6666…

(c) Non-terminating non-repeating: Eg: 5.12131454….

20. Prime numbers are those that are divisible only by itself & 1. Eg: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,…..

21. Composite numbers are divisible by other numbers in addition to 1. Eg: 4, 6, 8, 9,….

22. 0 and 1 are neither prime nor composite.

23. Odd numbers are those that are not divisible by 2. Eg: 1, 3, 5, 7,…

24. Even numbers are those that are divisible by 2. Eg: 2, 4, 6, 8,…

25. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.

26. The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.

27. Types of quadrilaterals:

(a) If all sides are equal, then it is a rhombus. Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right
angles.

(b) If all sides are equal & each angle is 90°, then it is a square. Diagonals of a square are equal to
each other & bisect each other at right angles.

(c) If opposite sides are equal, then it is a parallelogram. Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
other.

(d) If opposite sides are equal & each angle is 90°, then it is a rectangle. Diagonals of a rectangle are
equal to each other & bisect each other.

28. Conversions:
18
(a) m/s to km/hr - multiply by 5

5
(b) km/hr to m/s – multiply by 18
1
(c) 1𝑚 3 = 1000𝑙 & 1𝑐𝑚 3 = 1000 𝑙

29. If the sum of two angles is 90°, then they are complementary & if the sum of two angles is 180°,
then they are supplementary.
30. Median of a triangle is a line segment drawn from one vertex of a triangle to bisect the opposite
side.

31. Median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of equal areas.

32. Any two digit number will be of the form 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝒚 & the reverse number will be of the form
𝟏𝟎𝒚 + 𝒙.

33. If three points lie on the same line, they are said to be collinear.

34. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.

35. The perpendicular drawn from the centre to a chord bisects the chord of the circle.

36. Angle subtended by the same arc in the same segment are equal.

37. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre = double the angle subtended by it at any part of
the circumference of the circle.

38. The sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is always 180°.

39. Types of triangles based on the sides:

(a) scalene: all sides are different in length

(b) isosceles: two sides are equal

(c) equilateral: all sides are equal

40. Types of triangles based on the angles:

(a) acute: all angles are less than 90°.

(b) obtuse: one angle is greater than 90°.

(c) right: one angle is 90°.

I. REAL NUMBERS:
𝒑
1. Rational numbers are those which can be written in the form of where 𝑝 & 𝑞 are integers & 𝑞 ≠
𝒒
3
0. Eg: 4.
𝒑
2. Irrational numbers are those which cannot be written in the form of . Eg: √2, √3.
𝒒

3. Rational & irrational numbers together form the set of real numbers.

4. The sum/difference/product/quotient of a rational number & an irrational number is always

irrational.

5. Euclid’s Division Lemma: Given positive integers 𝑎 and 𝑏, there exist unique integers 𝑞 and
𝑟 satisfying 𝒂 = 𝒃𝒒 + 𝒓; 𝟎 ≤ 𝒓 < 𝒃.

6. Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed as a product of

primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.

7. HCF(two numbers) = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor.

LCM(two numbers) = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor.

8. HCF × LCM = Product of the two numbers.

9. If 𝑝 is a prime and 𝑝 divides 𝑎2 , then 𝑝 divides 𝑎, where 𝑎 is a positive integer.

𝑝
10. If 𝑥 = and 𝑞 is of the form 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎 , then 𝑥 has a terminating decimal expansion.
𝑞
𝑝
11. If 𝑥 = and 𝑞 is not of the form 𝟐𝒏 × 𝟓𝒎 , then 𝑥 has a non-terminating repeating decimal
𝑞
expansion.

12. The decimal expansion of every rational number is either terminating or non-terminating
repeating.

13. The decimal expansion of every irrational number is non-terminating non-repeating.

II. POLYNOMIALS:

14. General form of a polynomial: 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎.

15. The highest power of 𝑥 in 𝑝(𝑥) is called the degree of the polynomial.

16. A polynomial of degree 1 is called linear, that of degree 2 is called quadratic & that of degree 3 is
called cubic & that having degree 4 is called biquadratic.

17. A polynomial having one term is called a monomial, having two terms is called binomial, having
three terms is called trinomial.

18. The degree of a polynomial is equal to the number of zeroes it can have.

19. Relationship between the zeroes & coefficients of a quadratic polynomial:

−𝒃 𝒄
𝜶+𝜷 = ; 𝜶𝜷 = .
𝒂 𝒂

20. Relationship between the zeroes & coefficients of a cubic polynomial:

 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 =− ; 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = ; 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − .
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
21. General form of a quadratic equation if the sum & product of the zeroes are given:

𝒙𝟐 − (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶𝜷 = 𝟎.

22. Division algorithm for polynomials: 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒙) × 𝒒(𝒙) + 𝒓(𝒙) where deg 𝑟(𝑥) < deg 𝑔(𝑥).

III. A PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES:

23. General form of a pair of linear equations in two variables:

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0

𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

24. Conditions for consistency of a pair of linear equations in two variables:

Condition Type of solution Whether consistent or Nature of graph

not

𝒂 𝟏 𝒃𝟏 Unique solution Consistent

≠
𝒂 𝟐 𝒃𝟐

Intersecting lines
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 Infinitely many Dependent
= =
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 solutions &Consistent

Parallel lines
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 No solution Inconsistent
= ≠
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
Coincident lines

25. Methods for finding the solution(s) of a pair of linear equations:

(a) Substitution method

(b) Elimination method

(c) Cross multiplication method

26. Cross multiplication method:

𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2

IV. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS:

27. General form of a quadratic equation: 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎

−𝒃±√𝑫
28. Quadratic formula: 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒂

where D is called the discriminant & 𝑫 = 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄

29. Types of roots:

If D < 0, the equation has no real roots.

If D = 0, the equation has real & equal/coincident roots.

If D > 0, the equation has real & distinct roots.

30. If the speed of a boat in still water is 𝑥 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 & the speed of the stream is 𝑦 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟, then

(a) Speed upstream = (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

(b) Speed downstream = (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟

V. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS (A.P):

31. General form of an A.P: 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, … … ….

where 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆.

32. Common difference, 𝒅 = 𝒂𝒌+𝟏 − 𝒂𝒌 .

33. Finite A.P: Have finite number of terms & thus have a last term.

Infinite A.P: Have infinite terms & thus do not have a last term.

34. 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 of an A.P: 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅.

where 𝑛 represents the number of terms.

35. Sum of n terms of A.P:

𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝟐
𝒏
𝑜𝑟 𝑺𝒏 = (𝒂 + 𝒍)
𝟐
where 𝑙 represents the last term.
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
36. Sum of first n positive integers: 𝑺𝒏 =
𝟐
𝒂+𝒄
37. If a, b, c are in A.P, then 𝒃 = is called the arithmetic mean of a and c.
𝟐

VI. TRIANGLES:

38. Two triangles are similar, if

(i) their corresponding angles are equal and

(ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio.

39. Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT) / Thales Theorem: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a
triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the
same ratio.

40. Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem (CBPT): If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in
the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.

41. Types of similarity criteria:

(i) AA(Angle-Angle) or AAA(Angle-Angle-Angle)

(ii) SSS(Side-Side-Side)

(iii) SAS(Side-Angle-Side)

42. Areas of similar triangles theorem: The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the
square of the ratio of their corresponding sides.

43. Note: If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the
hypotenuse then triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and to
each other.

44. Pythagoras Theorem: In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.

45. Converse of Pythagoras Theorem: In a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides, then the angle opposite the first side is a right angle.

VII. COORDINATE GEOMETRY:

46. Any point on X-axis will be of the form (𝑥, 0) and any point on Y-axis will be of the form (0, 𝑦).

47. Distance formula: 𝑫 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐

48. Distance of a point from the origin is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .

49. Section formula:

𝒎𝟐 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒚𝟐
𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) = ( , )
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎 𝟐
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
50. Mid-point formula: 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) =( , )
𝟐 𝟐
51. Area of triangle:
𝟏
Ar of Δ= 𝟐[𝒙𝟏 (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 ) + 𝒙𝟐 (𝒚𝟑 − 𝒚𝟏 ) + 𝒙𝟑 (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )]

VIII. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY:

52. Trigonometric ratios:

𝒐𝒑𝒑
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒉𝒚𝒑

𝒂𝒅𝒋
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒: 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒉𝒚𝒑
𝒐𝒑𝒑
(c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋

𝒉𝒚𝒑
(d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡: 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 = 𝒐𝒑𝒑

𝒉𝒚𝒑
(e) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋

𝒂𝒅𝒋
(f) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝒐𝒑𝒑

53. Inverse T-ratios:

1
(a) sin 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
 1
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
1
(c) cos 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃
1
(d) sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
1
(e) tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃
1
(f) cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃

54. T-ratios of specific angles:

T-ratio 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin A 0 1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2
cos A 1 √3 1 1 0
2 √2 2
tan A 0 1 1 √3 Not defined
√3
cosec A Not defined 2 √2 2 1
√3
sec A 1 2 √2 2 Not defined
√3
cot A Not defined √3 1 1 0
√3

55. T-ratios of complementary angles:

(a) sin(90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃.

(b) cos(90° − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃.

(c) cosec(90° − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃.

(d) sec(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃.

(e) tan(90° − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃.

(f) cot(90° − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃.

56. Identities:

(a) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏

(b) 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽.

(c) 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽.

IX. SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY:

57. The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the object.
 58. The angle of elevation is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is
above the horizontal level.

59. The angle of depression is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is
below the horizontal level.

X. CIRCLES:

60. A sector is the region enclosed by two radii & the corresponding arc.

61. A segment is the region enclosed by a segment & the corresponding arc.

62. The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.

63. Lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

64. A circle can have infinite tangents.

65. A tangent to a circle intersects it in one point.

66. A line intersecting a circle in two points is called a secant.

67. A circle can have two parallel tangents at the most.

XI. CONSTRUCTIONS:

68. Scale factor: The ratio of the sides of the triangle to be constructed with the corresponding sides
of the given triangle.

XII. AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES:

𝜃
69. Length of arc = 360° × 2𝜋𝑟
𝜽
70. Area of sector = × 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟑𝟔𝟎°
1
71. Area of quadrant = 4 𝜋𝑟 2
1
72. Area of semicircle = 𝜋𝑟 2
2

73. Area of segment = Area of sector - Area of Δ

XIII. SURFACE AREAS & VOLUMES:

74.

Figure Solid L.S.A/C.S.A T.S.A Volume

Cube 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑

Cuboid 𝟐𝒉(𝒍 + 𝒃) 𝟐(𝒍𝒃 + 𝒃𝒉 + 𝒉𝒍) 𝒍𝒃𝒉

Cylinder 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 𝟐𝝅𝒓(𝒉 + 𝒓) 𝝅𝒓𝟐𝒉

 Cone 𝝅𝒓𝒍 𝝅𝒓(𝒍 + 𝒓) 𝟏
𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒍 = √𝒉𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝟑

Hemisphere 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝟑𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝟐 𝟑

𝝅𝒓
𝟑

Sphere 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝟒 𝟑

𝝅𝒓
𝟑

Frustum 𝝅𝒍(𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 ) 𝝅𝒍(𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 ) + 𝝅(𝒓𝟏 𝟐 𝟏

𝝅𝒉(𝒓𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 )
+ 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝟑
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒍 = √𝒉𝟐 + (𝒓𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 )𝟐

XIV. STATISTICS:

75. Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median & Mode.

𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
76. Class mark = 2

77. Measures of central tendency for ungrouped data:

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
(a) Mean =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

(b) To find the median, we need to arrange the data values in ascending order and
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
* If n is odd, median is the ( ) observation.
2
𝑛 𝑛
* If n is even, median is the average of ( )𝑡ℎ and the ( + 1)𝑡ℎ observations.
2 2

(c) Mode is the value of the observation having the maximum frequency.

78. Measures of central tendency for ungrouped data:

𝜮𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊
̅=
(a) Mean by direct method, 𝒙
𝜮𝒇𝒊

𝜮𝒇𝒊 𝒅𝒊
̅ =𝒂+
(b) Mean by assumed mean method, 𝒙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎.
𝜮𝒇𝒊

𝜮𝒇𝒊 𝒖𝒊 𝑑
̅ =𝒂+
(c) Mean by step deviation method, , 𝒙 × 𝒉 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑖 = ℎ𝑖 .
𝜮𝒇𝒊
𝒏
( −𝒄.𝒇)
𝟐
(d) Median = 𝒍 + ×𝒉
𝒇

𝒇𝟏−𝒇𝟎
(e) Mode = 𝒍 + 𝟐𝒇 ×𝒉
𝟏 −𝒇𝟎 −𝒇𝟐

79. Empirical formula: 𝟑𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏 = 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒆 + 𝟐 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏

XV. PROBABILITY:

80.
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑬
𝑷(𝑬) =
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
 𝟎 ≤ 𝑷(𝑬) ≤ 𝟏

81. The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is 1.

82. The probability of an impossible event is 0.

83. An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event.

84. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
̅ ) = 𝟏, 𝐸 and 𝐸̅ are called complementary events.
85. For any event E, 𝑷(𝑬) + 𝑷(𝑬

86. Sample space for:

Tossing a coin: {H, T}

Tossing two coins: {HH, HT, TH, TT}

Tossing three coins: {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

87. Sample space for rolling a die: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Rolling two dice:

{(1, 1),(1, 2),(1, 3),(1, 4),(1, 5),(1, 6),

(2, 1),(2, 2),(2, 3),(2, 4),(2, 5),(2, 6),

(3, 1),(3, 2),(3, 3),(3, 4),(3, 5),(3, 6),

(4, 1),(4, 2),(4, 3),(4, 4),(4, 5),(4, 6),

(5, 1),(5, 2),(5, 3),(5, 4),(5, 5),(5, 6),

(6, 1),(6, 2),(6, 3),(6, 4),(6, 5),(6, 6)}

88.

Playing cards:

Spades Clavers/Clubs Diamonds Hearts

King King King King
Queen Queen Queen Queen
Jack Jack Jack Jack
10 10 10 10
9 9 9 9
8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
Ace Ace Ace Ace