Digital Filter Design
Frequency Sampling Design Method
[Link] Filter Design.
Fourier Transform Design Method
Bilinear Transformation Method
2. IIR Filter Design.
Pole Zero Placement Method
60 –Hz Hum Eliminator
3. Application ECG Pulse
IIR Filter Design
Definition: Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is described using :
IIR filter output depends also
on the past outputs
IIR filter
difference equation
IIR filter
transfer function
IIR Filter Design: Bilinear Transformation Method
Steps of the design
procedure
Bilinear Transformation Method Prototype
Transformation
Frequency Warping
For LPF and HPF:
From analog LPF
to desired analog
For BPF and BRF: filter
Obtained digital filter Transfer Function:
Bilinear Transformation Method
Bilinear Transformation Method
Example 1: Bilinear Transformation Method
Design a first-order high-pass digital Chebyshev filter with a cut-off frequency of 3
Problem:
kHz and 1 dB ripple on the pass-band using a sampling frequency of 8,000 Hz.
Solution:
Digital frequency (rad/s):
Pre-warped analog frequency :
First-order LP Chebyshev filter prototype:
Applying transformation LPF to HPF:
Dividing by 1.9625
Applying BLT:
Example 2: Bilinear Transformation Method
Design a second-order digital band-pass Butterworth filter with the following specifications:
Problem:
Solution:
Digital frequencies:
pre-warped analog frequency:
A first-order LPF prototype will produce second-order BPF prototype.
Example 2: Bilinear Transformation Method contd.
prototype transformation (LPF to BPF):
1st order LPF prototype:
Applying transformation
LPF to BPF:
Applying BLT:
Pole Zero Placement Method
Second-Order BPF Design
Poles are complex conjugate with magnitude r and the angle 𝜃
Zeros are placed at z=1 corresponding to DC (zero frequency), and
z= -1, corresponding to the folding frequency
Pole-zero
placement for a
second-order
narrow BPF.
scale to have unit pass-band BPF gain
Poles amplitude Determines Pole Zero Placement Method
the 3 dB bandwidth
Second-Order BSF (Notch) Design
The zeros are placed on the unit circle with
the same angles with respect to poles.
Poles angle
Determines the
center frequency
scale factor to adjust the BRF
so it has a unit pass-band gain
Example Sampling rate = 8,000 Hz
Design a second-order notch filter with 3 dB bandwidth: BW = 100 Hz
Narrow stop-band centered at f0 = 1,500 Hz
Pole Zero Placement Method
𝑓𝑠
First-Order LPF Design
Pole placed on When Cut-off frequency 𝑓𝑐 < 4 Pole placed on When Cut-off frequency 𝑓𝑐 > 𝑓𝑠 4
the real axis the real axis
The zero is placed
at (𝑧 = −1)
unit pass-band
Transfer function gain scale factor
Example
transfer function of first-order LPF is required to satisfy: unit gain scale factor:
transfer function:
𝑓𝑠
Since cut-off frequency = 100 Hz < = 2000𝐻𝑧, pole at:
4
Pole Zero Placement Method
𝑓𝑠
First-Order HPF Design
Pole placed on When Cut-off frequency 𝑓𝑐 < 4 Pole placed on When Cut-off frequency 𝑓𝑐 > 𝑓𝑠 4
the real axis the real axis
The zero is placed
at (𝑧 = +1)
unit pass-band
Transfer function gain scale factor
Example
transfer function of first-order HPF is required to satisfy: unit gain scale factor:
transfer function:
𝑓𝑠
Since cut-off frequency = 3800 Hz > = 2000𝐻𝑧, pole at
4
IIR Filter realization
Example: Realize the first-order digital high-pass Butterworth filter using
a direct-form I realization.
Solution:
Filter coefficients:
DSP equation:
Implementation:
Application1: 60 –Hz Hum Eliminator
Hum noise: created by poor power supply or electromagnetic interference and characterized
by a frequency of 60 Hz and its harmonics.
Eliminate the 60-Hz hum
frequency with its second
and third harmonics in most
practical applications.
We can do this by cascading 3
notch filters having frequencies of
60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 180 Hz,
respectively.
Application2: ECG Pulse
The ECG signal is produced by the electrical activity of the human heart, it is characterized by five peaks and
valleys P, Q, R, S, and T.
The properties of the QRS
complex, (rate of occurrence
and times, heights, and widths,
provide information to
cardiologists concerning various
pathological conditions of the
heart.
ECG + Hum ⟶ makes difficult
to analyze.
Heart Beat Detection Using ECG Pulse
• Initial corrupted ECG data (with 60-Hz
interference and its 120 and 180 Hz
harmonics, and muscle noise).
• The 60-Hz interference and its
harmonics of 120 and 180 Hz have been
removed
• Result after the band-pass filter
• Original ECG signal occupies the
frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 250 Hz
(used for diagnostic-quality ECG).
Example: EGC Signal pre-processing
Problem: Design the ECG signal pre-processing system for heart beat rate detection
Solution:
60-Hz eliminator design (notch frequency of 60Hz)
Example: EGC Signal pre-processing -contd
transfer functions and the difference equations
Frequency responses of three cascaded notch filters.
Example: EGC Signal pre-processing -contd
The second-stage design using the BLT