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Comprehensive Trigonometry Notes

Trigonometry focuses on the relationships between angles and sides of triangles, particularly right-angled triangles, and is applicable in various fields such as geometry, physics, and engineering. Key concepts include basic trigonometric ratios, identities, values for standard angles, and functions across different quadrants. Additionally, trigonometry has practical applications in solving height and distance problems using angles of elevation and depression.

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61 views3 pages

Comprehensive Trigonometry Notes

Trigonometry focuses on the relationships between angles and sides of triangles, particularly right-angled triangles, and is applicable in various fields such as geometry, physics, and engineering. Key concepts include basic trigonometric ratios, identities, values for standard angles, and functions across different quadrants. Additionally, trigonometry has practical applications in solving height and distance problems using angles of elevation and depression.

Uploaded by

Kajal pundir
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Trigonometry Notes

Trigonometry deals with the relationships between angles and sides of triangles, especially right-
angled triangles. It is widely used in geometry, physics, and engineering.

1. Basic Trigonometric Ratios

For a right-angled triangle with hypotenuse hhh, opposite side ppp, and adjacent side bbb:

sin⁡θ=OppositeHypotenuse=ph\sin \theta = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Hypotenuse}} = \frac{p}


{h}sinθ=HypotenuseOpposite=hp cos⁡θ=AdjacentHypotenuse=bh\cos \theta = \frac{\text{Adjacent}}{\
text{Hypotenuse}} = \frac{b}{h}cosθ=HypotenuseAdjacent=hb tan⁡θ=OppositeAdjacent=pb\tan \theta
= \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Adjacent}} = \frac{p}{b}tanθ=AdjacentOpposite=bp csc⁡θ=1sin⁡θ=hp\
csc \theta = \frac{1}{\sin \theta} = \frac{h}{p}cscθ=sinθ1=ph sec⁡θ=1cos⁡θ=hb\sec \theta = \frac{1}{\
cos \theta} = \frac{h}{b}secθ=cosθ1=bh cot⁡θ=1tan⁡θ=bp\cot \theta = \frac{1}{\tan \theta} = \frac{b}
{p}cotθ=tanθ1=pb

2. Trigonometric Identities

1. Pythagorean Identities

sin⁡2θ+cos⁡2θ=1\sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1sin2θ+cos2θ=1 1+tan⁡2θ=sec⁡2θ1 + \tan^2 \theta = \


sec^2 \theta1+tan2θ=sec2θ 1+cot⁡2θ=csc⁡2θ1 + \cot^2 \theta = \csc^2 \theta1+cot2θ=csc2θ

2. Reciprocal Identities

sin⁡θ=1csc⁡θ,cos⁡θ=1sec⁡θ,tan⁡θ=1cot⁡θ\sin \theta = \frac{1}{\csc \theta}, \quad \cos \theta = \frac{1}{\


sec \theta}, \quad \tan \theta = \frac{1}{\cot \theta}sinθ=cscθ1,cosθ=secθ1,tanθ=cotθ1

3. Quotient Identities

tan⁡θ=sin⁡θcos⁡θ\tan \theta = \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta}tanθ=cosθsinθ cot⁡θ=cos⁡θsin⁡θ\cot \theta


= \frac{\cos \theta}{\sin \theta}cotθ=sinθcosθ

3. Trigonometric Values for Standard Angles

0∘0^\ 90∘90^\
θ\thetaθ 30∘30^\circ30∘ 45∘45^\circ45∘ 60∘60^\circ60∘
circ0∘ circ90∘

sin⁡θ\sin \ 12\frac{1}{\ 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}


0 12\frac{1}{2}21 1
thetasinθ sqrt{2}}21 {2}23

cos⁡θ\cos \ 32\frac{\sqrt{3}} 12\frac{1}{\


1 12\frac{1}{2}21 0
thetacosθ {2}23 sqrt{2}}21

tan⁡θ\tan \ 13\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}3
0 1 3\sqrt{3}3 Undefined
thetatanθ 1

4. Trigonometric Functions in Different Quadrants


 Quadrant I (0° to 90°): All trigonometric functions are positive.

 Quadrant II (90° to 180°): sin and csc are positive, others are negative.

 Quadrant III (180° to 270°): tan and cot are positive, others are negative.

 Quadrant IV (270° to 360°): cos and sec are positive, others are negative.

Rule to Remember: ASTC (All Students Take Calculus)

 A (All) – All positive in 1st quadrant

 S (Sin) – sin, csc positive in 2nd quadrant

 T (Tan) – tan, cot positive in 3rd quadrant

 C (Cos) – cos, sec positive in 4th quadrant

5. Trigonometric Identities for Angle Transformations

1. Negative Angle Identities

sin⁡(−θ)=−sin⁡θ\sin(-\theta) = -\sin \thetasin(−θ)=−sinθ cos⁡(−θ)=cos⁡θ\cos(-\theta) = \cos \


thetacos(−θ)=cosθ tan⁡(−θ)=−tan⁡θ\tan(-\theta) = -\tan \thetatan(−θ)=−tanθ

2. Sum and Difference Formulas

Bsin(A±B)=sinAcosB±cosAsinB cos⁡(A±B)=cos⁡Acos⁡B∓sin⁡Asin⁡B\cos(A \pm B) = \cos A \cos B \mp \sin


sin⁡(A±B)=sin⁡Acos⁡B±cos⁡Asin⁡B\sin(A \pm B) = \sin A \cos B \pm \cos A \sin

A \sin Bcos(A±B)=cosAcosB∓sinAsinB tan⁡(A±B)=tan⁡A±tan⁡B1∓tan⁡Atan⁡B\tan(A \pm B) = \frac{\tan A \


pm \tan B}{1 \mp \tan A \tan B}tan(A±B)=1∓tanAtanBtanA±tanB

3. Double Angle Formulas

sin⁡2A=2sin⁡Acos⁡A\sin 2A = 2 \sin A \cos Asin2A=2sinAcosA cos⁡2A=cos⁡2A−sin⁡2A=2cos⁡2A−1=1−2sin⁡2A\


cos 2A = \cos^2 A - \sin^2 A = 2\cos^2 A - 1 = 1 - 2\sin^2 Acos2A=cos2A−sin2A=2cos2A−1=1−2sin2A
tan⁡2A=2tan⁡A1−tan⁡2A\tan 2A = \frac{2\tan A}{1 - \tan^2 A}tan2A=1−tan2A2tanA

4. Half Angle Formulas

sin⁡A2=±1−cos⁡A2\sin \frac{A}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos A}{2}}sin2A=±21−cosA cos⁡A2=±1+cos⁡A2\


cos \frac{A}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos A}{2}}cos2A=±21+cosA tan⁡A2=±1−cos⁡A1+cos⁡A\tan \frac{A}
{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos A}{1 + \cos A}}tan2A=±1+cosA1−cosA

6. Applications of Trigonometry

 Height and Distance Problems

o Angle of Elevation: The angle formed when looking up at an object.

o Angle of Depression: The angle formed when looking down at an object.


✅ Example Problem:
A person is standing 50 m away from a tower. The angle of elevation to the top of the tower is
30∘30^\circ30∘. Find the height of the tower.

Using tan⁡θ=OppositeAdjacent\tan \theta = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\


text{Adjacent}}tanθ=AdjacentOpposite:

tan⁡30∘=h50\tan 30^\circ = \frac{h}{50}tan30∘=50h 13=h50\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} = \frac{h}{50}31=50h


h=503=5033≈28.87 mh = \frac{50}{\sqrt{3}} = \frac{50\sqrt{3}}{3} \approx 28.87 \text{ m}h=350
=3503≈28.87 m

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