“SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN

OF TWO STORY RCC HOSPITAL BUILDING”.

Submitted by:

Nirdesh Mudbhari (20040397)

Birendra Bhatt (20040384)
Chakra Badr. Budha (20040385)
Prabesh Nepali (20040400)
Bhim Raj Bayak (20040382)
Suraj K.C(20040409)

Project supervisor: -

……………………
[Link] Sharma

Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering and Management
Nepalgunj Banke, Nepal

i
 ABSTRACT
This project will mainly focus on building concepts with earthquake-resistant design and will be
entitled “SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF HOSPITAL RCC
BUILDING”. We will perform manual calculations for the design of critical members. The
analysis, design, and detailing of other structural members will be done using ETABS, and the
data will be included here. The Equivalent Static Method will be used for all serviceability limit
state (SLS) calculations regardless of the building characteristics. For ultimate limit state (ULS),
the Equivalent Static Method will be used when at least one of the following criteria is satisfied:

This report will include all the works related to the analysis, design, drawing, and structural
detailing of an earthquake-resistant hospital building. We will mainly focus on the structural
analysis and design of the building structure. Material properties will be assumed as per common
practice, and soil bearing capacity will also be suitably assumed. The design of elements will be
done using the limit state design philosophy, which is economical, safe, and reliable. The
structural analysis design software to be used in this project will be ETABS.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we
are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our final year project work.
Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to
thank them.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our esteemed supervisor Er
Madhav Sharma Without her guidance and support we would not be able to present this report.
We would like to thank all the faculty members of COEM, for providing support during the
project period. We would like to thank all classmates and staff of COEM who helped us to carry
out this project successfully.

Finally, we want to express our heartily thanks to all those who directly or indirectly provided us
their cooperation in the completion of this project. Acknowledgement would be incomplete
without mentioning our family members and friends who have been constant source of
inspiration during the preparation of the project.

Nirdesh Mudbhari (20040397)

Birendra Bhatt (20040384)
Chakra Badr. Budha (20040385)
Prabesh Nepali (20040400)
Bhim Raj Bayak (20040382)
Suraj KC (20040409

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................iii

[Link].................................................................................................................................6

1.1 Background............................................................................................................................7

1.2 Problem Statement:.............................................................................................................8

1.3 Objective of the project:......................................................................................................9

1.4 Project Scope:.......................................................................................................................9

1.5 Building Description:...........................................................................................................9

[Link] Review.....................................................................................................................10

2.1 Nepal Building Code:........................................................................................................10

2.2 Indian Standard Code:......................................................................................................10

2.3 Textbooks on RCC Design and Earthquake Engineering:............................................12

2.4. Introduction to Earthquake:...........................................................................................13

[Link]..............................................................................................................................14

3.1 Description of Site with location map..............................................................................15

3.2 Preliminary Design............................................................................................................16

3.2.1 Slab...............................................................................................................................16

3.2.2 Beam.............................................................................................................................19

3.2.3 Column.........................................................................................................................21

3.3 Assessment of load.............................................................................................................28

3.3.1 Dead loads....................................................................................................................28

3.3.2 Live load.......................................................................................................................29

3.3.3 Lateral load...................................................................................................................29

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 3.4 Load Combination.............................................................................................................32

3.5 Load Pattern.......................................................................................................................33

3.6 Mass Source........................................................................................................................34

3.7 Stiffness Modifier...............................................................................................................34

4. Modeling and Analysis............................................................................................................34

[Link].........................................................................................................................................47

5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................47

5.1.1 Working stress method.................................................................................................47

5.2.2 Limit State method.......................................................................................................47

5.2 Design of Reinforcement...................................................................................................49

5.2.1. Design of Beam...........................................................................................................49

5.2.2 Design of column..........................................................................................................51

5.2.4 Design of slab...............................................................................................................53

5.2.5 Design of staircase........................................................................................................55

5.3 Ductile detailing of Reinforced concrete structure.........................................................56

5.3.1 Codal References..........................................................................................................57

5.3.2 Detailing of the structure..............................................................................................57

[Link] Column......................................................................................................................59

5.4 Design of Member..............................................................................................................60

5.4.1 Slab...............................................................................................................................60

5.4.2 Beam.............................................................................................................................68

5.4.3 Column.........................................................................................................................79

5.4.4 Footing..........................................................................................................................82

5.4.5 Staircase........................................................................................................................89

6.3 Story Drift...........................................................................................................................97

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 6.4 Determination of Modal Participation Mass Ratios.....................................................102

6.5 Eccentricity.......................................................................................................................103

6.6 Beam column capacity ratio...........................................................................................103

6.7 Torsion Check..................................................................................................................104

7. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................106

Table 1:Building Description..........................................................................................................9

Table 2: Dead loads IS 875(Part 1)................................................................................................28
Table 3: Live Loads (IS 875 Part-2)..............................................................................................29
Table 4: Base shear calculation.....................................................................................................32
Table 5: Load Pattern.....................................................................................................................33
Table 6: Seismic Live load............................................................................................................34
Table 7: Stiffness Modifier............................................................................................................34
Table 8Joint Design Reactions......................................................................................................83
Table 9:Story Drifts of EQY ULS.................................................................................................98
Table 10:Story Drifts of EQY SLS................................................................................................99
Table 11:Story Drifts of EQX SLS..............................................................................................100
Table 12:Story Drifts of EQX USL.............................................................................................101
Table 13:Modal Participating Mass Ratios..................................................................................102
Table 14:Centers Of Mass And Rigidity.....................................................................................103
Table 15:Story Max Over Min Displacements of EQX SLS......................................................105
Table 16:Story Max Over Min Displacements of EQX ULS......................................................105
Table 17:Story Max Over Min Displacements of EQY SLS......................................................105
Table 18:Story Max Over Min Displacements of EQY ULS......................................................105

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Figure 1: Location of the project...................................................................................................15
Figure 2:Transfer of loads from slab to different types of supporting members...........................17
Figure 3:Transfer loads from beams to column(CivilProject, 2010).............................................21
Figure 4:Load transfer mechanism from column to footing..........................................................23
Figure 5:Different columns............................................................................................................23
Figure 6:Spectral shape factor, Ch(T) for equivalent static method..............................................31
Figure 7:3D Model of Building.....................................................................................................36
Figure 8:Plan of Building..............................................................................................................37
Figure 9: Imposed load in first floor..............................................................................................38
Figure 10: Imposed load<3KN/m2................................................................................................39
Figure 11:Imposed load on roof....................................................................................................40
Figure 12:Parapet load on frame (10-10 elevation).......................................................................41
Figure 13:9" Wall load on frame(A-A elevation)..........................................................................42
Figure 14: 9" wall load on frame(E-E elevation)...........................................................................42
Figure 15:9"Wall load on frame(1-1elevation)..............................................................................43
Figure 16:4" Wall load on Frame (C-C elevation)........................................................................43
Figure 17:Wall load on frame(D-D elevation)..............................................................................44
Figure 18:Wall load on frame(2-2 elevation)................................................................................44
Figure 19:Bending momemt diagram (1.2DL+1.5LL) Load combination....................................45
Figure 20:Shear force diagram (1.2DL+1.5LL) Load combination..............................................45
Figure 21:Axial force diagram(1.2DL+1.5LL) Load combination..............................................46
Figure 22:Design of First floor slab...............................................................................................62
Figure 23:Flowchart of beam design.............................................................................................69
Figure 24:Design of First Floor Beam...........................................................................................70
Figure 25:Beam 22CD...................................................................................................................71
Figure 26:Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagram for (1.2DL+1.5LL) Combination...........71
Figure 27;Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagram for(DL+yLL-EQY USL) Combination..72
Figure 28:Design of First floor column.........................................................................................79
Figure 29:Design of Footing..........................................................................................................82
Figure 30:Storey shear...................................................................................................................97
Figure 31:Storey drift in Y- direction of ULS...............................................................................98

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Figure 32:storey drift in Y- direction of SLS................................................................................99
Figure 33:storey drift in X- direction of SLS..............................................................................100
Figure 34:storey drift in X- direction of ULS..............................................................................101
Figure 35:Torsion check..............................................................................................................104

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List of Symbols and Abbreviations
Symbol and Description
f Diameter of bar
Τ
c Shear Stress
Γ
m Partial Safety Factor
A
b Area of Each Bar
A
g Gross Area of Concrete
A
h Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
A
s
c Area of Steel in Compression
A
s
t Area of Steel
B
Width
d Effective Depth
d
′ Effective Cover
D
Overall Depth
E
Young’s Modulus of Rigidity
E
s Modulus of Elasticity of Steel
F
c
k Characteristics Strength of Concrete
h Height of building
Importance Factor (For Base Shear
I Calculation)
I Moment of Inertia
I
p Polar Moment of Stiffness
k Lateral Stiffness
L
d Development Length

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Abbreviations

D.L= Dead Load L. L= Live Load

E. Q= Earthquake Load ULS= Ultimate Limit State
IS= Indian Standard SLS= Serviceability Limit State
NBC= Nepal Building Code

[Link]
An Introductory chapter in this paper will describe brief information of the Project in terms of
the background of this study, Problem statement, objectives and project scope.

1.1 Background
A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place,
such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and have
been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available,
to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. At
the primitive age people use to live under dense trees or cave as shelter. Human have made
prominent development in this fundamental need at this time. Today human is in seek of shelter
that not only provides protection but also is safe comfortable and aesthetically beautiful.

With the increase in population, advance technologies, changing lifestyle and prominent scarcity
of land, the demand of multistory buildings with larger span and sizes is soaring day by day.
Nowadays due to different incident of earthquake and increasing knowledge of house owner, the
trend of building which is seismically safe is preferred

The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the
forces which arise due to Design Basis Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces,
which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake with some accepted structural damages

7
but no collapse. The project report possesses modeling output (ETABS 2020), analysis results,
load calculations, structural drawings and sample calculations of various structural elements and
their detailing.

This introduction serves as a gateway into understanding the multifaceted dimensions of seismic-
resilient hospital design in Nepal. It navigates through the intricate interplay of geological,
structural, and societal factors that shape the seismic vulnerability and resilience of hospital
infrastructure in the Nepalese context. Moreover, it sets the stage for delving into the
foundational principles, methodologies, and considerations underpinning the seismic analysis
and structural design processes tailored specifically for multistory hospitals in this seismic-prone
region.

Through a comprehensive exploration of this topic, encompassing seismic hazard assessment,

structural system selection, community engagement, and post-earthquake recovery planning, this
study endeavors to shed light on the intricate nexus between seismic resilience and healthcare
infrastructure in Nepal. By elucidating the challenges, innovations, and best practices in seismic
analysis and structural design, it aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on bolstering the
earthquake resilience of critical infrastructure, thereby fostering a safer and more resilient future
for the people of Nepal.

1.2 Problem Statement:

The various problems are summarized below

Seismic Vulnerability: Multistory hospitals in Nepal face significant seismic risk due to the
country's location in a tectonically active region prone to earthquakes.

 Structural Integrity: The structural design of these hospitals must withstand seismic
forces to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and critical medical equipment.
 Community Impact: Hospital resilience is vital for community well-being, as these
facilities serve as essential lifelines during and after earthquakes.
 Design Challenges: Designing multistory hospitals to meet seismic standards while
considering factors like local building materials, construction practices, and site conditions

8
 poses unique challenges. The project is not concerned with the existing soil condition of the
locality however, an approximate assumption of 100KN/m2 safe bearing capacity is
considered.
 Recovery Planning: Effective post-earthquake recovery planning is crucial to ensure rapid
restoration of medical services and minimize disruptions to patient care.
 Resource Constraints: Limited resources, technical expertise, and regulatory enforcement
further complicate the implementation of seismic-resilient design measures.

Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that integrates seismic hazard
assessment, innovative structural design, community engagement, and comprehensive post-
earthquake recovery planning to enhance the earthquake resilience of multistory hospitals in
Nepal.

1.3 Objective of the project:

 To model the building using software ETABS 2020.
 To analyze the hospital for seismic design.
 To design the section of structural elements.
 To draw reinforcement detailing of structural elements using AutoCAD.

1.4 Project Scope:

To achieve above objectives, the following scope or work is planned.
 Identification of the hospital and the requirement of the space.
 Determination of the structural system of the hospital to undertake the vertical and
horizontal loads.
 Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake
 Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake load.
 The structural analysis of the hospital by ETABS 2020 for different cases of loads.

1.5 Building Description:

Item Description
Building Type Multistorey Building
Structural system RCC frame
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 Location Nepalgunj, Banke
Plinth area 4718.28 sq ft
No of storey 2.5
Building Height 36ft 3 inch
Type of sub soil Ordinary soil
Seismic Zone V
Concrete material M25
Rebar material Fe 500
Depth of slab 150mm
Beam size 300mm*450mm
Column Size 450mm*450mm
Storey Height 12ft 1inch
Parapet wall thickness 4 inch

Table 1:Building Description

[Link] Review
Every engineering design is the outcome of the past experiences and observations. It is necessary
to justify the result of the analysis and design properly with reference to the preexisting standard
results or the past experiences. Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability,
strength and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to
produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its service life.

10
Safe design of structures can be achieved by applying the proper knowledge of structural
mechanics and past experiences. It is needed to provide authentic reference to the design made
i.e. the design should follow the provision made in codes of practices. Use of codes also keeps
the designer to the safe side in case the structure fails within its service life. For this design,
certain references and criteria are taken from the literatures described below: -

2.1 Nepal Building Code:

It was prepared during 1993 as part of a bigger project to mitigates the effect of earthquakes on
the building of Nepal. It deals primarily with matters relating to the strength of buildings. This
code aims to bring uniformity to the building construction by providing some byelaws and
mandatory rules. But its development is relatively recent and it still lacks many documents
required to support it. To compensate for this unavailability, the code frequently refers to Indian
Standard codes. As the National Building Code defines the use of international codes which
meets the requirements stated in NBC, different Indian Standard codes are used for the design
and analysis purpose. Now we are using NBC 105:2020 revised code for the building design and
analysis.

2.2 Indian Standard Code:

For the analysis and design of the building references have been made to Indian Standard code
since National Building Codes of Nepal do not provide sufficient information and refers
frequently to the Indian standard codes. Indian Standard codes used in the analysis and design of
this building are described below:

1. IS: 875- 1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and
Structures:

A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these functions are the utility
of the building for the intended use and occupancy, structural safety, and compliance with
hygienic, sanitation, ventilation and daylight standards. The design of the building is dependent

11
upon the minimum requirements prescribed for each of the above functions. The minimum
requirements to the structural safety of the building are being covered in this code by way of
laying down minimum designed load which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed load,
snow load and other external loads, the structure is required to bear. Strict conformity to loading
standard recommended in this code claims to ensure the safety of the buildings and thereby
reduced the hazards to life and property caused by unsafe structures as well as eliminates the
wastage caused by the assumption of unnecessary heavy loading.

2. IS 1893: 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (General Provision and
Building):

This code deals with the assessment of seismic loads on various structures and earthquake
resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions are applicable to buildings; elevated structures;
industrial and stack like structures; bridges; concrete masonry and earth dams; embankment and
retaining structures and other structures. Temporary supporting structures like scaffoldings etc.
need not be considered for the seismic loads. It is concerned with the methods of determining
seismic loads and the effects of various irregularities in a building can have upon its seismic
response. This standard does not deal with the construction features relating to earthquake
resistant design in building and other structure.

3. IS 13920: 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic

force- Code of Practice:

This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of monolithic reinforced
concrete buildings so as to give them adequate toughness and ductility to resist severs earthquake
shock without collapse. The provision for the reinforced concrete construction given in the code
is specifically to the monolithic reinforced concrete construction. For precast and pre stressed
concrete members, its use is limited only if they can provide the same level of ductility as that of
monolithic reinforced concrete construction during or after earthquake. The code includes the
detailing rules for flexural members, column and frame member subjected to bending and axial
loads and shear walls.

12
4. IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice

This Indian Standard code of practice deals with the general structural use of plain and
reinforced concrete based on Limit State Design Method. According to the code, plain concrete
structures referred to those structures where reinforcement if provided is ignored for
determination of the strength of the structure. This code does not cover special requirements for
the structures like bridges, chimneys, hydraulic structures, earthquake resistance buildings etc.
but allows the use of separate code for those structures in conjunction with this code.

2.3 Textbooks on RCC Design and Earthquake Engineering:

Most books related to design of reinforced concrete structure and earthquake engineering of the
Indian Standard Codes of Practice and provides sufficient theoretical background with
illustrative examples. So, for the analysis and design, reference from such textbooks is very
helpful. Also Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures by [Link] is helpful for analysis
and design. Books related to foundation engineering will also be valuable in the design of
building foundation. (Subramanian N., 2013). Besides these, other books related to structural
mechanics (Statics and Dynamics) will also be helpful for performing and verifying the analysis
output from computer software. Apart from these references there may require data related to
the past earthquake, the earthquake zoning map and soil condition of the site data may be
obtained from the government authorities and other concerning organizations. The reports on the
same project prepared by the students of previous batches were also an important reference to the
project.

2.4. Introduction to Earthquake:

Earthquake any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through
Earth’s rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth’s crust is
suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture

13
and “slip.” Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses
move in relation to one another.

Earthquakes are among the many natural calamities that have caused devastation to properties
and claimed thousands of lives over the years. In fact, according to statistics, 50 to 80
earthquakes occur every single day and about 2000 each year. When an earthquake occurs, it’s
difficult to tell the amount of destruction it would cause in its wake. Apart from devastating
properties and buildings, earthquakes can trigger tsunami that can uproot populations or lead to
loss of lives. Earthquakes kill many people because they have no warning signs and find people
unprepared.

The earth’s crust is composed of solid core, mantle (consists of molten magma) and tectonic
plates. Tectonic plates are constantly moving due to convection currents triggered by molten lava
inside the earth crust. This constant movement leads to either the plates sliding against each other
or drifting away from each other. These interactions and drifting apart of tectonic plates
underneath the earth are perceived by living organisms, humans included.

The constant movements have even led to the formation of mountains and valleys. When these
plates move against each other, there is a point where they interact. In geological terminology,
this meeting point is known as fault line. This fault line is sometimes known as fracture in the
earth’s crust. At the, moment the plates begin to move, the potential energy, commonly known as
stored energy, is released from the meeting point, known as hypocenter. With the movement of
these tectonic plates, energy is formed and can be released once these plates meet in the so-called
fault line. The intensity of this released energy will also determine that of the earthquake. One
can feel the earth’s shaking once energy is released from earth’s crust. For earthquakes to occur,
energy is released from a focal point. This point is called the epicenter and usually found at
shallow depths from the earth’s surface. From the epicenter, seismic waves are produced and
sent out to all directions.

14
[Link]
Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya – the highest, youngest and seismically very active
mountain range. Hence building construction in Nepal should consider the seismic loading. In
Nepal, design of buildings is mainly based upon the guidelines provided by the Nepal National
Building Codes: 000- 1994. But in most of the cases NBC refers to the Indian Standard Building
Codes and other foreign building codes and permit the use of such codes. The design based on
the foreign codes must fulfill the requirement that the finished structure must meet or exceed
both qualitatively and quantitatively the requirements of NBC:000- 1994. Hence for this project,
analysis and design of the given building is aimed to be done using Indian Standard Codes of
Practice and design aids (Special Publications of Bureau of Indian Standard) which follows the
limit state design method. Methodology is described as:

Collecting Architectural
Drawing

Preliminary Design of
Architectural element

Manual Calculation of Loads

Modeling of Structure in
Software

Assign the Actual load and

Analysis of Structure

Make Detailing According to

Design Values

End of Project

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3.1 Description of Site with location map
Soil Type: - The building site consists of Type II soil.
Topography: - The topography of the site is plain land and is located in Nepalgunj sub-
metropolitan.

Land use: - The land in site is a grazing land not cultivated in the last 5 years as suggested by the
landowner. So the site is a grazing area which are vegetated meadows or grass which are
basically non-woody species.

Geology: -The site is located on Terrain Zone. The plain is in less than 100 meters above sea
level.

Temperature: -The maximum temperature of the proposed site raised up to 45°C and the
minimum temperature could reach up to 8°C.

Rainfall: -The average rainfall of proposed site during summer is 404mm and during winter is
found to be 13.8mm (Department of Hydrology & Meteorology, 2018)

The proposed site of construction of building is located at Nepalgunj-13 Banke, Nepal. The area
is moderately built up area.

16
 Figure 1: Location of the project

3.2 Preliminary Design

Preliminary design was carried out in order to estimate approximate size of the structural
members before the analysis of structure. For the analysis, dead load is also necessary which
depends upon the size of member itself. So it was necessary to pre-assume logical size of
member which will neither overestimate the load nor under estimate the stiffness of the building.
So, tentative sizes of the structural elements were determined through the preliminary design so
that the pre-assumed dimensions may not deviate considerably after analysis thus making the
final design both safe and economical. Preliminary design of flexural members (slab and beams)
were worked out first and then compression members(column) because loads are transmitted
from slab to beam and then to the columns.

Tentative sizes of various elements have been determined as follows:

3.2.1 Slab
Preliminary design of slab was done as per the deflection criteria as directed by code Clause
23.2.1 of [IS 456:2000] and the behavior of floor slab as rigid diaphragm in earthquake resistant
design based on IS 1893:2016. 15 mm cover was provided and the grade of the concrete used in
design is [Link] preliminary design of the slab was done as follows:

From architectural drawing, find the slab with largest span (lx*ly),

Where,
lx= The smallest of the two dimensions of the slab
ly= The largest of the two dimensions of the slab

Check whether the slab is one way or two ways as,

ly/lx˂2 (Two-way slab)

ly/lx≥2 (One-way slab)

Calculate the effective depth as,

17
 From Deflection Control criteria span(l)/(effective depth(d) )≤αβγδλ

From IS 456:2000 Cl.23.2.1,

α=26(For Fe500)

β= span factor =1 for largest span less than 10m.

γ=1

δ=1 no compression reinforcement in the slab

λ=1 for slab being rectangular section without flange

Hence,

deff=(span(l_x))/αβγδλ

Take the overall depth (D) == deff+Ф/2+clear cover

(Ф can be either 10mm or 8mm not more or less)

Clear cover = 15mm

Critical span was selected which is the maximum shorter span among the entire slab element.
The amount of reinforcement will be varied slab to slab.

Figure 2:Transfer of loads from slab to different types of supporting members

18
Preliminary design of slab [THICKNESS]

 Based on deflection IS 456:2000

 SLAB ID BC-34
 Consider largest span slab
 LX=10’9” =4673.6mm
 Ly=13’6” =5689.6mm
 Ly/Lx=1.255<2[two-way slab]
 Take short span length 3277mm
 Concrete Grade=M25
 Grade of Steel=FE500
 Assuming % of tension steel=0.4%

According to clause 23.2 of IS 456, deflection control creteria:

(l/d) <αβγδ

Where

α=7 for cantilever

=20 for simply supported

=26 for continuous

19
α is the basic value of vertical deflection limit

β is the modification factor for tension reinforcement

λ is the reduction factor for ratio of span to effective depth for flange section

γ is the modification factor for compression reinforcement

So d= (3277)/ (26×1.4×1×1) =90.11mm<150mm ok

Provide slab thickness d=100mm

Diameter of rebar 8mm(consider)

Total thickness D=Clear Cover +0.5×dia+d=15+5+100=120mm, take 130mm<150mm ok

3.2.2 Beam
Preliminary design of beam was performed after the design of slab. It was done as per deflection
criteria as directed by code Clause 23.2.1 of [IS 456: 2000] and ductility criteria of ACI code. 25
mm cover was provided and the grade of concrete used in design is M20. Below mentioned
Figure 3 shows the Transfer loads from beams to column.

The preliminary design of the beam was done as following methods:

A) Deflection Control Criteria

b) Moment Criteria

a) Deflection Control Criteria: From architectural drawing, find the largest span of the beam in
the building (l).

From Deflection Control criteria,

span(l)/effectivedepth(d) ≤αβγδλ (IS456:2000 Cl.23.2.1)

where,

From IS456:2000 Cl.23.2.1,

α=26 (For continuous beam)

20
 β= span factor =1 for largest span less than 10m

γ= 1.4

δ= 1

λ= 1 for slab being rectangular section without flange

deff =(span(l_x))/αβγδλ

A minimum clear cover of 25mm was taken for main bar of diameter of 12mm, then we get the
overall depth of beam as:

Overall depth of beam (D) = Effective depth+0.5*Diameter of main bar +Clear cover

b) Determination of depth of beam by moment criteria:

Load calculations:

Dead load of slab= 25*slab thickness*Area of influence

Dead Load of Beam= 25*width*Depth*Length

Live load (LL) = KN/m2

Total Load = Sum of above loads

Factored Load= 1.5xTotal Load

Max. Moment (Mu) =(wl*l)/12(Both end fixed with UDL)

Moment of Resistant (Mu) = 0.138fck *b*d2 for Fe415

Overall Depth of Slab (D) = Effective Depth + 0.5* Diameter of main bar+ Clear Cover
(=25mm).

According to the Ductility code, Spacing of Stirrups in beam should not exceed d/4 or 8 times
the diameter of minimum size of bar adopted and should not be less than 100 mm. It is logical to
use d/4 as spacing as per the construction practice in Nepal.

21
 Figure 3:Transfer loads from beams to column(Civil Project, 2010

Preliminary design of primary beam [width (b) and thickness (d)]

 [Link] grid
 Beam ID C3-C4
 Span=13’6” =4115mm
 Effective depth(d)= maximum span/12 to maximum spam/15
 d=4115/15=274.33mm=300mm
 D=25+20/2+300=350mm

B= (2/3) ×D= (2/3) ×3850=250mm

 B×D= (250×350) mm

3.2.3 Column
It was performed after the preliminary design of the flexural member because the loads are
transmitted to footing through the column, in which the load of beams and slab also counts. It
was done from the assessment of approximate factored gravity loads and live loads coming up to

22
the critical section. The cover provided is 25 mm and the grade of the concrete used in the
column design is [Link] transfer mechanism from column to footing.

The size was increased by 25% in design to compensate the possible eccentric loading and
earthquake loads. Live load was decreased according to the IS 975:1978 to figure out the load
acting in it. To provide the internal aesthetics from architecture point of view Squarer Column
was adopted but the size and shape would vary as per the requirement for the analysis, design
and aesthetic value.

Load calculations:

Dead load of slab= 25*slab thickness*width

Dead Load of Beam= 25 *Width*Depth

Live load (LL) = KN/m2

Dead load of column =25*0.30*0.30(size of column assumed) *Height of column

Total Load= Sum of all above load

Factored Load=1.5*Total Load

Total Factored load to be borne by designed column=Factored Load*No. of storey

Hence, for axially loaded short column (From Code IS456:2000 CL39.3)

Pu=0.4fck*Ac+0.67*fy*Ast

Solve for Ag

Consider squire column and the size will be,

For square column, D=(Ag)0.5

23
 Figure 4:Load transfer mechanism from column to footing

Preliminary design of column [BXD]

[Link] or intermediate column

[Link] or edge column
[Link] column

Figure 5:Different columns

24
[Link] or intermediate column(BB-66)
 Slab area =116.71ft2=10.84m2
 Load intensity on slab
 Self-weight=25×0.13=3.25KN/m2
 Imposed live load =5KN/m2
 Floor finish load=1KN/m2
 Total slab load intensity=3.25+5+1=9.25KN/m2
 Load of slab =9.25×10.84=100.27KN

Load of column
Assuming size of column=300mm×300mm
Design load of column=25×0.3×0.3×3.68=8.29KN

Load of walls (4”) on column (assuming 80% opening)

=10.16× (3.28/2+3.12/2+3.05/2+4.11/2)
=68.88KN

Load of beam on column

=25×0.25× (0.350-0.13) × (3.28/2+3.22/2+3.05/2+4.11/2)
=9.32KN
(0.35-0.13) =beam depth-slab depth

Total load on column

=4× (100.27+8.29+68.88+9.32)
=747.04KN (Factor load,Pu=1.5×747.04=1120.56KN)

Taking 2.5% steel, Ac= 0.025Ag, where, Ag is gross area

 M25 concrete and Fe 500 steel
 Pu = 0.4FckAc+0.67FyAs
 1000x602.22= 0.4x25x (1-0.025) Ag+0.67x500x0.025Ag
 Ag = 33.225x1000mm2
 Taking square column
 Size of column (B, D) = 182.28mm = 300mm

25
2. Face column(AA-66)
 Slab area 143.46 = 13.43m2
 Load intensity on slab
 Self-weight = 25x0.13 = 3.25 KN/m2
 Imposed live load = 5 KN/m2
 Floor finish load = 1 KN/m2
 total slab load intensity = 3.375+5+1 =9.25 KN/m2
 Load of slab = 9.25 x 13.25 = 124.23 KN

Load of column
Assuming size of column = 300mmx300mm
Dead load of column = 25x0.3x0.3x3.683
= 8.29KN

Load of walls (9”) on column (assuming 20% opening)

= 16.26(3.28/2+4.11/2+3.25/2)
=86.50 KN

Load of beam on column

= 25x0.25x (0.35-0.135) x (3.28/2+4.11/2+3.25/2)
= 7.31KN
= (0.35-0.13) = beam depth-slab depth
Total load on column
=4x (124.23+86.50+8.29+7.31)
=905.32KN
=Factored load Pu = 1.5x905.32
= 1357.98KN

26
  Taking 2.5% steel, Ac= 0.025Ag, where, Ag is gross area
 M25 concrete and Fe 500 steel
 Pu = 0.4FckAc+0.67FyAs1000x1357.98 = 0.4x25x (1-0.025) Ag+0.67x500x0.025Ag
 Ag = 74.923x1000mm2
 Taking square column
 Size of column (B, D) = 273.72mm = 300mm

[Link] Column(AA-11)
 Slab area 33.75 ft2 = 3.13 m2
 Load intensity on slab
 Self-weight = 25x0.13 = 3.25 KN/m2
 Imposed live load = 5 KN/m2
 Floor finish load = 1 KN/m2
 total slab load intensity = 3.375+5+1 =9.25 KN/m2
 Load of slab = 9.25 x3.13 = 28.95 KN

Load of column
Assuming size of column = 300mmx300mm
Dead load of column = 25x0.3x0.3x3.683
= 8.29KN
Load of walls (9”) on column (assuming 20% opening)
= 16.26(4.11/2+3.05/2)

=58.21KN

Load of beam on column

= 25x0.25x (0.35-0.13) x (4.11/2+3.05/2)

= 4.92N

= (0.35-0.13) = beam depth-slab depth

27
Total load on column
=4x (28.95+58.21+8.29+4.92)

=401.48KN

=Factored load Pu = 1.5x401.48

= 602.22kN

 Taking 2.5% steel, Ac= 0.025Ag, where, Ag is gross area

 M25 concrete and Fe 500 steel
 Pu = 0.4FckAc+0.67FyAs
 1000x602.22= 0.4x25x (1-0.025) Ag+0.67x500x0.025Ag
 Ag = 33.225x1000mm2
 Taking square column
 Size of column (B, D) = 182.28mm = 300mm

1. Centre or intermediate column [300x300]

2. Corner or edge column [ 300x300]
3. Face column [300x300]

Hence, we adopt column size 300x300 mm

Preliminary size of staircase

 Dog legged staircase (2 flight and 1 landing)
 Floor height = 12’1” = 3.2004m
 Let riser = 6” = 152.4mm
 No. of riser in one flight = (3.2004x1000)/ (3x152.4) = 7
 No. of tread = 7-1 = 6
 Tread width = 10 ‘5”

28
Preliminary size of Ramp

 Floor height =12’1” =3.683m

 Width of Ramp=6’1” =1.854m
 Height of each flight=1.8415m
 Length of Ramp=59’=17.983m
 Gradient of Ramp= (1.8415/17.983) =1:9.8>1:12 (as per NBC)

3.3 Assessment of load

3.3.1 Dead loads
Dead loads, also known as permanent or static loads, are those that remain relatively constant
over time and comprise, for example, the weight of a building’s structural elements, such as
beams, walls, roof and structural flooring components.

The correct assessment and calculation of dead load is the most imp first step. this can be done
and railings, overhead water storage tank place on the roof position, panel wall, cladding walls
etc.

The correct size of structural member i.e. slab beam and columns cannot be ascertained before
the structural analysis and design are finalized. Thus some sizes need to be assigned by
experience and architectural to begin with checked and modified during preliminary design and
finalized during analysis checking

Loads Unit weight

Reinforce concrete 25kN/m3

Bricks 19.6kN/m3

12mm plaster 20.4kN/m3

Table 2: Dead loads IS 875(Part 1)

29
Wall load

1. Main wall (9”) load= 20.33KN/m main wall load for 20% opening = 16.26KN/m
2. Interior wall (4”) load =10.16Kn/m, main wall load for 20% opening = 8.13Kn/m
3. Parapet wall (4” thick, 1.5 m height) load = 4.14Kn/m
4. Floor finish load = 1 kN/m

3.3.2 Live load

The live loads used for the structural design of floors, roof and the supporting members shall be
the Vertical loads on parapets and railings and higher load intensities on entrance halls, stairs
must be dully considered. It will be useful to mark the design load classes for intensities on small
plans of building to begin with. (IS 875 (Part-2)).

Particulars Load(KN/m2)
Wards 2
Laborators 3
Toilet and Bathroom 2
X-ray rooms, operation rooms 3
OPD rooms 2.5
corridors 4
Balconies >=4
Storages 4

Table 3: Live Loads (IS 875 Part-2)

3.3.3 Lateral load

Lateral load acting in the building is earthquake load and wind load. But in context of this
building project, wind load is not severing. Hence only seismic load is carried out. Lateral Load
consists of Earthquake loads and wind loads but we only discuss about earthquake loads. For the
determination of the base shear and horizontal forced for static method the IS 1893 (Part I) 2016
was followed.

30
3.3.3.1Earthquake load

This load on a structure is a function of the site-dependent probable maximum earthquake

intensity or strong ground motion on the local soil, the stiffness, damping, the strength and
energy dissipation characteristics of the building, and orientation in relation to the incident
seismic waves. For design purpose, the resultant effects are usually represented by the horizontal
and vertical seismic coefficient αx and αy. Alternative, a dynamic analysis of the building is
required under the action of the specified ground motion or design response spectra. Since the
probable maximum earthquake occurrences are not to frequent, designing buildings for such
earthquake so as to ensure that they remain elastic and damage-free is not considered
economically prudent. Instead, reliance is placed on kinetic energy dissipation in the structure
through plastic deformation of elements and joints. The design forces are reduced accordingly.
Thus, the philosophy of a seismic design is to obtain a no- collapse structure rather than a no-
damage structure. This is a sound economic proportion for not only the poor and developing
countries, but even for the developed only as well. To achieve a greater degree of protection, the
critical and important buildings are designed for higher seismic factors by using an importance
factor, I also the effect of local soil and type of foundation is considered by another factor, β.
Since buildings with different structural system have down varied behavior during past
earthquake, a performance factor, k.\

[Link] Estimation of Earthquake loads

According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2016

T =0.075 H0.75 (For RC Frame Building) without infill consideration

Where,

H= height of the building

T=Time per Seconds

And, As per NBC 105:2020

C (T) =Ch(T) Z I

31
Where,

Ch(T) = Spectral Shape factor as per 4.1.2

Z = Seismic Zoning factor as per 4.1.4

I = Importance factor as per 4.1.5

Figure 6:Spectral shape factor, Ch(T) for equivalent static method

The design of base shear Vᴃ computed shall be distributed along the height of the building as per
k
W i hi
Qi=V B n
the following expression:
∑ W j hkj
j=1

Where,

Qᵢ = Design lateral force at floor i

Wᵢ = Seismic Weight of floor i,

hᵢ = Height of floor i from base

n = number of storey

k= an exponent related to the structural period

32
 S.N Floor Seismic Height WihiK Qi(KN)
weight from
base
1 1 3400.77 3.68 46129.71 117.0
9
2 2 3400.77 7.36 184518.8 468.3
3 5
Total 230648.5 585.4
4 4
Table 4: Base shear calculation

3.4 Load Combination

For parallel system (from clause 3.6.1 of NBC)

Where seismic load effect is combined with other load effect, the following load combination
shall be adopted.

1.2DL + 1.5LL

DL + λLL + E....................................................................................(3.6.1)

Where, λ = 0.6 for storage facilities

= 0.3 for other usage

Load combinations are as follows;

1. 1.2 DL+1.5 LL 2. DL+LL+EQX (SLS) 3. DL+LL+EQY (SLS)

4. DL+LL+EQX (ULS) 5. DL+LL+EQY (ULS) 6. DL+LL-EQX (SLS)

7. DL+LL-EQY (SLS) 8. DL+LL-EQX (ULS) 9. DL+LL-EQY (ULS)

Where,

DL: Dead Load

33
 LL: Live Load

EQ (+X): Earthquake load in X-direction in positive direction.

EQ (-X): Earthquake load in X-direction in negative direction.

EQ (+Y): Earthquake load in Y direction in positive direction.

EQ (-Y): Earthquake load in Y direction in negative direction.

SLS = serviceability earthquake load

ULS = ultimate earthquake load

3.5 Load Pattern

A spatial distribution of loads upon the structure is called a load pattern. An unlimited number of
load patterns can be defined in ETABS. The load values assigned to an object specify the type of
load (e.g., force, displacement, temperature, and so forth), its magnitude, and its direction (if
applicable).

Load Type Unit Auto Lateral

Load
Dead Dead KN/m2
Live<3 Live KN/m2
Staircase Live KN/m2
Live
Staircase Dead KN/m2
Dead
Floor Finish Dead KN/m2
Roof Live Live KN/m2
EQx (ULS) Seismic NBC
105:2020
EQy (ULS) Seismic NBC
105:2020
EQx (SLS) Seismic NBC
105:2020
EQy (SLS) Seismic NBC
105:2020
Interior Wall Dead KN/m

34
 Exterior Wall Dead KN/m
Table 5: Load Pattern

3.6 Mass Source

The seismic weight at each level Wi, shall be taken as the sum of the dead loads and factored
seismic live loads between the mid –height of adjacent stories.

The seismic live load shall be determined as given in Table 5-1

Live load category Factor (λ)

Storage 0.6
For other purpose 0.3

Roof Nil

Table 6: Seismic Live load

3.7 Stiffness Modifier

Component Flexural Shear Stiffness
Stiffness

Beam 0.35EcIg 0.40EcAW

Columns 0.70EcIg 0.40EcAW

Table 7: Stiffness Modifier

4. Modeling and Analysis

After the probable loads has been estimated, preliminary design was carried out to determine the
approximate shape and size of structural members from deflection control criteria and also
moment criteria provided in codes for beams, slabs and taking load from tributary area in case of
column. And as a result size of beam, column, slab, and footing was also determined. Thus,
Modeling of the structure was done using the software ETAB 2020.

35
Analysis of the structure was also carried out using ETAB 2020 which analyses the structure
based on the Finite Element Method. The results of design obtained from ETAB 2020 will be
also verified by comparing with manual calculation. Analysis is containing of following three
phases:

1. Before Analysis: Before analysis to be carried out all the material section such as M25
concrete is set up. Also the frame section was also set up as beam of size 250*350mm and
column of size 300mm*300mm. Mass source was also entered as load with their respective
importance factors given. In this phase we have also entered the Load patterns, also load
combination is also set up. (Wall loads, live loads)

2. During Analysis: During analysis the structure was analyzed based on the equivalent static
method.

3. After Analysis: After the analysis was completed, the base shear was displayed and also other
results are also determined. Such as:

a) Story drift,
b) Story displacement,
c) Beam column Ratios

36
Figure 7:3D Model of Building

37
Figure 8:Plan of Building

38
Figure 9: Imposed load in first floor

39
Figure 10: Imposed load<3KN/m2

40
Figure 11:Imposed load on roof

41
Figure 12:Parapet load on frame (10-10 elevation)

42
Figure 13:9" Wall load on frame(A-A elevation)

Figure 14: 9" wall load on frame(E-E elevation)

43
 Figure 15:9"Wall load on frame(1-1elevation)

Figure 16:4" Wall load on Frame (C-C elevation)

44
Figure 17:Wall load on frame(D-D elevation)

Figure 18:Wall load on frame(2-2 elevation)

45
Figure 19:Bending momemt diagram (1.2DL+1.5LL) Load combination

Figure 20:Shear force diagram (1.2DL+1.5LL) Load combination

46
Figure 21:Axial force diagram(1.2DL+1.5LL) Load combination

47
[Link]
5.1 Introduction
The building structure has following important components like footing, column, beam and slab.
Each of the components can be designed by using various methods:

1. Working stress method

2. Limit state method

5.1.1 Working stress method

Working Stress Method is the traditional method of design not only for Reinforced Concrete but
also for structural steel and timber design. The conceptual basis of the WSM assumes that the
structural material behaves in a linear elastic manner and that appropriate safety can be ensured
by suitably limiting the stresses in the material due to the presumed working loads (service
loads) on the structure. The stresses under the working loads are obtained by applying the
methods of ‘strength of materials’ like the simple bending theory. The limitations due to non-
linearity and buckling are neglected. The factor of safety in stress of steel and concrete is high.

In limit stress method, a structure is designed to withstand all load likely to act on it in the
duration of its life span so the working stress method is not safe than the limit state method.

5.2.2 Limit State method

Limit state design (LSD), also known as load and resistance factor design (LRFD), refers to a
design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond
which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. The condition may refer to a degree of
loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for
use, durability or other design requirements.

48
The object of design based on limit state concept is to achieve an acceptable probability that a
structure will not become unserviceable in each life time for the use for which it is intended i.e. it
will not reach a limit state. Thus this method is designed as a method which limits the structure
usefulness of the material of the structure up to a certain load at which acceptable limit of safety
and serviceability are applied so that the failure of structure does not occur. The most important
of these limit state which must be examined in design are as below:
a) Limit state of collapse
b) Limit state of serviceability

A. Limit state of collapse

The structure is designed for limit state of collapse: flexure, limit state of collapse: shear, limit
state of collapse: torsion, limit state of collapse: compression. The structure shall be designed to
resist all these forces. The resistance offered by the structure shall not be less than designed
value and that designed value shall be based on load combinations (IS 456:2000). This state
corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity. Violation of collapse limits state implies
failure in the sense that a clearly defined limit state of usefulness has been exceeded. However, it
does not mean complete collapse. Limit state of collapse deals with the safety of structure.

B. Limit state of serviceability

Limit state of serviceability deals with control on deflection, cracking, vibration and corrosion.
This method corresponds to a development of excessive deformation and is used for checking
members in whom magnitude of deformation may limit the use of structure or its components.
Limit state of serviceability deals with the durability of structure.

To satisfy this limit state deflection, cracking and vibration must not be excessive. The limit state
of collapse can be expressed by inequality

µR=Σ Σ^ni=1 ƛiLi (eq. 5.1)

The left hand side of above equation relates to the resistance or capacity of structure whereas the
right hand side characterizes the load acting on it. The summation sign in above equation denotes
49
the combination of load effects from different load sources for example dead load, live load,
wind load or earthquake load etc. the sufficex i” denotes types of load. In limit state design
concept of design of reinforce concrete structures, the factors µ and ƛ are called partial safety
factors.

5.2 Design of Reinforcement

5.2.1. Design of Beam
 Beam is a member which transfers the loads from slab to columns and then foundation to
soil.
 Beam is a tension member. Span of slabs, which decide the spacing of beams. Following
are the loads which are acting on the beams.
 Dead load
 Live load

Procedure:

Critical Beam whose design procedure is:

1. Size of beam from preliminary design

2. Factored bending moment (Mu) and factored shear force (Vu) from ETABS.

3. Determination of limiting bending moment is calculated using following formula:

M lim f ck x m xm
= 0.36 b (d-0.42 ) (IS 456:2000 Part I) ….(eq. 5.2)

If Mu>Mlim, doubly reinforced section is designed.

If Mu<Mlim, singly reinforced section is designed.

5. Area of tension steel required for MLim is calculated as

50
 fy 2
F y ∗0.87∗As t
2

Mu = 0.87 Ast1 *(d- fck∗b )(IS 456:2000 Part I)…….. (eq. 5.3)

6. Area of tension steel required for additional bending moment (Mu– MLim) is calculated as:

Mu M lim f sc f cc A sc d'
- =( - ) (d- )(IS 456:2000 Part I)……(eq. 5.4)

d'
f sc d
Where, for is taken from SP-16

f cc f ck
=0.446 ………. (eq. 5.5)

7. Area of compression steel required for additional bending moment

f sc f cc A sc fy
(Mu – Mlim) is calculated as ( - ) = 0.87 Ast2…….(eq. 5.6)

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

8. For the minimum Ast for compression steel in case of single reinforcement is 50% of tension
steel

9. Check for shear

Permissible shear stress is taken from IS 456:2000, Table19, p.73 for

Designed pt.

Vu
τv bd
Nominal shear stress, = ……………(eq. 5.11)

τc
max= is taken from IS 456:2000, Table20, p.73 for designed grade of
concrete.

51
 τc τv τc
If < < max shear reinforcement is required.

V us V u −τ c
Design shear force, = bd (IS 456:2000 Part I)……(eq. 5.8)

0 .87 f y A sv d
V us x
= ………. (eq. 5.9)

Area and Spacing of stirrups is taken considering,

Spacing x  0.75d and  300mm

10. Check for Ductility

We have, Percentage of minimum and maximum area of tension reinforcement according to IS

13920:1993,

0 .24 √ f ck
fy
pmin = and

pmax =2.5%

11. Ductility check for shear

d
4
Spacing x  ,

 100 mm.

5.2.2 Design of column

 Columns are compression members.

 Columns are transmitted loads which are coming from slabs to foundations. Larger spans
of beams shall also be avoided from the consideration of controlling the deflection &
cracking. The column which takes load are:

52
 (a) Slab loads
(b) Beam loads
(c) Wall loads
(d) Self. Weight of column

Design procedure:

1. Calculate the factored load and the factored moment along the both axes on the column.

2. Calculate the eccentricity along the both axes. Each eccentricity is multiplied by the design
axial load to find the moment due to eccentricity in the respective axes.

3. The greater of the imposed moment and the moment due to eccentricity is taken as the design
moment.

4. Size of the reinforcement distribution of the reinforcement, cover and the percentage of steel
p Pu
needs to be assumed to calculate and .
fck fckBD

5. Using related charts of Sp16, value of Mu x 1and Mu y 1are calculated.

6. Value of α nis calculated from the relation:
1.661∗Pu
α n=0.667+ …… (eq.5.10)
Pz
7. All the values are supplied to compute the interaction relation:
αn αn
M ux Mu y
+ ≤1 … … .(eq. 5.11)
Mu x1 Mu y 1
If the above relation is true, the design is safe otherwise revise the percentage of
the steel and repeat all the steps 4.

8. Design the longitudinal bar and lateral ties as done before.

9. Provide design summary with suitable diagram.

5.2.3 Design of footing

(At first three categorization of footings is made based on), Loads are taken in P = 800, 500 and
300.

53
1. Calculate the area of the footing.

Load
Area of footing = ………(eq. 5.12)
safebearingcapacityofsoil
Load (P) = Service Load + Self weight of footing.

2. Net earth pressure acting upward to footing (BCS) is calculated as:

Factoredload
BCS = ………(eq.5.13)
Areaoffooting
3. Maximum occurring bending moment in the footing is calculated according to the clause
[Link] and [Link] of IS code 456:2000.

4. Depth of footing is calculated from the relation Mmax = 0.36*fck*B*xm*(d-0.42*xm) ….

(eq. 5.14)

Where,

fck= Characteristic strength

Xm= neutral axis

Thus obtained d is increased 1.5 to 2 times for shear consideration

5. Calculation of reinforcement is done from the relation:

Ast∗fy
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*(d- ).......(eq. 5.15)
fck∗B
Where,
fy=Strength of rebars
Ast= Area of steel
B= Width
6. Necessary checks are applied to check for one-way shear, two-way shear and check for
development length.

7. Design summary is provided with suitable diagram.

54
5.2.4 Design of slab
Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference of IS 456:2000.

 When the slab is supported in two-way direction it acts as two way supported slab.
 A two-way slab is economical compared to one-way slab.

[Link] Design of one-way slab

1. Based on the stiffness requirement assume suitable depth and calculate the effective span

2. Calculate the loads acting on the slab

3. Calculate factored moment and shear force by considering the one-meter width of the slab

For simply supported slab.

Factored moment =Mu= Wu× l²/ 8.......(eq. 5.16)

Shear Force = Vu = Wu×l / 2 ……. (eq. 5.17)

4. Determine the minimum depth required to resist bending moment by equating

Mu= MuLim = k×fck×bd²…… (eq. 5.18)

Where,

b=1000mm

k=0.138 For Fe 415 steel and k=0.148 for mild steel

The depth provided should be more than this value.

5. Determine the area of steel considering meter width of the slab.

6. Determine the spacing of bars by using

S= (ast/Ast) ×1000…… (eq. 5.19)

Where,

ast – area of bar used

Ast- total area of steel required

Spacing should be more than 3d or 300mm whichever is less

55
Spacing should be more than 3d or 300mm whichever is less

7. Distribution steel provides minimum reinforcement as distribution steel at spacing of 5d or

450mm whichever is less.

8. Slab is checked for deflection shear and development length. In case of slabs (thin members),
no need of even minimum shear reinforcement. Shear due to loads always must be less than the
shear strength of concrete.

[Link] Design of two- way slab

. Effective depth (d) is taken from the preliminary design

2. Find out the loading

3. Find out the effective span

Leff = lo+t

= lo+d (Whichever is less)

4. Bending moment is calculated according to Annex D IS 456:2000

Mux = αx*wu*(lx)2 ……… (eq. 5.20)

Muy = αy*wu*(lx)2……… (eq. 5.21)

Then αx and αy are the bending moment coefficient from table 26 (IS 456:2000) Mux and Muy
are the moments on the strips of the unit width spanning lx and ly respectively.

So lx and ly are the length of shorter span and longer span respectively.

5. Find out the area of the steel

Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*(d-(fy*Ast/fck*b)) ……. (eq. 5.22)

6. Find out the spacing for the arrangement of steel.

Sv = 1000*(π/4*Φ2) /Ast ……. (eq. 5.23)

7. Check for the development length according to cl.25.2.1 IS 456:2000

[Link] for the deflection according to cl.23.2.1 IS 456:2000

56
5.2.5 Design of staircase
1. Assume thickness of waist slab

2. Calculation of load

3. Calculation of reaction

4. Calculation of maximum bending moment

[Link]= at distance X where shear force is zero

5. Calculation of area of steel

M = 0.87*fy*Ast*(d-(fy*Ast/fck*b)) ……. (eq. 5.24)

Where,

Ast= area of steel

d= effective depth

b= width

6. Check for shear

Vu=WuLx/2…… (eq. 5.25)

τv=v/bd1 …. (eq. 5.26)

Percentage of steel,

p= (Asty/2)/bd1 …… (eq. 5.27)

For p and M20 grade concrete, ia taken from IS456:2000, table 19 p.73 and k is taken as per IS
456:2000, Cl.[Link], p.72

Therefore, τv=kτc>τv O.K.

5.3 Ductile detailing of Reinforced concrete structure

57
Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structure is done based on IS 13920:2002 for the
provision of compliance with earthquake resistant design philosophy. Detailing provisions of IS
13920:2002and IS 456:2000 are used extensively for these members to comply with the relevant
codes of practice.

5.3.1 Codal References

The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulations in Indian
Standards, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS 456:2000, Design Aids for
Reinforced Concrete to IS 456:2000(SP-16), Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design Structures
NBC 105:2020, Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic
Forces- Code of Practice IS 13920:2002, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and. Use of
these codes have emphasized on providing sufficient safety, economy, strength and ductility
besides satisfactory serviceability requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete structures.
These codes are based on principles of Limit State of Design.

5.3.2 Detailing of the structure

Reinforcement detailing of most of the important components has been shown in drawings. They
conformed to the relevant section of the IS codes viz. IS 456 – 2000, SP – 34 (S&T) – 1987, SP-
16 & other codes.

[Link] Slab
While using design of two-way slabs with the help of coefficients, restrained slabs are
considered to be divided in each direction into middle and edge strips. The moments apply only
to the middle strips and no further redistribution is allowed for these moments. The edge strips
have to be reinforced only with nominal minimum steel for crack control. In addition, corner
steel to resist the torsion stresses produced in these slabs are provided at discontinuous edges.

58
Thickness of the slab is decided based on span to depth ratio specified in IS456-2000. Minimum
reinforcement is 0.12% for HYSD bars and 0.15% for mild steel bars. The diameter of bar
generally used in slabs are: 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12mm and 16mm.

The maximum diameter of bar used in slab should not exceed 1/8 of the total thickness of slab.
Maximum spacing of main bar is restricted to 3 times effective depth or 300 mm whichever is
less. For distribution bars the maximum spacing is specified as 5 times the effective depth or 450
mm whichever is less.

Minimum clear cover to reinforcements in slab depends on the durability criteria and this is
specified in IS 456-2000. Generally, 15mm to 20mm cover is provided for the main
reinforcements. Alternate main bars can be cranked near support or could be bent at 1800 at the
edge and then extended at the top inside the slab. Curtailment and cranking of bars.

[Link] Beam
Beams in reinforced concrete building have two sets of steel reinforcement, viz. a) Long straight
bars (called longitudinal bars) placed along its length, and b) closed loops of small diameter steel
bars (called stirrups) placed vertically at regular intervals along its full length.

Longitudinal bars are provided to resist flexural cracking on the side of the beam that stretches.
Since both top and bottom faces stretched during strong earthquake shaking, longitudinal steel
bar are required on both faces at the ends and on the bottom face at mid-length.

The Indian Ductile Detailing Code IS 13920:1993 prescribes that:

 At least two bars go through the full length of the beam at the top as well as the bottom of
the beam.
 At the ends of beams, the amount of steel provided at the bottom is at least half that at top.
 The diameter of stirrup must be at least 6mm; in beams more than 5m long, it must be at
least 8mm.
 Both ends of the vertical stirrups should be bent into a 135  hook.
 Extended sufficiently beyond this hook to ensure that the stirrup does not open out in an
earthquake.

59
  he spacing of vertical stirrups in any portion of the beam should be determined from
calculations.
 he maximum spacing of stirrups is less than half the depth of the beam. For a length of
twice the depth of the beam from the face of the column, an even more stringent spacing of
stirrups is specified, namely half the spacing mentioned in (c) above.
 The laps of longitudinal bars i) should be placed away from the face the column, and ii)
should not be placed at locations where they are likely to stretch by large amounts and
yield.
 At the laps, vertical stirrups should be provided at a closer spacing.

[Link] Column
Columns, the vertical members in reinforced concrete buildings, contain two types of steel
reinforcement, viz. a) long straight bars (called longitudinal bars) placed vertically along the
length, and b) closed loops of smaller diameter steel bars (called transverse ties) placed
horizontally at regular intervals along its full length.

According to the Indian Ductile Detailing Code IS 13920:1993

 Column should be at least 300mm wide.

 Column width of up to 200mm is allowed if unsupported length is less than 4m and beam
length is less than 5m.
 Closely spaced ties must be provided at the two ends of the column over a length of not
less than larger dimension of the column, one-sixth the column height or 600mm.
 Over the distance specified in item (a) above and below a beam-column junction, the
vertical spacing of ties in columns should not exceed D/4 for where D is the smallest
dimension of the column. This spacing need not be less than 75mm or more than 100mm.
At other locations, ties are spaced as per calculations but not more than D/2.
 The length of tie beyond the 135 bends must be at least 10 times diameter of steel bar used
to make the closed tie; this extension beyond the bend should not be less than 75mm.

60
  he laps length should be provided only in the middle half of column and not near its top or
bottom ends. Also, only half the vertical bars in the column are to be lapped at a time in
any storey. When laps are provided, ties must be provided along the length of the lap.

[Link] Staircase
The principles generally followed in placing steel in longitudinally spanning stairs are as
follows:

 The maximum positive bending moment in the span for a simply supported case is taken
as. One half of the tension steel is taken over the supports as negative steel according to
the usual practice in slabs.
 Distribution steel as in the case of slabs (0.12 per cent for Fe 415 steel) is also placed on
top of the main steel in the transverse direction.
 Care should be taken while detailing of corners such that the steel when pulled in tension
does not tend to pull out the concrete over the reinforcement.

[Link] Foundation
The minimum and maximum spacing should be as in slabs: 0.12 per cent for Fe 415. If the
column bars are bent and properly extended into the footing such bars can also be considered to
act with the footing. The maximum spacing is 3d or 300mm whichever is less.

The sizes of the bars selected should be small enough to develop the full development length in
the available dimension of the footing. Thus, the anchorage length Ld required, for the sizes of
the bars selected for the long and short direction, should be less than one-half of the lengths for
the footing in the respective directions.

61
5.4 Design of Member
5.4.1 Slab
Slab are plate elements forming floors and roof of a building and carrying distributed load
primarily by flexure. A slab may be supported by beams or wall and may be used as the flange of
a T or L beam. Moreover, a slab may be simply supported or continuous over one or more
supports and classified accordingly.

(a) One-way slab spanning in one direction – Length is more than twice the breadth. (b) Two-
way slab spanning on both directions.

Reinforcement provided is least in slab among three structural members: slab, beam and column.
A slab can be distinguished from a beam as follows:

(b) Slab are analyzed and designed as having unit width i.e. 1 m.

(c) Compression reinforcement is used only in exceptional case.

(d) Shear stress is very low in slab hence shear reinforcement is not provided. If needed, depth is
increased rather than providing shear reinforcement.

The slab selected to show detailed design of slab with maximum live load intensity (i.e. 3
KN/m2) and longest short span. Details of the slab and supporting beams are given below:

62
Figure 22:Design of First floor slab

63
Depth of the beam =400 mm

Width of the beam = 300 mm

Assumed overall depth of slab = 150 mm

Dimensions of the selected Slab panel: Lx = 3251 mm, Ly = 3886 mm

Loads

Live load=4kN/m2

Floor Finish = 1 KN/m2

Self- Weight of the Slab = γRCC×b×D×1 = 25×1×0.15×1 = 3.75 kN/m

Step 1: Depth or Thickness Calculation

The thickness of slab is assumed from deflection control criteria for further design.

From IS 456: 2000 Cl. 24.1

d =span/35

=3251/35

=92.88mm

Take thickness of slab=120mm

Provided nominal cover 15 mm (Table 16 IS 456:2000) and diameter of bar is 8mm taken.

Therefore, d = 120+15+4=140mm

Step 2: Calculation of effective Span

Effective span of the slab is taken as maximum of C/C distance of the slab or clear span +
effective depth of the slab for x- and y- direction separately.

64
In shorter span; Clear Span + Effective Thickness = 3.251 + 0.12 =3.371m

In longer Span; Clear Span + Effective Thickness = 3.886+0.12=4.006m

So, take, lx = 3.371 m and ly= 4.006 m

Step 3: Calculation of Design moment

Total load intensity (w) = 3.75 + 4+ 1= 8.75 kN/m2

Total Factored load (wf) = 1.5 × 8.75 = 13.125 kN/m2

The slab is rigidly supported (monolithic casting of concrete) by beam on four sides. The
moment coefficients are taken from

Table 26 (IS 456:2000).

It is the interior panel so case 1 is taken.

l y 4.006
We have, = = 1.19
l x 3.371

1.19< 2 Hence, the slab is a two-way slab.

From table, we have

αx— = 0.051 and αy— = 0.037

αx+ =0.038 and αy+ =0.028

Maximum Negative Moment (Mx–) = αx—×wf×lx2 = 0.051×13.125×3.3712 = 7.61 kN-m

Maximum Positive Moment (Mx+) = αx+×wf×lx2 = 0.038×13.125×3.3712 =5.67 kN-m

Maximum Negative Moment (My–) = αy—×wf×lx2 = 0.037×13.125×3.3712 = 5.52 kN-m

Maximum Positive Moment (My+) = αy+×wf×lx2 = 0.028×13.125×3.3712 =4.18 kK-m

65
Step 4: Design of main reinforcement

a. Reinforcement in x-direction

D = 140mm

From clause 38.1 of IS 456:2000, foe Fe500;

x max
=0.46
d

xu,max= 0.46×120 = 55.2mm

We have from ANNEX ‘G’ (IS 456:2000):

xumax xumax
Mu,lim = 0.36× (1-0.42* )b*d2*fck
d d

55.2 55.2
×
=0.36 (1 − 0.42 × )*1000*1402*25
120 120

=65.47 kN-m

Here, Grade of concrete (fck) = 25 N/mm2

Here, MUmax<MUlim, hence it is under reinforced section, again from ANNEX G.

Ast∗fy
Mu=0.87*fy*Ast*d(1- )
fck∗b∗d

Ast∗500
7.61*106=0.87*500*Ast*120(1- )
1000∗120∗25

Ast =149.51m2

The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15% of the total
cross sectional. However, this value can be reduced to 0.12% when high strength deform bars are
used (IS 456:2000 Cl. [Link])

66
Ast min. = 0.12%×120×1000 = 144 mm2 <Ast Ok.
Use 8 mm Ø bars then,
2
π ×8
×1000
Spacing with Ast Min. = 4 = 279.253 mm < 300 mm The horizontal maximum
180
distance between parallel main reinforcement bar shall not be more than three times the effective
depth or 300 mm whichever is smaller (IS 456:2000 Cl. 26.3.3).

Hence, provide spacing @ 150 mm C/C. Therefore, Ast. Provided = Hence, provide spacing @
2
π ×8
150 mm C/C. Therefore, Ast. Provided = 4 ×1000 = 335.1mm2
150

Check for Deflection Criteria

l 3251
= =27.09
d 120

α = 26 (For Continuous Slab; IS456:2000 Cl. 23.2.1)

β=1

For span > 10m, 1 Otherwise)

fs= 0.58×fy×(Astrequired/AstProvided) =0.58×500× (149.51/201.062) = 215.64

Hence for fs= 215.62N/mm2 and %AstProvided= 0.168% From Fig. 4 IS456:2000; γ = 2

δ = 1 (From Fig. 5 IS456:2000)

λ = 1 (From Fig. 6 IS456:2000)

αβY ∂ λ= 26×1×2×1×1 = 52

67
 l
Hence, ≤ αβY ∂ λhence the design is safe in deflection control criterion. OK
d

Check for Development Length

The development length (Ld) is given by (IS 456: 2000, Cl. 26.2);

Ld= 0.87×𝑓𝑦×Ø /(4×𝜏𝑏𝑑)

Or, Ld = 0.87×500×8/ (4×1.4×1.6) = 388.39mm Also from IS456:2000 Cl. [Link]

Ld≤ 1.3×𝑀𝑙𝑉𝑢 + 𝑙0

Here Ml = moment of resistant of the section assuming all the reinforcement at the section to be
stressed to fd.

Ml = 0.87×fy×Ast Provided ×d× (1— 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑑 × 𝑓𝑦𝑓𝑐𝑘)

=0.87×500×201.062×120× (1 − 201.062×500x1000×120×25)

=10.14 kN-m

Therefore, Ml = 10.14 kN-m

1⋅3 × M 1 1⋅3 ×10.14∗1000000❑

+ L0 = +8∗8=618 mm>ld OK
vu 21.33∗1000

Reinforcement in Y-in direction

Area of each layer of reinforcement = 75% of area of the total reinforcement provided. =
0.75×145.66= 109.245 mm2 (<Ast min = 180 mm2) Hence, provide 8mm Ø bars @ 300mm C/C
along both span in four layers.

68
Torsional reinforcement

Length of torsional bar=0.2*lx=0.2*3251=610mm

3 3
Area of torsional bar= *Ast== *180=135mm2
4 4

Using 8mm ϕ bars

1000
135
Spacing = =372.33mm¿300mm
πx 82
4

610
No of bar = +1 =4
300

Hence provide 4nos of 8mm bar as torsional reinforcement

5.4.2 Beam
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction
forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to
produce shear forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses,
strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile
(shape of cross-section), length, and their material.

[Link] Method of designing beam

A) Working Stress Method: The Stresses in an element is obtained from the working loads and
compared with permissible stresses. The method follows linear stress-strain behavior of both the
materials. Modular ratio can be used to determine allowable stresses. Material capabilities are
under estimated to large extent. Factor of safety are used in working stress method. The member

69
is considered as working stress. Ultimate load carrying capacity cannot be predicted accurately.
The main drawback of this method is that it results in an uneconomical section.

B) Limit state method: The stresses are obtained from design loads and compared with design
strength. In this method, it follows linear strain relationship but not linear stress relationship
(one of the major difference between the two methods of design). The ultimate stresses of
materials itself are used as allowable stresses. The material capabilities are not under estimated
as much as they are in working stress method. Partial safety factors are used in limit state
method.

Flow chart for beam design

70
All the required internal forces as obtained from sap analysis was compared and analyzed. A
critical beam is taken for the analysis.
Take Moment (Mu )and shear (Vu)
C

Take Lo , Df , Bw, D,d and calculate bf

t
b f bw 
2 Check for Ast
If Ao<Ast
lo and Ast< Ast
bf   bw  6 D f
6 max
NO
A
Increase d YES
Take minimum bf,and calculate
Df d'
, X m 0.48 d and Curtailment of bars
d d
0.87  f y 
Ld 
4 bd
Assume neutral axis in web
Yf = 0.15Xm+0.65Df (ACP) = TCP + (d or 12 φ)

Xm  Xm  Check for shear reinforcement

M lim 0.36 1 0.42 f ck bw d 2  0.45 f ck
d  d  Vu
 Y
b f  bw Y f  d  2f
  v  



b*d

Mlim >Mu
 f y Ast  c v
M u 0.87  f y Ast  d  
 f ck bw 

Design nominal as
Calculate Ast and provide Asv 0.4

0.5*Ast for compression b sv 0.87 f y

0.87  f y Asv d
vus 
sv

Figure 23:Flowchart of beam design

71
Figure 24:Design of First Floor Beam

72
 Figure 25:Beam 22CD

Figure 26:Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagram for (1.2DL+1.5LL) Combination

73
 Figure 27;Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagram for(DL+yLL-EQY USL) Combination

Calculation of Beam for 22CD

D=400mm, B= 300 mm

Factored bendingmoment (M ¿¿ u)¿ = 59.7712KN-m

V= 60.0488KN

We have consider the effective cover (d ' ) = 40 mm

Overall depth (D) = 400 mm

74
Effective depth (d) = 400-40 = 360 mm

x m= 0.46×360=165.6 mm

σ ck= 25 Mpa

σ y = 500 Mpa

Assuming x ulies in flange

M ulimit = 0.36× σ ck ×b × x m(d-0.42 x m)

= 0.36×25 × 300× 165.6 ×(360-0.42×165.6 ¿

=129.86 kN-m

M ulimit > M u so , design is singly reinforcement .

Now,

M u=0.87× σ y × Ast ( d−0.42 x m )

59.7712×10 6= 0.87×500× Ast (360-0.42×165.6 )

required 2
Ast =¿473.08mm

provied
Ast =804mm 2

Provide 16mm ф @ 4nos

Calculation of temperature bars

Top sides of beam should be reinforced by the temperature bars as per earthquake purpose.
75
 temp
Ast =0.5× Ast provied

= 0.5×804mm 2

=402mm 2

Provide 14mm ф @ 3 nos

Check for minimum and maximum Ast

p
Ast min < Ast < Astmax

0.85 ×300 ×360

<804 <0.04 × 300∗400
500

183.6¿ 804 <4800 OK

Check for deflection

From Clause 23.2.1 of code IS 456: 2000

For simply supported

Basic value of span to effective depth ratio = 20

And also factors

For no compressive steel = 1

And for modification factor (k 3) for tensile steel

From figure (4) of same Clause

76
 473.08
f s= 0.58*500* = 171.06N/mm 2
802

So k 3 = 1.45

Then maximum permitted span to effective depth ratio

span
( ) =1*1*1.45*20
depth max

= 29mm

span 4114
( ) =
depth provided 400

=10.28 mm

span span
Thus ( ) <( ) permitted
depth provided depth max

Hence deflection control is satisfactory

Development length check

Bond stress τ bd of M 25 concrete for MS bar is given as 1.4 N/mm 2 in Clause ([Link])

Then for Fe 500τ bd = 1.6*1.4 = 2.24 N/mm 2

Provided minimum 1.5 curtailment

Shear bond check

V= 60.0488 KN

77
 (12dф )max
Lo =

= (12360×16)max
= (192
360 )
max

=360 mm

Ld ≤ 1.3 ( )
M1
V
+ Lo

We have,

M 1=0.87× σ y × Ast d−
( σ y × Ast
σ ck ×b❑ )
= 0.87×500 × 802× 310− ( 802∗500
25× 300 )
=89.5 KN-m

Ld ≤ 1.3 ( )
M1
V
+ Lo

4 τ bd
≤
V(
0.87 σ y ф 1.3 M 1
+ Lo )
776.8mm≤ 862.36mm OK

Check for shear reinforcement

78
V= 60.0488KN

Vu
Nominal shear stress (τ v) =
bd

60.0488 ×1000
=
300∗360

= 0.56 N/mm 2

100× Ast
% of steel in tension ( pt ) =
bd

100× 804
=
300∗360

=0.74

From Code 456:2000

τ C = 0.57 N/mm 2

Again from table 20 of code IS 456: 2000

τ cmax =3.1 N/mm 2

Thus τ c > τ v

Hence shear reinforcement should not be required to design.

Let us provide shear reinforcement for temperature and other effect as follows:

Asv (assume) 2-legged

79
 π
Asv=2× × 8²
4

=100.53mm²

0.87 ×σ y × Asv ×d
v us=
sv

0.87 ×500 ×100.53 ×360

sv =
97.2 ×1000

=162mm

But also, maximum spacing allowed = 0.75d

= 0.75×360

=270 mm or300mmWhichever is less.

∴ Adopt, S v = 150 mm

Hence, provide 2-legged 8-mmф stirrups @ 150 mm c/c spacing.

For bottom bar [same process]

Provide 14mm dia. @3 nos.

Also provide 2-legged 8-mmф stirrups @ 150 mm c/c spacing

80
5.4.3 Column
Calculation of column

Figure 28:Design of First floor column

Column: D2

Pu= 250.76KN
81
B=D=400mm

M x =¿128.06 kN-m

M y =¿ 186.50kN-m

L=3.683m

Fck=25N/mm2

Fy=500N/mm2

Leff=0.65l=0.65*3.683=2.394 [K=0.65, effectively held in position but restrained against

rotation

[Slenderness ratio

le ff 2394
= =5.98¿12,hence the column is short.
d 400

Pu=0.4FckAc+0.67FyAsc

250.76*103=0.4*25*[Ag-Asc]+0.67*500*Asc

Ac=Ag-Asc

Assume p% steel 2% ,Asc=0.02Ag

Ac=Ag-0.02Ag

=0.98Ag

Putting this value and we get

82
Ag=15384mm2

Square column,

B=D=124.03≈ 400mm

So, we provide larger value of column section for the consideration of Mx and My.

Area of steel Asc=0.02*160000

=3200mm2

2
π × 22
Using 8- 22mm corner bar =Asc= ∗8=3041 mm2
4

Design of Transverse Reinforcement

Diameter of tie bar is greater of

1 1
×Longitudinal bar diameter = ×22 =5.5mm
4 4

Or 6mm

Thus provide 8mm ф tie bar for stirrups

Similarly,Pitch distance is the least of

Lateral Dimension = 300 mm

16ф L = 16×22=¿352mm

Or 300 mm

83
Thus a spacing of 150 mm c/c can be adopted for ties.

5.4.4 Footing

84
 Figure 29:Design of Footing

TABLE: Joint Design Reactions

Story Label Unique Name Output Case FZ MX MY
kN kN-m kN-m
Base 1 2 envelope 310.3759 82.683 133.9067
Base 1 2 envelope 146.3678 -84.7473 -119.8691
Base 11 16 envelope 371.0599 76.7105 139.6144
Base 11 16 envelope 196.5987 -74.4633 -146.1954
Base 12 18 envelope 317.7944 87.6439 131.0376
Base 12 18 envelope 214.3629 -80.8433 -139.5717
Base 13 20 envelope 317.5015 86.6416 121.4663
Base 13 20 envelope 219.1295 -80.9974 -131.9471
Base 136 206 envelope 489.5728 90.4471 101.8719
Base 136 206 envelope 61.7118 -88.043 -99.1734
Base 14 22 envelope 312.7076 87.0487 113.2143
Base 14 22 envelope 219.3082 -80.6651 -123.4745
Base 15 24 envelope 312.5409 86.7148 105.5713
Base 15 24 envelope 217.1238 -80.7501 -114.0449
Base 150 180 envelope 240.9058 88.6604 94.2994
Base 150 180 envelope 139.7647 -74.8364 -81.6285
Base 151 183 envelope 311.7697 81.776 97.6985
Base 151 183 envelope 213.0218 -70.1397 -101.8262
Base 154 178 envelope 286.5308 94.7613 91.9128
Base 154 178 envelope 166.4751 -88.9114 -84.7799
Base 155 181 envelope 331.9119 86.5934 100.706
Base 155 181 envelope 203.8729 -81.6506 -101.3311
Base 157 204 envelope 312.4584 93.9339 93.5018
Base 157 204 envelope 186.5492 -87.349 -82.3287
Base 158 205 envelope 326.072 86.6787 97.0452
Base 158 205 envelope 217.3031 -80.3202 -103.501
Base 16 26 envelope 322.5926 86.0144 97.3583
Base 16 26 envelope 221.3635 -80.8308 -105.2593
Base 17 28 envelope 335.4915 85.9477 94.6434
Base 17 28 envelope 232.2142 -79.8881 -103.1362
Base 2 4 envelope 307.0203 95.0967 126.4518
Base 2 4 envelope 166.3068 -88.4141 -113.6964
Base 21 30 envelope 346.9794 71.8401 144.0613
Base 21 30 envelope 167.9939 -67.4033 -140.3503
Base 22 260 envelope 225.1363 81.0776 137.5833
Base 22 260 envelope 164.3188 -74.3669 -134.1287
Base 23 33 envelope 265.5162 79.5307 131.238

Table 8:Joint Design Reactions

85
Calculation for column B1

Pu = 371.06 KN

Mx = 76.71 KNm

My = 146.19KNm

Size of column =400x400 mm

Ast of column =3288mm2

 Step 1: calculate size of footing

P M
+ ≤ SBC
A Z

371.06 146.19
Or, LXB + 2
≤150
BL

Or, 371.06 L+146.1 ≤150 X B L2

0r ,150BL2 -371.06L-146.1 ≥ 0

Assume square footing

B=L

150L3-371.06L-146.1≥ 0

L=1.74m

Take, L=2.5m=B

Step 2: calculate eccentricity and check for eccentricity.

86
 6
M 146.1∗10
e= = = 357.94 mm
1.1 P 1.1∗371.06∗103

L 2500
= ≤ 416.67 mm
6 6

L
e¿
6

Step 3: Net upward pressure of soil

P M 371.06 146.1
σ= ± = ±
A Z 2.5∗2.5 2.5∗2.52

σmax = 68.72 KN/m2

σmin = 50.02 KN/m2

Step 3: calculate minimum depth

1) Bending moment

87
 68.72−50.02
σ aa = 50.02 + ∗1450
2500
= 60.87KN/m2
1
1.450
2
∗1.450∗2
M= 60.87*2.5* +¿ 2.5*7.85 * 2
2 ∗1.45
3
=173.73 KN/m
Calculate depth
M= 0.36∗Fck∗b∗x m ( d −0.42 x m )
6
→ 173.73∗10 =0.36∗25∗2500∗0.46∗d∗( d −0.42∗0.46∗d )
→ d=144.24 mm

2) Two-way shear

Resisting area = ((d+400) +(d+400)) *2d

Restring two-way shear

=k*τc *resisting area

88
 K= 1

τc =0.25*√ 25 =1.25

∴Resisting of two-way shear

=1.25*{2(d+400)) *2d

Shear force = qav * shaded area

= 0.121635 *(25002 –(d+400)2)

For safe

→ 1.25 * (2*(d+400))*2d ≥0.059 (25002-(d+400)2)

→ d=136.58 mm

3) One-way shear
σ max −σ min
σ aa = σmin + ∗x
L

¿ 50.02+
2500∗1000 (
68.72−50.02 2500
2
−d )
¿ 0.05002+0.00935−0.00000748 d=0.05937−0.00000748 d
σ aa +σ max
Shear force = ( ¿∗B∗(1450−d)
2

¿ ( 0.05937−0.00000748
2
d +0.06872
)∗2500∗(1450−d )
One way shear resistance = τc*bd
Assume % of steel =0.2
For M25; τc =0.325 N/mm2

89
Step 4: check for development length.

0 , 87 fy ∅
Ld =
4 τbd

0.87∗500∗16
=
4∗1.4∗1.6

= 776.78mm

2500−400
Available length = −60
2

=990mm

Check for percentage of steel

Ast
= 100
bd

2010
=100
2500∗500

= 0.1608% >0.2% OK

Capacity = 0.325* 2500*d

=812.5d

Now,

812.5d > ( 0.05937−0.00000748

2
d +0.06872
)∗2500∗(1450−d)
∴ d=235.95 mm

90
Take depth, d = 300mm

Step 4: calculate reinforcement

fy∗Ast
M= 0.87fy *Ast*d(1- ¿
fck∗bd

500∗Ast
→ 173.73∗10 6 = 0.87*500*Ast*500(1- )
25∗300∗2500

2
→ Ast=816.53 m m

Providing 16mm bar; As= 201 mm2

201∗2500
Spacing =
816.53

=615.41mm

Taking 16mm ∅ @ 250mm c/c

201∗2500
Astp =
250

= 2010 mm2

5.4.5 Staircase
After the calculation design thickness and the summarized area of reinforcement has been
provided in the below:

Design of staircase

Let Riser=142mm

91
 Tread = 304.8 mm

No of riser = 13-1=12

Support thickness (t) = 250mm

Width of stair =1930.4mm

Live load=3kN/m2

Fck =25kN/m2

Fy =500kN/m2

Effective length (leff)=7.718m

Leff 7718
Depth of waist of slab, d= = =307~ 310mm
25 25

∅
Adopt, D=d+cc+
2

10
=310+20+
2

=335mm

Load Calculation:

Flight

Dead Load:

Step =25*1/2* Rπ

92
 =25*1/2*0.142

=1.77 kN/m

Waist slab=25*0.335* √
0.1422+ 0.30482
= 9.24 kN/m
0.3048

Live load = 3kN/m

Floor finish = 1kN/m

Total load on flight =w = 15kN/m

Factored load (w2) = 1.5*15kN/m

=22.5kN/m

Landing slab

Dead load = self-weight =25*0.335*1

=8.375 kN-m

Live load =3kN/m

Floor finish= 1kN/m

Total load =12.375 kN/m

Factored load on landing (w1) =1.5*12.375

=18.56kN/m

93
Taking moment at A

Anticlockwise

+ M A =0

Rb*7.718=18.56*2.03/2+22.5*3.658(3.658/2+2.03) +18.56*(2.03/2 +3.658+2.03

Rb=59.71kN

B. Mmax=59.71*3.859-22.5*1.829*0.914-18.56*2.03*(2.03/2+3.658/2)

Mu=85.65kN-m

Check for depth

Mu=0.133fck*bd2

85.65*106 = 0.133*25*1000*d2

94
d=160.5 mm

Take depth D=300mm

Steel calculation:

Along shorter span:

f γ × A st
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast(d- )
f Ck × b

500 × A st
85.65*106=0 ⋅87 × 500 xAst (300- )
25× 1000

Ast =687.86mm2

2
Aϕ π ×12
×1000
Spacing of main bar (s)= b = 4
( Ast )
687.86

=164~150mm

Spacing check

S>3d=3*300=900mm

S = 300mm

c
Provide ϕ−12 mm @ 150 mm along shorter spans
c

(Ast)provided=0.12% of b*D

=0.0012*1000*300

95
 =360mm2

Provide 10mm-ϕ bar

Aϕ π ×102
× 1000
Spacing (s) = ∗b = 4 =218.16 take 200mm c/c
( Ast ) min
360

Check for spacing

S=5*d=5*300=1500mm

S=450mm

Provide ϕ -10mm@200mm c/c along long span

6. Result

6.1 Base shear

Time period

T =0.075 H0.75 (For RC Frame Building) without infill consideration

Clause: 5.1.2: NBC 105:2020

Where,

H= height of the building

Time period is amplified by factor 1.25 as per NBC 105:2020

T=0.507 Seconds

96
Ch(T) 2.5 from fig above using above calculated time period and soil

type C

C (T) =Ch(T) Z I

Where,

Ch(T) = Spectral Shape factor as per 4.1.2

Z = Seismic Zoning factor as per 4.1.4 =0.4

I = Importance factor as per 4.1.5 =1.5

H= 11.049

Kt=0.075

T1=1.25×Kt×HO.75

=0.568

97
Ta=0

Tc=1.0

PA(α)=2.5

K=1.8

Since Ta≤ T1≤ Tc

Ch(T)=2.5

Elastic site spectra for horizontal loading

C(T)=Ch(T)× ZI

= 2.5 ×0.4×1.5

= 1.5

For elastic site spectra

Cs(T1) =0.2 ×C(T)

= 0.3

horizontal base shear coefficient for equivalent static method

horizontal base shear coefficient at ULS State

1.5
=
4∗1.5

= 0.25

horizontal base shear coefficient at SLS State

0.3
= =0.24
1.25

98
exponent related to structural period (K)=1.034

Allowable ratio for ULS=0.025

H
Allowable displacement for ULS= 0.025*
Ru
=69.066mm

Allowable ratio for SLS=0.006

H
Allowable displacement for SLS= 0.006*
Rs
= 66.29mm

Allowable storey drift for ULS= 0.025/Ru=0.00625

Allowable storey drift for ULS =0.00625

6.2 Storey response

Figure 30:Storey shear

99
6.3 Story Drift
story drift is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below

Drift is a very complex topic in structural engineering. It involves too many factors to arrive at a
suitable decision. It involves engineering judgment; the phenomenon fresh engineers might not
feel. It explains what is building drift, allowable limits, and ways and means to check in ETABS
models and to control the excessive drift. Please keep in mind, this article is not about the
building drift as far as structural science is concerned; rather this topic of drift is related to
ETABS software. Story drift ratio is the story drift divided by the story [Link] to the
NBC 105:2020, CLAUSE 5.6.3 Inter-Story [Link] ratio of the inter-story deflection to
the corresponding story height shall not exceed:

0.025/4 = 0.00625 at ultimate limit state.

0.006 at serviceability limit state.

The design horizontal deflections shall be determined by multiplying the horizontal deflection
found from Equivalent Static Method by the Ductility factor (Rμ) for ultimate limit state only.

Story Output Case Direction Drift

TOP FLOOR EQY ULS Y 0.000721
TOP FLOOR EQY ULS Y 0.000698
TOP FLOOR EQY ULS Y 0.000743
1ST FLOOR EQY ULS Y 0.000771
1ST FLOOR EQY ULS Y 0.000766
1ST FLOOR EQY ULS Y 0.000835
GF EQY ULS Y 0.000809
GF EQY ULS Y 0.000742
GF EQY ULS Y 0.000877

Table 9:Story Drifts of EQY ULS

100
 Figure 31:Storey drift in Y- direction of ULS

Story Output Case Direction Drift

TOP FLOOR EQY SLS Y 0.000692
TOP FLOOR EQY SLS Y 0.000671
TOP FLOOR EQY SLS Y 0.000713
1ST FLOOR EQY SLS Y 0.00074
1ST FLOOR EQY SLS Y 0.000735
1ST FLOOR EQY SLS Y 0.000802
GF EQY SLS Y 0.000777
GF EQY SLS Y 0.000712
GF EQY SLS Y 0.000842

Table 10:Story Drifts of EQY SLS

101
 Figure 32:storey drift in Y- direction of SLS

Story Output Case Direction Drift

TOP FLOOR EQX SLS X 0.000842
TOP FLOOR EQX SLS X 0.000934
TOP FLOOR EQX SLS X 0.000861
1ST FLOOR EQX SLS X 0.001082
1ST FLOOR EQX SLS X 0.001022
1ST FLOOR EQX SLS X 0.001303
GF EQX SLS X 0.001109
GF EQX SLS X 0.000946
GF EQX SLS X 0.001332

Table 11:Story Drifts of EQX SLS

102
 Figure 33:storey drift in X- direction of SLS

Story Output Case Direction Drift

TOP FLOOR EQX USL X 0.000877
TOP FLOOR EQX USL X 0.000972
TOP FLOOR EQX USL X 0.000897
1ST FLOOR EQX USL X 0.001127
1ST FLOOR EQX USL X 0.001065
1ST FLOOR EQX USL X 0.001357
GF EQX USL X 0.001156
GF EQX USL X 0.000985
GF EQX USL X 0.001388

Table 12:Story Drifts of EQX USL

103
 Figure 34:storey drift in X- direction of ULS

6.4 Determination of Modal Participation Mass Ratios

Modal participation factors are scalars that measure the interaction between the modes and the
directional excitation in a given reference frame. Cumulative mass – the cumulative mass for
mode “n” is the sum of the effective mass factors for modes 1 through “n”. The number of
modes to be used in the analysis should be such that the sum total of modal masses of all modes
consider is at least 90% of the total seismic. UX, UY and RZ in the table shows translation in x,
y and z.

Since the Modal 5 has 90% Mass Participation, it shows that 90% of the building weight is
involved in mass participation during earthquake.

104
Case Mode Period UX UY Sum Sum RZ SumRZ
sec UX UY
Modal 1 0.298 0.5897 0.0296 0.5897 0.0296 0.2667 0.2667
Modal 2 0.264 0.257 0.1954 0.8467 0.225 0.399 0.6657
Modal 3 0.238 0.0129 0.6363 0.8596 0.8613 0.1815 0.8472
Modal 4 0.123 0.0403 0.0014 0.9 0.8627 0.0435 0.8907
Modal 5 0.115 0.002 0.0506 0.902 0.9133 0.0024 0.8931
Modal 6 0.103 0.0485 0.0006 0.9505 0.9139 0.0491 0.9421
Modal 7 0.095 0.0081 0.0003 0.9585 0.9143 0.0000157 0.9421
Modal 8 0.089 0.0132 0.0523 0.9717 0.9666 0.0021 0.9442
Modal 9 0.083 0.0187 0.0259 0.9904 0.9925 0.0424 0.9867
Modal 10 0.029 0.0093 0.000029 0.9997 0.9925 0.0122 0.9989
Modal 11 0.02 0.000038 0.0003 0.9997 0.9928 0.0000043 0.9989
Modal 12 0.017 0.0001 0.0059 0.9999 0.9987 0.0009 0.9998

Table 13:Modal Participating Mass Ratios

6.5 Eccentricity

Story Diaphrag XCM YCM XCC YCCM XCCM/XCM YCCM/YCM

m M
m m m m
TOP D1 9.182 24.831 9.1821 24.8317 1 1
FLOO 1 7
R
1ST D1 7.634 15.049 7.7245 15.6156 1.011735 1.03761586
FLOO 9 5
R
GF D1 7.313 13.761 7.4478 14.3677 1.018377 1.04405801
4 4

Table 14:Centers Of Mass And Rigidity

105
6.6 Beam column capacity ratio
At every beam column junction in a frame, the summation of the moment capacities of the
column end sections shall be greater than 1.2 times the summation of the beam end moment
capacities.

∑ 𝑀𝑐 /∑ 𝑀𝑏> 1.2 ………………………………………………4.4.4

Where,

∑Mc = sum of the design moment of resistance of the column above and below the beam
centerline;

∑Mb = sum of the design moment of resistance of beams at the intersection of the beam and
column centerlines.

106
6.7 Torsion Check
From clauses [Link] Torsion Irregularity

Figure 35:Torsion check

107
Story output Direction Maximum Minimum Ratio
case
mm mm
TOP FLOOR EQX SLS X 10.677 9.152 1.16663
1ST FLOOR EQX SLS X 9.822 6.88 1.427616
GF EQX SLS X 5.006 3.384 1.479314
Base EQX SLS X 0 0 0

Table 15:Story Max Over Min Displacements of EQX SLS

Story Output Direction Maximum Minimum Ratio

case
m mm mm mm
TOP FLOOR EQX ULS X 11.122 9.533 1.166684
1ST FLOOR EQX ULS X 10.231 7.166 1.427714
GF EQX ULS X 5.215 3.525 1.479433
Base EQX ULS X 0 0 0

Table 16:Story Max Over Min Displacements of EQX ULS

Story Output case Direction Maximum Minimum Ratio

mm mm
TOP EQY SLS Y 7.9 7.611 1.037971
FLOOR
1ST FLOOR EQY SLS Y 6.1 5.141 1.18654
GF EQY SLS Y 3.146 2.631 1.195743
Base EQY SLS Y 0 0 0

Table 17:Story Max Over Min Displacements of EQY SLS

Story Output case Direction Maximum Minimum Ratio

m mm mm
TOP FLOOR EQY ULS Y 8.229 7.928 1.037967
1ST FLOOR EQY ULS Y 6.354 5.356 1.186333
GF EQY ULS Y 3.277 2.741 1.195549
Base EQY ULS Y 0 0 0

Table 18:Story Max Over Min Displacements of EQY ULS

108
7. Conclusion
The purpose of this project, through purely academic oriented, we have every effort to make it
feasible for the real construction.

The project work is mainly focused on the structural analysis by using professional computer
software and the sample design structure element manually.

From this project work, we got the opportunity to get the knowledge of using professional
software called ETABS for the analysis of the structure and design of structure element manually
using the analyzed computer output. This project work also enables us to use the different design
codes whenever required in the design procedure.

The project work is completed through the collective efforts of our project group. Due attention
is given to maintain the accuracy while analysis the data in computer and designing the structural
elements. We have faced many problems during the work but hard working, knee interest and
devotion of team member and valuable suggestion of our project advisor made it possible to
complete.

After completion of this project work, our team member individually could design the similar
types of structural.

References

Adhikari, B. (2015). Earth Plates And Its Himalayas. About Earth .

Becky Oskin. (2017). Earth And Plate Tectonics. Planet Earth And Its Different Plates .

109
BOLT WIILIS, B. A. (2019). Earth Tremor.

CivilProject. (2010). Guide to Design of RCC Columns.

Department of Hydrology & Meteorology, M. o. (2018). CLIMATE OF NEPAL.

El-Reedy, M. A. (2017). Onshore Structural Design Calculations. Offshore Structures And

Earthquake Loads .

kabir, M. H. (2019). Different Results of ETABS. Building Story Drift in ETABS .

Ondrej, A., & Smith. (2013). ETABS And Its Application. ETABS .

Pang, P. (2016). Seismic Pattern And Performance.

[Link]. (2010). Engineering Geology of Nepal.

ReadCivil. (2017). Design Procedure Steps for One Way Slab. Slab Design Steps .

Sinha, S., & Lotha, G. (2016). Seismology .

Subramanian, N. (2013). Design Of RCC Structures.

Subramanian, N. (2014). Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. Oxford University Press.

UpCounsel. (2019). Commercial Building Definition: Everything You Need to Know.

UpCounsel

110
ANNEXS

111
Annex 1: Detailing data from ETABS

1. BEAM

2. COLUMN

Annex 2: Architectural Drawing

112
Annex 3: Structural Drawing

113
114