IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWN SALT

SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE
(A) PRELIMINARY TESTS :-
1. Salt Number :-
2. Colour :-
3. Structure :- Crystalline of amorphous
4. Solubility :- (i) In cold water
(ii) In hot water
(iii) In cold dil HCI
(iv) In hot dil HCI
(v) In Conc HCI
(B) DRY TEST FOR ACID RADICALS :
Experiment Observation Inference
Action with dil. HCI (a) Effervescence took place with (a) CO3-2, SO3-2, S-2 or
1. A little amount of the evolution of a gas. NO2- may be present.
Salt was added to one
ml. of dilute HCI taken (i) A colourless and odourless gas
in a test tube in cold was evolved. The gas was passed Carbonate CO3-2 is
and warm slightly. through lime water with the help of a confirmed.
bend tube. Lime water turned milky
and on excess passing. Milkiness
disappeared; it didn’t change the
acidified K2Cr2O7(yellow) solution
green.
Sulphite (SO3-2) is
(ii) A colourless gas having the smell Confirmed.
of burning Sulphur was evolved. A
filter paper socked with acidified
K2Cr2O7 Solution was shown to the
gas. The filter paper turned green.
Sulphide (S-2 ) is
(iii) A colourless gas having rotten Confirmed.
egg smell was evolved. A filter paper
soaked in lead acetate Solution was
shown to the gas the paper turned
black.
Nitrite (NO2-) is
(iv) Reddish brown fumes with Confirmed.
pungent odour was evolved. Afilter
paper soaked with starch lodine
solution was shown to the gas, It
turned blue.
(b) CO3-2, SO3-2, S-2 or
(v) Effervescence didn’t take place. NO2- are absent.

−¿¿
−¿¿
Action with Conc. (a) Cl , Br−¿∨ I ¿

H2SO4 (a) Effervescence took place. may be present.

2. A little amount of the (i)Cl−¿may be present .¿
salt was taken in a (i) A colourless gas with pungent
clean and dry test tube. smell was evolved. This gas fumed in
Till it 2-3 drops of Conc. moist air and dense white fumes
Was added and were produce when a glass rod
warmed. dipped in conc. NH4OH solution was
shown to the gas.
Experiment Observation Inference
(ii) Reddish brown vapour was Br
−¿may be present ¿

produced . A filter paper soaked with

starch iodide solution was shown to
the vapour, the paper turned blue.

(iii) Violet vapour was produced. A

filter paper soaked with starch
solution was shown to the vapour. It
turned blue.
(b)Effervescence did not take, place. I- may be present −¿¿

(b) Cl−¿¿, Br−¿∧ I ¿

are absent.

3. A little amount of the (i) Greenish yellow gas with pungent The gas may be
salt with small amount smell was evolved with turned a filter Chlorine. Cl-may be
of MnO2 was paper soaked with starch iodide present.
taken∈aClean and dry solution blue
test tube to it 2-3 drops
of Conc. H 2 SO4 was (ii) Reddish brown vapour was Br- may be present.
added and warmed. produced which turned filter paper
soaked with starch iodide solution
blue.

Cu – Turning Test. (iii) Violet vapour was produced I- may be present.

Test for NO 3 which turned filter paper soaked with
4. A small amount of starch solution blue.
the salt was added to
one ml. of Conc. H 2 SO4 (a) Brown vapour was evolved and (a) NO 3– may be
taken in a clean and dry the solution turned green. It turned a Present .
test tube. To it few filter paper soaked with
pieces of Copper Fe SO 4 solution ,black .
Turnings were added
and warmed. (b) Brown vapour was not evolved, (b) NO 3- is absent.
and the solution did not turn green.
[Link] for cl-,Br-&I-
about one ml of the salt (c) A curdy white precipitate was Chloride (Cl- ) is
solutionwas prepared formed. It was soluble in dil. And Confirmed.
in Conc. NH 4 OH solution∧insoluble
¿dil. HNO3 .
WET TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS
Experiment Observation Inference
Distilled water. It was (b) Apple yellow precipitate was Bromide (Br-)is
acidified with dil. HNO3 formed. It was soluble in conc. Confirmed.
and to it few ml. of AG NH 4 OH ∧dil . HNO3
NO 3Solution was added.
(c) A yellow precipitate was formed. It Iodide (l-) is confirmed
was insoluble in dil. NH4OH& Conc.
For Nitrate : ( NO 3-) NH4OH& dil HNO3.
(Brown Ring Test)
6. About one ml. of Salt A brown ring was formed at the Nitrate (NO3-) is
Solution was taken in a junction of two layers. confirmed
test tube. To it equal
volume of Conc. H 2 SO4
was added slowly. The
Mixture was cooled
under tap water and to
it freshly prepared Fe
SO 4 Solution was added
drop wise through the
side of the test tube.

For Sulphate : ( SO 4−2) −2

7. About one ml salt (a) A Wite precipitate was formed. It (a) Sulphate ( SO 4 )
solution was taken in a was insoluble in dil. and Conc. HCI is Confirmed.
test tube. It was even on boiling.
acidified with dil. HCI
and to it BaCl 2 solution (b) White precipitate was not formed (b) ( SO 4−2) is absent.
was added. So it may contain
phosphate.
8. For Phosphate (
−3
PO 4 )
Yellow precipitate was formed.
To about one mI of salt Phosphate ( PO 4−3 ) is
solution taken in a test confirmed.
tube few ml. of Conc.
HNO3 was added. Then
to it ammonium
molybdate solution was
added.
(C) DRY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL :
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Test tube Heating : (a) The salt volatilized out and a (a) The salt may be a
A little amount of the sublimate was formed at the cooler Volatile salt of
salt was taken in a clean part of the test tube. ammonium arsenic or
and dry test tube and mercury.
heated. (b) Decripitation took place.( Produce (b) The salt may be a
craking sound.) crystalline salt.
(c) Water vapour evolved and water (c) The salt may contain
particles condensed at the cooler part water of srystallisation.
of the test tube.
(d) The salt malted on heating and (d)The Salt may be of
solidified on cooling. alkali or alkaline earth
metal.
(e) The Salt Swelled up. (e) It may be Al or Cr
Salt.
(f) The Salt was yellow when hot and (f) It may be Zn salt.
white when cold.
(g) The salt was yellow when hot and (g) It may be Pb salt.
cold.
(h) The colour of the salt changed to (h) It may be Cu, Mn, Ni
black. salt.
(i) The salt was reddish brown when (i) It may be Bi or Sn
hot and yellow when cold. Salt.
(j) Reddish brown tumes evolved. (j) It may be a nitrate
 salt of heavy metal.
(k) Colourless and odourless gas (k) It may be a
CO2 evolved which turned limewater carbonate or
milky. bicarbonate salt.
(l) A colourless gas evolved having (l) It may be a sulphate
burning sulphur smell. or sulphite salt.

Charcoal Cavity Heating : (a) A salt completely volatilised (a) It may be a volatile salt
A little amount of the salt out. of ammonium arsenic or
was taken in a charcoal mercury. Sodalime test is to
cavity and heated in an be done.
oxidizing flame with the (b)At first the salt melted and (b) It may be Al, Zn, Sn or
help of a blow pipe. finally an infusible incandescent alkaline earth metal salt. So
white residue was left. Cobalt nitrate Test is to be
done.
(c) Decrepitation took place. (c) It may be acrystalline
salt of Na or K. so Flame
Test is be done.
(d) An infusible incandescent (d) It may be Al, Zn, Mg or
mass was obtained. Sn salts. So cobalt Nitrate
Test is to be done.
(e) The salt fused and sank into (e) It may be a salt of alkali
the cavity and reappeared on or alkaline earth metal. So
cooling. flame Test it to be done.
(f) The salt melted at first and (f)Charcoal cavity
finally left an infusible coloured reduction test is to be done.
residue with incrustation
around the charcoal cavity.
(g) The salt was coloured and (g) Borax bead test is to be
left a coloured residue. done. May beCr2+,Mn2+,Fe2+,
Co2+,Ni2+
3. Sodalime Test : (a) Pungent smell of ammonia (a) The salt may be
A small amount of the salt gas came out. NH 4 + salt
was rubbed with a little
Sodalime (NaOH+CaO) (b) Smell of ammonia did not (b) NH 4 +¿ may be absent.
moistened with 2 to 3 come. So Bulb tube test to be
drops of water in a watch done for As or Hg salt.
glass. The smell was taken.
4. Bulb Tube Test :
A mixture was prepared (a) A grey mirror was formed (a) It may be mercury salt.
taking the salt, anhydrous and on rubbing the mirror with
Na2 CO 3& Charcoal powder a glass rod, globules of mercury
in the ratio 1:3:1. A little separated.
amount of the mixture was
taken in a bulb tube and (b) A black mirror was formed (b) It may be arsenic salt.
heated strongly. with garlic odour.
5. Flame Test :
A piece of nichrome or (a) Persistent golden yellow (a) It may be Na salt.
platinum wire was cleaned colour in naked eye and
with sand paper. Then it colourless through double blue
was dipped in Conc HCI glass.
taken in a watch glass and (b) Violet flame in naked eye and (b) It may be K salt.
shown to non-luminous crimson red through double blue
flame. This process was glass.
repeated till it did not (c) Brick red flame in naked eye (c) It may be Ca salt.
impart any colour to the and light yellow through double
flame. Then a small amount blue glass.
of the salt was taken at the (d) Orimson flame in naked eye (d) It may be Sr Salt.
tip of the wire after and also through double blue
moistening with Conc. HCI glass.
and shown to the non- (e) Pea green flame in naked eye (e) It may be Ba Salt.
luminous flame. The colour and bluish green flame through
of the flame was noted in double blue glass.
naked eye and through (f) Green flame with blue centre. (f) If may be Cu salt.
double blue glass.
6. Cobalt Nitrate Test: (a) Blue coloured residue was (a) It may be Al salt.
A little amount of the salt obtained.
was taken in a charcoal
cavity and heated strongly (b) Green coloured residue was (b) It may be Zn salt.
in an oxidizing flame with a obtained.
blow pipe till the salt
becomes white infusible (c) Light pink coloured residue (c) It may be Mg salt.
and incandescent. Then to was obtained.
it one drop of Cobalt
Nitrate solution was added (d) Dirty green coloured residue (d) It may be Sn salt.
and again heated in the was obtained.
oxidizing flame. The colour
(e) It may be Ca, Ba or Sr
of the residue was noted. (e) Grey mass was obtained.
salt. So Flame Test is to be
done.
7. Charcoal Reduction (a) White malleable bead
(a) It may be Ag salt.
Test. without any incrustation.
An intimate mixture of the (b) White malleable bead which
(b) It may be Pb salt.
salt and fusion mixture ( marked paper with yellow
Na2 Co2 +¿K2Co3 ) was incrustaion.
prepared. A small quantity (c)White malleable bead with
(c) It may be Sn Salt.
of the mixture was taken in white incrustation.
a charcoal cavity and (d) Brittle metallic bead with
(d) It may be Bi salt.
heated in reducing flame yellow inctustation.
with a blow pipe. The (e) Brittle beed with white
(e) It may be Sb salt.
colour of the bead and the incrustation.
incrustation was observed. (f) Grey mass attracted by
(f) It may be Fe, Co or Ni
magnet.
Salt.
(g) Red scales without
(g) It may be Cu salt.
incrustation.

8. Borax-Bead Test: (a) Blue in oxidizing flame and

(a) It may be Cu salt.
A loop was made at the tip opaque red in reducing flame.
of the pantinum wire and it (b) Blue in oxidizing and in
(b) It may be Co salt.
was dipped into pure Borax reducing flame.
and heated in oxidizing (c) Yellow in oxidizing flame and
(c) It may be Fe salt.
flame till a colourless bottle red in reducing flame.
transparent bead was (d) Green in oxidizing and
(d) It may be Cr salt.
formed at the loop. The hot reducing flame.
bead was then touched (e) Violet in oxidizing flame and
(e) It may be Mn Salt.
with a very small quantity colourless in reducing flame.
of the salt and again heated (f) Brown in oxidizing flame and
(f) It may be Ni salt.
in oxidizing flame and in grey in reducing flame.
reducing flame. The colour
of the bead was observed in
both the flame.

WET TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS

Experiment Observation Inference
1. To about one ml. of (a) A white precipitate was formed. (a) One of the Group I
+2
the salt solution was radical i.e. Ag+¿ Pb ¿
taken in a test tube dil. +2
¿ Hg 2 is present.
HCI was added. (b) No white precipltate was formed. (b) Group I radicals i.e.
+2 +2

Ag+¿, Pb ∧Hg ¿ 2
are
absent.
2. To about one ml. of (a) A coloured precipitate was (a) One of the Group-II
the salt solution was formed. radical i.e. Pb+2 , Hg +2 ,
taken in test tube dil. +3 +2 +2 +3
HCI was added. It was Bi , Cu , Cd , As ,
+3 +3 +4
warmed and H 2 S gas Sb , Sn ∨Sn is
present .
was passed through it (b) No precipitate was formed. (b) Group-II radical i.e.
under pressure. +2 +2 +3 +2
Pb , Hg , Bi , Cu ,
+2 +3 +3 +2
Cd , As , Sb , Sn
+4
3. To about one ml. of (a) A precipitate was formed. ¿ Sn are absent .
the salt solution was (a) One of the Group-
taken in to a test tube IIIAradicals is
solid NH 4 CI was added (i) White gelstinous precipitate was present.
till saturation. Then to it formed. (i) It may be Al+3
dil. NH 4OH was added (ii) Reddish brown precipitate was
till alkaline. formed. (ii) It may be Fe+3
(iii) Yellowish green precipitate
was formed. (iii) It may be Cr +3
4. To about one ml. of (b) No precipitate was formed.
the salt solution was (b) Gr-IIIA radicals. i.e.
+3 +3 +3
taken in a test tube solid Al Fe ∧Cr
NH 4 CI was added till (a) A precipitate was formed. The are Absent.
saturation and dil NH 4 colour was noted. (a) One of the Gr-IIIB
OH was added till Radicals i.e. Zn+2 Co+2
+2
alkaline. Then H 2 S gas (i) White precipitate was formed. ¿ or Mr is present.
+2

was passed through it. (ii) Black precipitate was formed. (i) It may be Zn Salt.
(ii) It may be Co or Ni
(iii) Buff coloured precitate was salt.
formed. (iii) It may be Mn salt.
5. To about one ml. of
the salt solution was (b) No precipitate was formed.
taken in a test tube solid (b) Group-IIIB radicals
NH 4 CLwas added till i.e. Zn+2 , Co+2 ,¿ +2and
Mr are absent.
+2
saturation and dil.
NH 4 OH was added till (a) A, white precipitate was formed.
alkaline. Then to it (a) One of the Group-IV
saturated solution of radical i.e. Ba+2 Sr +2∨¿
Ca is present .
+2
ammonium carbonate
was added. (b) No precipitate was formed.
(b) Group IV fadicals
+2 +2 +2
Ba Sr ∨Ca
are absent. So the salt
may contain Gr v
radicals i.e. Mg +2 , Na+¿, ¿
 + ¿¿
+¿∨NH 4 ¿
K .

WET TESTS FOR GROUP –I RADICALS :

+2 +2

( Ag+¿, Pb Hg2 ¿
) Reagent dil. HCI
Experiment Observation Inference
+¿¿ +¿¿
Test for Ag (Silver) A Curdy white precipitate was Ag is Confirmed.
(Confirmatory test ) formed. It was soluble in both dil. and
1. To about one mI, of Conc.
the salt solution was NH 4 OH solution.
taken in a test tube, dil
+¿¿
HCI was added. A brick red precipitate was formed. It Ag is Confirmed.
2. To about one ml of was insoluble in dil. CH 3 COOH but
the salt solution taken soluble in dil, HNO3
in a testtube, few ml. of
potassium chlomate
solution was added.
Test for Pb+2 (Lead)
(Confirmatory test )
A white precipitate was formed. It Pb is Confirmed.
+2
1. To about one ml of
the salt solution was was soluble in water on boiling and
taken in a test tube, dil reappeared on cooling.
HCI was added.
2. To about one ml. of A yellow precipitate was formed . It Pb is Confirmed.
+2

the salt solution taken was insoluble in dil. acetic acid but
in a test tube. Few ml of soluble in dil HNO3.
dil acetic acid was
added . Then to it
potassium chromate
solution was added.
3. To about one mI of A yellow precipitate was formed. Pb is Confirmed.
+2

the salt solution

potassium iodide
solution was added.

Test for Hg2+2

(Mercurous)
(Confirmatory test )
1. To about one ml. of A white precipitate was formed. It +2
Hg2 is Confirmed.
the salt solution was turned black when treated with dil
taken in a test tube. dil NH 4 OH solution.
HCI was added.
2. To about one mI of
A white precipitate was formed first +2
Hg2 is Confirmed.
the salt solution was
which finally turned grey with excess
taken in a test tube
reagent.
SnCl 2 solution was
added drop by drop and
then in excess.
WET TESTS FOR GROUP –II RADICALS :
( Pb+2 , Hg+2 , Bi +3 , Cu+2 ,Cd +2 , As+3 , Sb+3 , Sn+ 2 , Sn +4)
Reagent dil. HCI + H 2S gas

Experiment Observation Inference

1. To about one ml. of (a) Black precipitate was formed. (a) It may be Pb, Hg or
the salt solution taken Cu salt.
in a test tube, dil HCI (b) Dark brown precipitate was (b) It may be Bi salt.
was added. It was formed.
warmed and H 2S gas (c) Yellow precipitate was formed. (c) It may be Cd or As
was passed through it. salt.
The colour of the (d) Orange precipitate was formed. (d) It may be Sb salt.
precipitate was noted. (e) Brown precipitate was formed. (e) It may be Sn (-ous)
salt.
Test for Pb+2 Already discussed in Gr-I.
Test for Hg+2
(Confirmatory test )
1. About one ml. of the
A white precipitate was formed first Hg (Mercuric) is
+2
salt solution was taken
which finally turned grey with excess Confirmed.
and acidified with dil
reagent.
HCI. Then to it stannous
chloride solution was
added drop by drop and
then excess.
There was grey deposit of Mercury Hg is Confirmed.
+2
2. To about one ml. of
over Copper.
the salt solution few
pieces of Copper
turning were added to
it.
Test forCu+2
(Confirmatory test )
1. To about one ml. of At first a bluist white precipitate was Cu (Copper) is
+2

the salt solution was formed which dissolved in excess confirmed.

taken in a test tube dil NH 4 OH solution to give a deep blue
NH 4 OH solution was solution.
added drop and then
excess.

Test for Bi+3

(Confirmatory test )
1. To about one ml. of White turbidity was obtained and Bi (Bismuth) is
+3

the salt solution was water turned milky. confirmed.

taken in a test tube, few
ml. of dil HCI was
added. Then this
acidified solution was
poured to a beaker full
of water.

2. To about one ml of Yellow colouration was obtained. Bi

+3
is confirmed.
the salt solution
thiourea was added
followed by the addition
of few drops of dil
HNO3

Test for As+3 White turbidity was obtained. On Sb ( Antimony) is

+3

(Confirmatory test ) passing H 2 S gas through it an orange Confirmed.

1. To about one ml. of precipitate was formed.
the salt solution dil HCI
was added and warmed.
Then to it H 2 S gas was
passed .
Sn (Stannous) is
+2
At first a white precipitate was
Test for Sn+2
formed which finally dissolved on confirmed.
(Confirmatory test )
adding excess NaOH.
1. To about one ml. of
the salt solution dil
NaOH was added drop
by drop and then
excess.
A white precipitate was formed which Sn is confirmed.
+2

2. To about one ml. of turned grey on keeping.

the salt solution HgC 2l
Was added and warmed
slightly.
WET TESTS FOR GROUP –III A RADICALS :
(Fe+3 , Al+3 ,Cr+3 ) Reagent - Solid NH4Cl and dil NH4OH
Experiment Observation Inference
Test for Al+3

(Confirmatory test ) At first a white gelatinous precipitate Al+3 ( aluminium) is

[Link] about one ml of the was formed which finally dissolved on confirmed.
salt solution taken in adding excess NaOH solution.
the test tube , dilute
NaOH solution was
added drop by drop and
then excess.

Test for Fe+3

(Confirmatory test ) A blood red colouration was Fe+3 ( ferric ) is
[Link] about one ml of the obtained . confirmed.
salt solution taken in a
test tube few drops of
ammnioum thiocynide
solution was added .

Test for Cr+3

(Confirmatory test )
[Link] about one ml of A yellow precipitate was formed . Cr+3 (chromium) is
salt solution one ml of confirmed .
bromine water was
added followed by the
addition of few ml of
NaOH solution. Then it
was acidified with dil
acetic acid and lead
 acetate solution was
added .

WET TESTS FOR GROUP –III B RADICALS :

( Co+2 ,Ni+2 , Mn+2 ,Zn+2 ) Reagent – Solid NH4Cl + dil NH4OH & H2S gas
Experiment Observation Inference
Test for Co +2

(Confirmatory test )
1. About one ml of the salt A yellow precipitate was formed . Co+2 (cobalt) is
solution was treted with few confirmed .
drops of KCl solution . Then
to it little amount of solid
sodium nitrite ( NaNO2) was
added followed by acetic
acid (CH3COOH) .

Test for Ni+2 (Confirmatory

test )
1. To about one ml of the A red precipitate was formed . Ni+2 (nickel) is
salt solution few drops of confirmed.
dimethyl glyoxime reagent
was added. It was then made
alkaline with dil NH4OH.

Test for Mn+2

(Confirmatory test )
1. To about one ml of salt Pink coloured solution was Mn+2 (Manganese) is
solution few drops of conc. obtained . confirmed.
HNO3 was added and
warmed . Then little amount
of sodium bismuthate was
added .

Test for Zn+2

(Confirmatory test )
1. To about one ml of the At first a white precipitate was Zn+2 ( Zinc) is
salt solution dil NaOH was formed which finally dissolved in confirmed.
added drop by drop and excess NaOH solution.
then excess.

WET TESTS FOR GROUP –IV RADICALS :

( Ba+2 , Sr +2 , Ca+2) Reagent – Solid NH 4 Cl+¿ dil NH 4 OH +(NH 4 )2 CO3Solution
Experiment Observation Inference
1. To about one ml. of A white precipitate was formed.
the salt solution, Solid One of the Group IV
NH 4 Cl was added til This white precipitate was dissolved radical is present.
saturation and dil in minimum amount of dil acetic acid
NH 4 OH was added till and warmed slightly to get solution of
alkaline. Then to it acetate.
saturated solution of
ammonium carbonate
was added.
Test for Ba+2
(Confirmatory test )
[Link] a little of the (a) Yellow precipitate was formed. (a) Ba+2 (Barium) is
above solution, confirmed.
Potassium Chromate (b) Yellow precipitate was not (b) Ba+2 is absent.
solution was added. formed.

Test for Sr +2
(Confirmatory test )
[Link] the little amount of (a) White precipitate was formed. (a) Sr +2 (Strontium) is
the above solution confirmed.
ammonium sulphate (b) White precipitate was not formed. (b) Sr +2 is absent.
solution was added.

Test for Ca+2

(Confirmatory test ) (a) Ca+2 (Calcium) is
1. To a little amount of (a) White precipitate was formed. confirmed.
the above solution, (b) Ca+2 is absent.
ammonium oxalate (b) White precipitate did not formed.
solution was added
followed dil NH 4 OH .
WET TESTS FOR GROUP –V RADICALS : + ¿, NH4
+¿ ¿
¿

( Mg +2 , Na+¿, K ¿
)
Experiment Observation Inference
+2
Test for Mg
(Confirmatory test )
To about one ml of the salt (a) A white precipitate was (a) Mg +2 (Magnesium)
solution, solid NH 4 Cl formed. is confirmed.
Was added till saturation
and dil NH 4 OH was added
till alkaline. Then to it (b) No white precipitate was (b) Mg +2is absent.
disodium hydrogen formed.
phosphate solution was
added.
+¿¿
Test for Na
(Confirmatory test ) (a) A white precipitate was +¿¿
(a) Na (Sodium) is
1. To about one ml of the salf formed. confirmed.
solution, few ml of
Potassium pyroantimonate (b) No white precipitate was (b) Na
+¿¿
is absent.
solution was added. formed.
+¿¿
Test for, K
(Confirmatory test )
(a) A yellow precipitate was +¿ ¿
(a) K (Potassium) is
1. To about one ml. of salt
formed. confirmed.
solution, two drops of Cobalt
nitrate was added. Then to it
(b) No yellow precipitate was (b) K
+¿ ¿
is absent.
solid sodium nitrite was
formed.
added followed by diluted
acetic acid and allowed to
stand for some time.
+¿¿
Test for NH 4
(Confirmatory test ) (a) Pungent smell of arnmonia +¿¿
(a) NH 4 (Ammonia)
1. To about one ml. of the came out. is confirmed.
salt solution taken in a test
tube dil NaOH salution was (b) Smell of ammonia did not
+¿¿
added and boiled. came. (b) NH 4 is absent.

2. To about one ml. of the

salt solution, Nesslers A brown precipitate was formed.
reagent was added followed NH 4
+¿¿
is confirmed.
by few drops of dil NaOH
solution.
 ORGANIC COMPOUND DETECTION

FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION

A . Preliminary Investigation :
(i) Organic compound No :-
(ii) Physical state :- Liquid
(iii) Colour :- Colourless
(iv) Odour :- Sour smell
EXEPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Copper foil test :
A small amount of organic compound is It burns with non- It may be aliphatic
taken in a copper foil & heated strongly in luminous flame. compound.
non- luminous flame.

Solubility test :
A little of the organic compound is added to It is soluble a cold It may carboxylic
2 ml of water in a test tube and shaken. water . acid ,alcohol,lower
aldehyde or ketone .
Litmus test :
A piece of blue litmus paper is dropped in to The blue litmus The compound may
the above water solution . changed to red . contain -COOH or
phenolic –OH group.
Test with 10% sodium hydroxide :
The compound is The compound may
A small amount of organic compound is
soluble. contain -COOH or
added to 2 ml of 10% NaOH solution &
phenolic –OH group
shaken.
Test with 5% NaHCO3 solution :
A small amount of organic compound is
Efferevescence -COOH group is present.
added to 2 ml of 5% NaHCO3 solution in a takes place with
test tube. evolution of CO2 gas

Ester formation :
A little of the organic compound is taken in A fruity smell of the -COOH group is present.
a test tube & 2 ml of rectified spirit is added ester is obtained.
followed by addition of 3 drops of conc.
H2SO4. The test tube is warmed gently.

CONCLUSION :
The given organic compound bearing No ______ the functional group identified to be
–COOH
FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION
A . Preliminary Investigation :
(i) Organic compound No :-
(ii) Physical state :- Liquid
(iii) Colour :- Colourless
(iv) Odour :- Repellant odur

EXEPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Copper foil test:
A small amount of organic compound is It burns luminously May be aromatic of
taken in a copper foil & heated strongly in with smoky flame. unsaturated aliphatic
the non-luminous flame. compound.

Solubility test :
A little of the organic compound is added to The compound is The compound may be
2ml of water in a test tube & shaken. insoluble in water. phenol, aldehyde or
ketone.
Litmus test :
The blue litmus The compound may
To the above test tube a piece of blue
changed to red. contain carboxylic or
litmus paper is dropped.
phenolic group.

Test with 10% NaOH solution : The compound is The compound may
A little of the organic compound is added to soluble. contain acidic & phinolic
2 ml of 10% NaOH solution & shaken . –OH group.

Test with sodium bicarbonate : No effervescence -COOH group is absent.

A small amount of organic compound is takes place.
added to 2 ml of 5% sodium bicarbonate
solution in a test tube .

Ferric chloride test :

About 2 ml of aqueous solution of the A violet colour The compound contain
organic compound to it neutral FeCl3 developed . phenolic –OH group.
solution is added.

CONCLUSION :
The functional group of given organic compound bearing No ______ is identified to be
phenolic group.
FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION
A . Preliminary Investigation :
(i) Organic compound No :-
(ii) Physical state :- Liquid
(iii) Colour :- Colourless
(iv) Odour :- Characteristic pungent odur
EXEPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Copper foil test:
A small amount of organic compound is It burns non- It may be aliphatic
taken in a copper foil & heated strongly in luminous flame. compound.
the non-luminous flame.
Solubility test :
A little of the organic compound is added to The compound is The compound may be
2ml of water in a test tube & shaken. soluble in cold acid, alcohol, lower
water. ketone or aldehyde.
Litmus test :
To the above test tube a piece of blue The colour of the The compound may be
litmus paper is dropped. litmus paper remain alcohol, lower ketone or
unaffected. aldehyde.
Test for alcohol (OH) group: .
A little of the organic compound is taken in No effervescence The compound may not
a test tube . To it a small piece of sodium takes place. contain alcohol (OH)
metal added . group.

Test with 2 , 4 dinitrophenyl

hydrazine : Yellow precipitate is The compound contain
3 drops of alcoholic solution of organic carbonyl group .
form.
compound is added to 1 ml of 2 , 4
dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Shake and allow to
stand .

Test with Tollen’s reagent ( silver

mirror test ) :
1 ml of organic compound is added to 5 ml A black precipitate Aldehyde group is present.
of Tollen’s reagent in a test tube and the of silver mirror is
content was warmed in water bath. formed.

Fehling solution test :

3 ml of Fehling solution is taken in a test Reddish precipitate Aldehyde group is present.
tube and to it 1 ml of organic compound is is formed.
added and the content is heated in water
bath.

Schiff’s reagent test :

2 drop of organic compound is Pink colour The compound is aliphatic
Added to 1 ml of Schiff’s reagent in a test obtained. aldehyde.
tube and shaken well.
CONCLUSION :
The functional group of the given organic compound No______ identified to be aliphatic
aldehydic group (-CHO) .
FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION
A . Preliminary Investigation :
(i) Organic compound No :-
(ii) Physical state :- Liquid
(iii) Colour :- Colourless
(iv) Odour :- Alcoholic odur

EXEPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Copper foil test:
A small amount of organic compound is It burns non- It may be aliphatic
taken in a copper foil & heated strongly in luminous flame. compound.
the non-luminous flame.
Solubility test :
A little of the organic compound is added to The compound is The compound may be
2ml of water in a test tube & shaken. soluble in cold acid, alcohol, lower
water. ketone or aldehyde.
Litmus test :
To the above test tube a piece of blue The colour of the The compound may be
litmus paper is dropped. litmus paper remain alcohol, lower ketone or
unaffected. aldehyde.
Sodium metal test : .
A little of the organic compound is taken in Hydrogen gas The compound may
a test tube . To it a small piece of sodium evolved. contain alcohol (OH)
metal added . group.

Acetyl chloride test : HCl gas is evolved. Alcoholic group is present.

About 1.0 ml of the organic compound is
taken in dry test test tube & 0.5 ml of acetyl
chloride is added to it .

Ester formation test :

About 1 ml of the compound with 1ml of Sweet fruity odur is Alcoholic group is
acetic acid and 1-2 drops of conc H2SO4 are obtained. present.
heated in a test tube.

Ceric ammonium nitrate test : Pink or red colour is Alcoholic group is present.
About 1ml of of organic compound is taken obtained.
in a dry test tube & 1-2 drops of ceric
ammonium nitrate solution is added to it .

CONCLUSION :
The functional group of the given organic compound No______ identified to be aliphatic
alcoholic ( -OH group ).