PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

REVIEWER 2ND GRADING 2ND SEM

• Qualitative Research Design- concerned with establishing answers to the whys and hows of the
phenomenon in question
• Ethnographical- type of qualitative research design is often used to learn and describe a culture's
characteristics
• Phenomenological- type of qualitative research design used for studying lived experiences
• Case study- an in-depth study
• Grounded Theory- a research design is used in discovering what problems exist in a social scene and
how persons handle them leading to the development of a theory
• Population- described as the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about
• Sample- participants that you select from a target population
• Slovin’s Formula- n = N  (1 + Nⅇ𝟐 )
• Non-Probability
- Not chosen randomly but purposefully
- Not randomized, susceptible to bias
- Relying primarily on judgement of the researcher or on accident
• Non-probability Sampling
1. Convenience- chooses respondents that are readily or easily accessible but highly vulnerable to
selection bias
2. Snowball- chain-referral method
3. Quota
4. Purposive- example: wants to understand the experiences of COVID survivors
• Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling- puts all the names in a box and chooses without looking to get a
sample
2. Cluster Sampling- selecting all students sitting at group
3. Stratified Random Sampling- selects students from each strata
4. Systematic Sampling- selects every kth term from the list
• Data Gathering- is a process of collecting information regarding the variables that the researcher
sought to examine, and to answer the objectives of the research study.
• Interview- ask individually such as seasoned professional in the field of marketing
• Observation- uses senses to observe and study very young children
• Structured interview- only ask what is in the guide
• Characteristics of good research questions- free of bias, open-ended, and not leading in order
• Two-way focus group- type of focus group discussion involves two separate groups having
discussions on the topic at different times
• Dual-moderator focus group- there are 2 moderators, one ensures smooth execution, and the other
guarantees the discussion of each question
• Document Analysis- collects data at the library which contains comprehensive collection of
documents of Mangyans.
• Audio-Visual Materials Review- includes sounds and images such videotapes and films that
researchers collect to assist in understanding the research problem at hand
• Qualitative captures rich, in-depth insights
• Significance of research methodology - it helps in choosing the most appropriate research design and
methods
• To facilitate effective communication it is important to present findings clearly and concisely in a
research report
• Identify Relevant Themes- the main focus of qualitative data analysis
• Process of drawing out patterns and themes from the data:
- Immersing oneself in the data, coding segments for recurring ideas, and identifying overarching
patterns
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
REVIEWER 2ND GRADING 2ND SEM
• Process of identifying patterns and themes:
-Transcribing interviews, systematically coding the data, and identifying recurring ideas or concepts
• Purpose of reporting findings: to communicate the results to relevant audiences
• Purpose of data analysis in practical research: to identify patterns, trends, and relationships in the
data
• Importance of ensuring data quality: increases the likelihood of obtaining accurate and reliable results
• Parts of research methodology:
1. Research Design
2. Participants of the Study
3. Data Gathering Tool
4. Data Gathering Procedure
5. Data Management
• Data Management- indicates how the data will be analyzed and reported; it should specify the
qualitative methods that will be used in analyzing the data gathered for the research
• Participants of the Study - indicate the type of sampling used and why it is appropriate for your study
• Thematic Analysis- the method of analyzing qualitative data which is usually applied to a set of texts,
such as an interview or transcripts
• Inductive approach- involves allowing the data to determine your themes
• Semantic approach- involves analyzing the explicit/un-ambiguous content of the data
• Steps in using Thematic Analysis:
1. Familiarization
2. Coding
3. Generating themes
4. Reviewing themes
5. Defining and naming themes
6. Writing up
• Braun and Clarke- originally developed the process of thematic analysis for psychology research
• Familiarization of data- the first step is to get to know our data. It is important to get a thorough
overview of all the data we collected before we start analyzing individual items.
• Naming themes - involves coming up with a concise and easily understandable name for each theme
• Reviewing themes - making sure that themes are useful and accurate representations of the data
• Coding- highlighting sections of text – usually phrases or sentences – and coming up with shorthand
labels or codes to describe their content
• Primary goal of practical research: apply existing theories to solve real-world problems