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A. POLITICAL HISTORY
 It provides the tools to understand and critically assess many contemporary problems and
changes in terms of politics.
 Political history is the narrative and survey of political events, ideas, movements, organs
of government, voters, parties and leaders. So political history is all about the history that
happened in our country or the past events like elections, movements, parties, historical changes
and etc.

 The first president of the Republic was Emilio Aquinaldo (1899-1901). He led the
proclamation of the Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898, in his ancestral home in
Kawit, Cavite in addition, he is the youngest Filipino president, taking office at age 28
Aside from that, he is also the longest-lived president of the Philippines, passing away at
the age of 94.

 The second President was Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944), who is known as the "Father
of National Language (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He also initiated women's suffrage in
the Philippines during the Commonwealth and featured in the 20-peso bill, for the
declaration of Filipino as the National Language.

 The third President was Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945) he is the only Philippine president
who served the three branches of government Laurel was also recognized as legitimate
president of the Philippines and organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan saPaglilingkod sa
Bagong Pilipinas, or Association for Service to the New Philippines).

 The fourth President was Sergio Osmeña Sr. (1944-1946) and he is also the 2nd
president of the Commonwealth Sergio Osmeña was the first Visayan to become
president, born in Cebu City and a founder of the Nacionalista Party. In addition, during
his administration, the Philippines joined the International Monetary Fund.

 Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) was the fifth President of the Republic and the 3rd (and
last) president under the Commonwealth. The reconstruction from war damage and life
without foreign rule began during his presidency. The Congress also accepted the
Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws under his term.

 Elpidio Quirino was the sixth President of the Republic; the Hukbalahap Guerrilla
movement was active during his [Link] succeeded presidency after incumbent
president and was 57 years old when he was inaugurated as president on April 17, 1948,
at the Malacañang Palace

 Ramon Magsaysay Sr. was the seventh President of and the 3rd president of the Third
Republic. He was the first president who was sworn into the office wearing Barong
Tagalog during the [Link] died in an aircraft disaster while boarding the
presidential plane and led to defeat the Hukbalahap movement. His presidency was
referred to as the Philippines’ “Golden Years” for its lack of corruption.

 Carlos P. Garcia the 8th president of the Philippines and fourth president of the Third
Republic. This Bohol native was a lawyer, poet, and professor and served as a guerrilla
leader during the Pacific War. He served as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and
as secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years and became president when Magsaysay died
in a plane crash in [Link] was the first president to have his remains buried at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani.

 Diosdado Macapagal was the 9th president of the [Link] Macapagal was
a great economist, he established the first Land Reform [Link] also placed the

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College of Management and Business Technology
Philippine peso on the free currency exchange market and encouraged [Link] adition,
ge signed the Minimum Wage Law and featured in the 200 peso bill.

 Ferdinand E. Marcos was the 10th president of the Philippines and the last president of
the Third Republic. He was one of the most controversial leaders of the 20th [Link]
longest-ruling president of the Philippines. He ruled for 21 years and was removed from
office after the People Power [Link] also declared Martial Law and he is the
only president whose remains were interred inside are frigerated crypt.

 Corazon C. Aquino was the first woman president of the Philippines and the first
woman to become president of an Asian country and she was also the 11th president and
a democracy icon. One of the 100 Women Who Shaped World History and she was
featured on the new 500-peso bill together with her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr.

 Fidel Ramos was the 12th president of the Philippines and the oldest living former
presidents of the [Link]’s one of the most admired and was widely credited as the
most effective president because he promoted family-planning practices to help to solve
the country’s growing population. And lastly, the death penalty was reinstated while he
was in office.

 Joseph Estrada was the 13th president of the Philippines and the first film actor to
become a president in the [Link] his years in office, economic growth was slow,
and he faced impeachment [Link] became the first president in Asia to be
impeached from an executive [Link] was ousted from the presidency in 2001 and Moro
Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured during his presidency.

 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the 14th president of the Philippines, the 2nd female
president, and the first Filipino president whose parents were former presidents.
Philippine Peso also became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007
during her term and eVAT Law was implemented under her term.

 Benigno Aquino III was the 15th president of the [Link] was the first bachelor
president and he also created the no “wang-wang” (street siren) [Link] initiated
shifting to K-12 education in the Philippines and the peace agreement with the Moro
Islamic Liberation Front in October 2012.

 Rodrigo Duterte was the 16th president of the Philippines and one of the most loved
[Link] age 71, he became the oldest Filipino ever elected to the presidency. He
signed the Freedom of Information Order,an order for Smoking Ban in public places and
Boracay Island was rehabilitated during his term.

 And lastly, Ferdinand Marcos Jr is the 17th and current president of the Philippines.
He is also the secretary of agriculture, holding the post in concurrent capacity and
previously served as a senator from 2010 to 2016. He is the second child and only son of
10th president Ferdinand Marcos Sr. and former first lady Imelda Romualdez Marcos.

To further elaborate our knowledge, here are the examples of the Political History in the
Philippines:

1. Standards for Politics

Then: During the American colonization, standards for politicians are based off wealth,
education, and race. As wealth, popularity, and race are important in winning office, education
seemed to be the most important factor in winning

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Now: Standards have College of Management
shifted throughout the [Link]
As Business
Education isTechnology
an important factor in
running for office, it does not affect the public's opinion regarding the candidate.

2. Rights in Politics

Then: The elites are given the power to vote, run for the office, and create legislation in national
assemblies.

Now: Everyone has the right to vote, run for the local office, and participate in legislation in
national assemblies.

B. DIPLOMATIC HISTORY

 Diplomacy is the science of foreign relations or foreign affairs of States, and specifically
it is the meaning of art of negotiations.

 Since we know what diplomatic history means, let us discuss the timeline or the specific
date where the Philippines started to foreign relations. During the Pre Spanish Period in
982 BC, direct China contract between Philippine merchants. In the Japanese Period
(1929) the economic relations between Japan and the Philippines happen. And lastly, In
American period (1932) the free trade expansion between America and Philippines
happened.

1. Historical Ties
Past: China and the Philippines have a long history of cultural and economic exchanges, with
ancient trade links dating back centuries.
Now: The historical ties between China and the Philippines are still recognized, but tensions
exist due to maritime disputes in the South China Sea.

2. Conflict Resolution
Past: Territorial disputes, such as the Scarborough Shoal, have led to tensions, occasional
standoffs, and arbitration cases in the past.
Now: The Philippines pursued an international arbitration case against China regarding their
territorial claims in the South China Sea, resulting in a favorable ruling for the Philippines in
2016. However, diplomatic efforts remain ongoing to find a mutually acceptable resolution.

3. Cultural Exchanges
Past: Cultural exchanges between China and the Philippines have taken place for centuries,
leading to the assimilation of certain Chinese customs and traditions into Filipino culture.
Now: Cultural exchanges continue to occur, with tourism, educational exchanges, and cultural
celebrations fostering a better understanding between the two nations.

4. Shift in Alliances
Past: The Philippines has typically been aligned with the United States in terms of defense and
security cooperation, considering their shared history as former colonial powers.
Now: The Philippines has pursued a more independent foreign policy approach, seeking
cooperation with various countries, including China, while still maintaining its alliance with the
United States.

C. CULTURAL HISTORY
 The culture of the Philippines comprises a blend of traditional Filipino and Spanish
Catholic traditions, with influences from America and other parts of Asia. The Filipinos
are family oriented and often religious with an appreciation for art, fashion, music and
food.
 Filipinos are also hospitable people who love to have a good time. This often includes
getting together to sing, dance, and eat. The annual calendar is packed with festivals,

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many of which College of Management
combine costumes and ritualsand
fromBusiness Technology
the nation’s pre-Christian past with
the Catholic beliefs and ideology of present day.

VALUES
1. Bahala na (Let Go & Let God)
 Bahala was derived from the word Bathala who was worshipped by the Filipinos during
the Pre-Spanish period. Bahala Na is a Filipino attitude that expresses courage and faith
in God. It means to let go and let God.
2. Ningas Cogon
 Ningas means flame, burning or fire while cogon is a plant can be quickly burnt with its
presence. Ningas Cogon means the swift burning of cogon which connotes the eagerness
of the Filipinos just at the beginning but then rapidly lose interest.
3. Pakikisama (Getting Along With Others)
 Pakikisama is a typical trait of a Filipino, in its simplest sense meaning “getting along
with others”
1. Pakikisama entails a genuine intrinsic appreciation of togetherness. Group harmony
and unity is valued
2. People want to get along rather than stand out.

TRADITIONS
1. Giving Respect to Elders by “Pagmamano”
 Pagmamano” is a Filipino gesture often done by young people to the elders as a sign of
respect. This is done by gently striking the elder's right hand to the young's forehead.
2. Fiestas
 Feast Day is a religious celebration by the Roman Catholic people in honor of a saint.
That, festivities mostly coincide with the day of the patron saint of a particular place and
each barangay has a fiesta.
3. 4-month Christmas Season
 Filipino Christmas traditions are a big part of the culture, partly due to 90% of the
country being Christian (with 80% of those being Catholic). In total, 4 months of the
festive season are celebrated, from September to the end of December. Filipinos love an
excuse to party, and Christmas is the biggest, longest party of all.

BELIEFS
1. Ang pag-ipit ng unang gupit na buhok sa libro o sa diksyunaryo upang tumalino ang sanggol.
2. Ang sabi nila kapag may nahulog na kutsara habang kumakain may darating na bisita.
3. Kapag binatukan ka, dapat mong katukin pataas ang iyong baba upang hindi ka maging bobo.

D. SOCIAL HISTORY
 According to J. C. D. Clark, social history has also demonstrated the usefulness – and
indeed the priceless quality – of whole classes of documents which were previously held
in low esteem: house- hold inventories as an index of kinship, obligations and ties: court
depositions as evidence of sociability; wills and testaments as tokens of religious belief.

E. ECONOMIC HISTORY
 Is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special
attention to economic phenomena. (Thomas Piketty 2013).
 Barter
 Supply and Demand
 Peso Depreciation

F. INTELLECTUAL HISTORY
 Is the study of the history of human thought and of intellectuals, people who
conceptualize, discuss, write about, and concern themselves with ideas. (Arthur Oncken
Lovejoy and Philip P. Wiener 1940).

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ANALYSIS ON THE SPEECH OF THE FORMER PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES,
MRS. CORAZON AQUINO, DURING THE JOINT SESSION OF THE UNTIDED
STATES CONGRESS (September 18, 1986)

1. Who is the author of the primary source?

 The primary source was Former President, Corazon C. Aquino. Based on the Video I
watched about the US Congress Speech, the Primary sources who speak in the Speech is
Our Former President, the 11th President of the Philippines, Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino.
The wife of Benigno S. Aquino Jr, also known as 'Ninoy Aquino'.

2. What do you know about the author that may shape his or her perspective?
 Corazon C. Aquino-is the wife of Ninoy Aquino, a Filipino Politicians who served as a
Senator of the Philippines and governor of the Province of Tarlac. His late Husband was
assassinated on Sunday, August 21, 1983, on the tarmac of Manila International Airport
(now named Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor). We can see in the Video
that Mrs. Corazon Aquino felt mutinity and sadness through addressing the speech when
she finally got the chance in US congress. She addressed there how his husband lost three
times to them and how she wants democracy to our Philippines.

3. Who is the intended audience of the primary source?

 The intended audience of the Primary Source are we the Filipinos, especially the people
who witness the leadership of Marcos Administration.

4. Where and when was the primary source published

 The Speech of Former Philippine president, Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino was held at
Washington D.C in the US Congress and delivered on the 18th of September 1986

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 The speech of President Corazon Aquino during the Joint Session of the U.S. Congress,
was delivered on September 18, 1986, at Washington D.C. It was entitled as “Speech of Her
Excellency Corazon C. Aquino.” The speech was supposedly intended for the Filipino
community and the witnesses on how the “People Power” prevailed. Approximately the speech
was written by the late president Cory Aquino between April to September of the same year. The
speech was written in the Philippines. While it was delivered exactly 208 days after EDSA
People Power Revolution (25th of February 1986) and 3 years after Senator Benigno “Ninoy”
Aquino’s murder (21st of August 1983).
 The speech occurred for almost 30 minutes before the Joint Session of the U.S. Congress.
During the speech of the former president was being delivered, the Philippines is democratically
free for 7 months since the end of Martial Law. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the
country in the year 1986 was about 29.87 billion USD. The fresh start for each and every
Filipino was being proclaimed through the speech. Democracy is said to be given and that
freedom is now within the hands of the people. The account was delivered when the country is
starting to open its hands for new investors that Would help to give jobs to all.

ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECH

 The former 11th president of the Philippines and also the 1 lady President of the
Philippines Miss Corazon Aquino, who is born and raised in the City of Tarlac in 25"
January of 1933. Who graduated in College of Mount Saint Vincent in 1953 with the
bachelor's degree of French and Mathematics.
 People saw and known her as a loving mother of her children and a wife of Senator
Benigno Aquino Sr. who is the oppositionist of late President Ferdinand Marcos. When
late Miss President Cory Aquino delivered this speech in front of the lawmakers of
United States of America during the Joint Session of the US Congress on 18 September
of 1986, she thanks all of the Americans who support our country by giving the Filipino a

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chance to be a College of Management
free country and making it a and
betterBusiness Technology
place to live in with the moral and
financial support coming from America. She detailed how devasted she was when
leaving America to bury her husband and continue his restless dream about the freedom
for the country and achieving the dreams of her late husband to be a free country with the
help of America who said to be a promoter of righteous government system and as a
model of greatness to strengthening the reputation of our country.

The Manunggul Jar as a Vessel of the History

 Manunggul Burial Jar is a burial vessel. It was created by an ingenious artist and master
potter. The jar is sociological evidence of a society with clear beliefs in both the existence
of the soul and life after death.
 The Manunggul jar from Palawan was used about 2,700 years ago to protect the remains
of the dead. It is regarded as the Philippines' most remarkable example of ancient pottery.
It was found in Lipuun Point's Manunggul Cave. the measurement of this jar is about
51.5 cm in width and 66.5 in height.
 In contrast to other burial jars, which have plain handles on their spherical lids, this one
has a wonderfully carved lid. A pair of tiny, three-dimensional figures on a boat can be
seen on this lid. The figures depict the departed souls rowing toward the afterlife. While
the second has a paddle in his hands, the first has his arms folded across his chest. Both
have doll-like face features and nicely proportioned limbs. Despite being produced in a
crude manner, the soul figures exhibit exceptional sculptural quality for the time.
 In addition to what she said, The Manunggul Jar was founded by Dr. Robert B. Fox and
Miguel Antonio in 1962. It was found alongside the discovery of the remains of Tabon
Man. It was recovered by Dr. Fox in Chamber A of Manunggul Cave in Southwestern
Palawan Manunggul Cave is one of the Tabon Caves in Lipuun Point In the expansion,
the Tabon Caves is known to be a site of jar burials with artefacts dating a range from
4250-2000 BP. Chamber A dates as a Late Neolithic burial site (890-710 BC). In
addition, seventy-eight jars and earthenware, including the Manunggul Jar, that
discovered on the subsurface and surface of Chamber A. Each artifact varied in design
and form but was evidently types of funerary pottery.
 As mentioned earlier, the first ever excavation that gave way to the discovery of this
burial jar was in 1964 by Dr. Robert Fax. During that time, he and his team were
excavating the Tabon Cave Complex, specifically in the Lipuun Point In Fox's
excavation, it is yet the most unusual in all angles The inside of the jar contains human
bones which are covered in red paint. Like the Egyptian burial practice, the jar was also
found to be equipped with numerous [Link] the Manunggul jar was spurred by
the image in the PHP1,000 bill, circulated in 1995.
 And lastly , the Manunggul Jar represents the importance of burial practices and beliefs
in the afterlife among early Filipinos. And it is proof of our common heritage with our
Austronesian-speaking ancestors despite the diversity of cultures of the Philippine
peoples.
 To summarize, the Manunggul Jar was discovered in the early 1960's in Manggul Cave ,
Palawan. This burial jar features curvilinear designs and is painted with hematite and
iron. The lid of the jar features two human figures with arms crossed on the chest
representing the traditional practice of the corps riding a boat. This artifact signifies the
belief of the early Filipinos in the [Link] Manunggul Jar is a national treasure of the
Philippines. The jar was found in the chamber of the Tabon Cave, one of the Manunggul
caves in Palawan. The jar is found from about 2,800 years before the present. It was
found by Robert Fox and Miguel Antonio.

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 In conclusion, College of Management
The Manunggul Jar does,in and
fact, Business
serve as a Technology
symbol of the National
Museum's obligation to preserve the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines. It was also a
possible example of how art, regardless of how straightforward or complex its structure,
can reflect a nation's history, tradition, and culture.

DASALAN AND TOCSOHAN

 Once upon a time in the late 1800s, in the small town of Barrio San Nicolas, Bulacan,
lived two extraordinary individuals named Dasalan and Tocsohan. They were known for
their quick wit, intelligence, and determination, earning them the respect and admiration
of their fellow townsfolk.

 Dasalan and Tocsohan are two distinct expressions of religious faith in the Philippines.
Dasalan is a written work that encourages personal reflection and prayer, while Tocsohan
is a performance that brings biblical stories to life, prompting communal reflection and
emotional engagement. Both works aim to deepen spiritual connections and inspire moral
values, but they do so through different mediums and with distinct approaches.

CATHECHISM

 Various documents of the Catholic church in the Philippines, including its local
catechism, assume the Catholic faith is part and parcel of being Filipino. This idea
obviously overlooks the presence of other religious minorities in the country, such as
Islam, and the growing prominence of other Christian groups, like evangelicals and
Iglesia ni Cristo (an indigenous church). But the assumption makes sociological sense for
two reasons.

 On one hand, Catholicism has become a cultural attribute, given the extent to which it
affects everyday Filipino life. Over the centuries, Filipinos internalized Catholicism
because church rituals related to their practical concerns. Indigenous religious practices
were largely about livelihood, prosperity, healing, and safety. This understanding was
very different from Christian theology that brought ethics and worship together. In this
light, Catholic sacraments, beliefs, and objects interested indigenous Filipinos to the
extent that they contributed to health and livelihood. Holy water, Latin prayers, and the
intermediary role of saints fed into local beliefs.

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College
ANALYSIS ANG DAPAT of Management
MABATID and Business Technology
NG MGA PILIPINO/TAGALOG
(ISINULAT NI ANDRES BONIFACIO)

Ytong Katagalugan na pinamamahalaan ng unang panahon ng ating tunay na mga

kababayan niyaong hindi pa tumutungtong sa mga lupaing ito ang mga kastila ay nabubuhay sa
lubos na kasaganaan, at kaguinhawahan. Kasundo niya ang mga kapit bayan at lalung lalo na ang
mga taga Japon sila'y kabilihan at kapalitan ng mga kalakal malabis ang pag yabong ng lahat ng
pinagkakakitaan, kaya't dahil dito'y mayaman mahal ang kaasalan ng lahat, bata't matanda at
sampung mga babae ay marunong bumasa at sumulat ng talagang pagsulat nating mga tagalog.
Dumating ang mga kastila at dumulog na nakipagkaibigan. Sa mabuti nilang hikayat na di
umano, tayo'y aakain sa lalung kagalingan at lalung imumulat ang ating kaisipan, ang nasabing
nagsisipamahala ay ng yaring nalamuyot sa tamis ng kanilang dila sa paghibo. Gayon man sila'y
ipinailalim sa talagang kaugalian ng mga tagalog na sinaksihan at pinapagtibay ang kanilang
pinagkayarian sa pamamaguitan ng isang panunumpa na kumuha ng kaunting dugo sa
kanikanilang mga ugat, at yao'y inihalu't ininom nila kapua tanda ng tunay at lubos na pagtatapat
na di mag tataksil sa pinagkayarian. Ytoy siang tinatawag na "Pacto de Sangre" ng haring
Sikatuna at ni Legaspi na pinaka katawan ng hari sa España.

Buhat ng ito'y mangyari ay bumibilang na ngayon sa tatlong daang taon mahiguit na ang
lahi ni Legaspi ay ating binubuhay sa lubos na kasaganaan, ating pinagtatamasa at binubusog,
kahit abutin natin ang kasalatan at kadayukdukan; iguinugugol natin ang yaman dugo at sampu
ng buhay sa pagtatangol sa kanila; kinakahamok natin sampu ng tunay na mga kababayan na
aayaw pumayag na sa kanilay pasakop, at gayon din naman nakipagbaka tayo sa mga Ynsik at
taga Holanda na nagbalang umagaw sa kanila nitong Katagalugan.

Ngayon sa lahat ng ito'y ano ang sa mga guinawa nating paggugugol nakikitang
kaguinhawahang ibinigay sa ating Bayan? Ano ang nakikita nating pagtupad sa kanilang
kapangakuan na siang naging dahil ng ating pag gugugol! Wala kung di pawang kataksilan ang
ganti sa ating mga pagpapala at mga pagtupad sa kanilang ipinangakung tayo'y lalung
guiguisingin sa kagalingan ay bagkus tayong binulag, inihawa tayo sa kanilang hamak na asal,
pinilit na sinira ang mahal at magandang ugali ng ating Bayan; Yminulat tayo sa isang maling
pagsampalataya at isinadlak sa lubak ng kasamaan ang kapurihan ng ating Bayan; at kung tayo 'y
mangahas humingi ng kahit gabahid na lingap, ang naguiguing kasagutan ay ang tayo'y itapon at
ilayo sa piling ng ating minamahal na anak, asawa at matandang magulang. Ang bawat isang
himutok na pumulas sa ating dibdib ay itinuturing na isang malaking pagkakasala at
karakarakang nilalapatan ng sa hayop na kabangisan.

Ngayon wala ng maituturing na kapanatagan sa ating pamamayan; ngayon lagui ng

guinagambala ang ating katahimikan ng umaalingawngaw na daing at pananambitan bunton
hininga at hinagpis ng makapal na ulila, bao't mga magulang ng mga kababayang ipinanganyaya
ng mga manlulupig na kastila; ngayon tayo'y malunod na sa nagbabahang luha ng Yna na nakitil
na buhay ng anak sa pananangis ng sanggol na pinangulila ng kalupitan na ang bawat patak ay
katulad ng isang kumukulong tinga, na sumasalang sa mahapding sugat ng ating pusong
nagdaramdam; ngayon lalut lalu tayong na bibilibiran ng tanikala ng pagkaalipin, tanikalang
nakalalait sa bawat lalaking may iniingatang kapurihan. Ano ang nararapat nating gawin? Ang
araw ng katuiran na sumisikat sa Silanganan, ay malinaw na itinuturo sa ating mga matang
malaong nabulagan ang landas na dapat nating tunguhin, ang liwanag niya'y tanaw sa ating mga
mata, ang kukong nag akma ng kamatayang alay sa ating ng mga ganid na asal. Ytinuturo ng
katuiran, na wala tayong iba pang maaantay kundi lalut lalung kahirapan, lalut lalung kataksilan,
lalut lalung kaalipustaan at lalut lalung kaalipinan. Ytinuturo ng katuiran, na huag nating
sayangin ang panahon sa pagasa sa ipinangakong kaguinhawahan na hindi darating at hindi
mangyayari. Ytinuturo ng katuiran ang tayo'y umasa sa ating sarili at huag antain sa iba ang ating
kabuhayan. Ytinuturo ng katuiran ang tayo'y mag kaisang loob magka isang isip at akala at ng
tayo'y magkalakas na maihanap ang naghaharing kasamaan sa ating Bayan.

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College
Panahun na ngayong of na
dapat Management and Business
lumitaw ang liwanag Technology
ng katotohanan; panahon ng dapat
nating ipakilala na tayo’y may sariling pagdaramdam, may puri, may hiya at pagdadamayan.
Ngayon panahun ng dapat simulan ang pagsisiwalat ng mga mahal at dakilang aral na
magwawasak sa masinsing tabing na bumubulag sa ating kaisipan; panahun na ngayong dapat
makilala ng mga tagalog ang pinagbuhatan ng kanilang mga kahirapan. Araw na itong dapat
kilalanin na sa bawat isang hakbang natin ay tumutuntong tayo at nabibingit sa malalim na hukay
ng kamatayan na sa ati’y inuumang ng mga kaaway.

Kaya! oh mga kababayan! ating idilat ang bulag na kaisipan at kusang igugol sa kagalingan
ang ating lakas sa tunay at lubos na pag asa na mag tagumpay sa nilalayong kaguinhawahan ng
bayang tinubuan.

Characters
A. Protagonist: Andres Bonifacio
 The man of action in Philippine history was Andres Bonifacio. here was a man who could
not boast of the profundity of learning and of the eloquence of the men of the propaganda
Movement. But here, also, was a man who had been endowed with the gift of action.
Bonifacio saw the situation steadily and he saw the whole, and he acted on what he saw.
he acted, not by propounding more theories or indulging in more philosophical
vacillations, but in laying the foundation of the Katipunan the one and only purpose of
which was to fight a necessary and timely revolution. The protagonist was a flat
character. He fight for his word from the beginning till the end.
B. Antagonist: Kastila / Spaniards
 The Philippines was bountiful then abused by Spaniards. This famous patriotic rallying
call was published under the nom de plume Agapito Bagumbayan. The Tagalogs, it
declares, have supported and sustained “the race of Legazpi” for over 300 years, but have
been rewarded with treachery, “false beliefs” and dishonor. “To eyes long blind,” the
light of reason has now revealed this harsh injustice and shown the separate, self-reliant
road the Tagalogs must take. The antagonist was a round character. In the early days,
when the Spaniards had not yet set foot on our soil, this Katagalugan was governed by
our compatriots, and enjoyed a life of great abundance, prosperity and peace. After the
good impression, the true color and intention of this Spaniards came out and put a chain
to the neck of Katagalugans.
Point of View
A. The Narrator Storyteller
 The tone was speaking in serious method with the hymm of sermon. The author used
figures of speech with deep meaningful words. It was a first-person narrative, the story
was revealed through a narrator who is also a character within the story. Bonifacio was
the protagonist, whose inner thoughts are expressed to the audience/reader, even if not to
any of the other characters. From his writings we can say that Bonifacio is a very
patriotic man.
B. Audience / Reader
 To whom Bonifiacio was talking are the Filipinos in Spanish colonial period and
Revolution that fought with him, Filipinos that had enough of Spain’s luring system.
Setting
 The Philippine Revolution also called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was fought
between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities. The Philippine
Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered Katipunan, an
anti-colonial secret organization. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a
liberationist movement whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt.
The organization began to influence much of the Philippines. During a mass gathering in
Caloocan, the leaders of Katipunan organized themselves into a revolutionary
government, named the newly established government "Haring Bayang Katagalugan",
and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for an attack on the
capital city of Manila. This attack failed; however, the surrounding provinces began to

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revolt. In particular, rebelsofinManagement and Business
Cavite led by Mariano Technology
Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo (who
were from two different factions of Katipunan) won early victories. A power struggle
among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's death in 1897, with command shifting to
Aguinaldo, who led his own revolutionary government. That year, the revolutionaries and
the Spanish signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced hostilities.
Aguinaldo self-exiled himself to Hong Kong. However, the hostilities never completely
ceased. The time when Spanish oppression was already chronic to indigenous Filipinos.
Too much insult from friars, government officials, and encomiendero lead Bonifacio to
leak deceiving facts about Spaniards and start a rebellion to awaken the minds of his
fellow Filipino.
Plot
1. Initiating Event
 “Ytong Katagalugan na pinamamahalaan ng unang panahon ng ating tunay na mga
kababayan niyaong hindi pa tumutungtong sa mga lupaing ito ang mga kastila ay
nabubuhay sa lubos na kasaganaan, at kaguinhawahan.”
2. Rising Actions
 “Dumating ang mga kastila at dumulog na nakipagkaibigan. Sa mabuti nilang hikayat na
di umano, tayo'y aakain sa lalung kagalingan at lalung imumulat ang ating kaisipan, ang
nasabing nagsisipamahala ay ng yaring nalamuyot sa tamis ng kanilang dila sa paghibo.”
3. Climax
 “Ano ang nakikita nating pagtupad sa kanilang kapangakuan na siang naging dahil ng
ating pag gugugol! Wala kung di pawang kataksilan ang ganti sa ating mga pagpapala at
mga pagtupad sa kanilang ipinangakung tayo'y lalung guiguisingin sa kagalingan ay
bagkus tayong binulag, inihawa tayo sa kanilang hamak na asal, pinilit na sinira ang
mahal at magandang ugali ng ating Bayan; Yminulat tayo sa isang maling
pagsampalataya at isinadlak sa lubak ng kasamaan ang kapurihan ng ating Bayan; at kung
tayo 'y mangahas humingi ng kahit gabahid na lingap, ang naguiguing kasagutan ay ang
tayo'y itapon at ilayo sa piling ng ating minamahal na anak, asawa at matandang
magulang.”
4. Falling Actions
 “Panahun na ngayong dapat na lumitaw ang liwanag ng katotohanan; panahon ng dapat
nating ipakilala na tayo’y may sariling pagdaramdam, may puri, may hiya at
pagdadamayan. Ngayon panahun ng dapat simulan ang pagsisiwalat ng mga mahal at
dakilang aral na magwawasak sa masinsing tabing na bumubulag sa ating kaisipan;
panahun na ngayong dapat makilala ng mga tagalog ang pinagbuhatan ng kanilang mga
kahirapan. Araw na itong dapat kilalanin na sa bawat isang hakbang natin ay
tumutuntong tayo at nabibingit sa malalim na hukay ng kamatayan na sa ati’y inuumang
ng mga kaaway.”
5. Resolution / Denouement
 “Kaya! oh mga kababayan! ating idilat ang bulag na kaisipan at kusang igugol sa
kagalingan ang ating lakas sa tunay at lubos na pag asa na mag tagumpay sa nilalayong
kaguinhawahan ng bayang tinubuan.”
Analysis
Historical Approach
 The historical approach to policy analysis is described and applied to the 1996 Personal
Responsibility and Work Opportunity Law. At its heart, the historical approach to policy
analysis is the telling of a story based on credible sources. It is often qualitative, almost
journalistic, in nature. Three approaches to historical analysis are presented: the
hermeneutics approach, which examines in detail the leaders of countries and
organizations to determine what they did and what they believed as policy was
developed. The second approach is nomological. This looks for generalities in history,
seeking to uncover “laws” of history to explain what occurred. The third approach
discussed is “critical” analysis which sees everything as part of a set of changes to
systems of social relationships and how people are dependent upon each other. Marxist
and feminist scholars, despite their differences between each other, use a critical
approach in their writing about social policy.

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It sees literature as both a reflection and a product of the times and circumstances
in which it was written. It operates on the premise that the history of a nation has telling
effects in its literature and that a piece can be better understood and appreciated if one
knows the times in its creation. In Bonifacio’s (1896) essay, “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mg
Tagalog” moves us in that era and also in present time.

Evaluation / Recommendation
What brand do you prepare? Imported or Local goods? Don’t be hypocrite and
answer local, of course we want the things, traits, and mentality that foreign country
does but do not forget that you are a Filipino. This habit is also present in our forefathers,
when Spaniards backstab them when trust was given.
I recommend this prose to the Filipinos who forgotten the true meaning of
patriotism, to the Filipinos who forgotten the works and sufferings of our national heroes,
and to the Filipinos who forgotten that they are Filipinos.

BEFORE AND AFTER ARRIVAL OF THE SPANIARDS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The Philippines was colonized by Spain for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. During this
period, Spain introduced Christianity, leading to the predominance of Roman
Catholicism, and influenced Filipino culture, language, and traditions. Spanish rule
brought about a complex system of governance, economic exploitation, and social
inequality.

Resistance movements, including the Philippine Revolution, sought independence from

Spanish colonial authority. Ultimately, the Philippines declared independence in 1898 but
fell under American rule. Spanish colonization left a lasting legacy, shaping the
Philippines' culture, identity, and religion. (Kahayon & Zulueta, 2000)

Compare and contrast the Philippines setting before and after the arrival of
Spaniards in the Philippines.

Before Arrival of Spaniards(Liwanag) After Arrival of Spaniards (Dilim)

 Indigenous cultures and societies.  Spanish colonization.
 Varied ethnic groups and  Introduction of Christianity.
languages.  Forced labor and encomienda
 Animistic belief systems. system.
 Tribal and barangay governance.  Establishment of Spanish towns and
 Agricultural-based economies. cities.
 Trade with neighboring regions.  Conversion of indigenous people.
 Oral traditions and indigenous  European-style education and
writing systems. governance.
 Philippines was a quiet and  Influence of Spanish culture and
peaceful place language.
 Filipinos were using systems of  Trade with Mexico through the
writing borrowed from Manila Galleon.
Hindu/Javanese sources  Resistance movements and
 Filipinos believed in “Diwatas” and uprisings.
other nature elements as their Gods  Spaniards treated Filipinos as
 Philippines had a rich culture and servants
were trading with Chinese and  Filipinos adapted Spanish alphabet
Japanese  Introduced their own Philosophy of
life to the Filipinos as well as their
habits, language, clothing, arts and
even cooking.

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College of Management and Business Technology
Conclusion:
 There are so many things that Spaniards brought to our country. Some of it has an
advantage while others brought pain to our fellow Filipinos. As a student, we need to
learn and never forget what happened in the past so that the efforts and lives of our
National Heroes will not go to waste.

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