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CHAPTER ONE: APPRENTICESHIP
Apprentice
- Control and able to be influenced
Philippine Literature in English
- Major contribution brought to Literature under the American Regime
Arts & Literature
- Filipinos started writing for nationalism
- Clearly depicted their love of country and independence
Independence
- June 12,1898
- Gen. Aguinaldo raised the flag
Characteristics:
1. Spanish, Tagalog , The Vernaculans (The Mother Tongue) and English were mediums in
literature during the time.
Apprenticeship Period
- Generally called for a period of imitation
Short Stories
- Writers drew mostly on Western culture & model
- Plot and style were influenced by Western culture
CHAPTER TWO: FEATURES OF POETRY
Poetry
- Is a form of literary expression by its use of language to show emotions created through
structured verse or lines
FEATURES OF POETRY
1. Rhyme
- Words that have the sound at the end of every line.
- If it does NOT rhyme is called FREE VERSE
2. Rhythm
- Beat of the poem
- Repetition of sounds or patterns
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3. Figurative Language
- Uses exaggerations to make a point
- Words or expressions with a meaning that is not literal
4. Imagery
- Sensory expressions
- Is a powerful literary device
- Involves the use of vivid and descriptive language
5. Shape/Form
- Are written in stanzas
- Just by looking at the text, you can identify that it is a poem
6. Mood
- The feeling for the audience
- Also known as the atmosphere
7. Symbolism (under Figurative Language)
- Object, a person, a place or even action or word
- Used to represent a DEEPER meaning beyond definition
Ex. Dove = Peace
8. Sound Devices
- Enhance the auditory dimension of poetry; allowing to be appreciation
Alliteration - repetition of Consonant Sounds of the Beginning
Assonance - repetition of VOWEL- SOUND within words
Consonance - repetition of Consonant Vowels WITHIN words
Onomatopoeia - words that MIMIC sounds (includes Rhymes & Rhythm)
9. Theme
- Is a fundamental aspect that means the overall message
- Represents the central idea
CHAPTER THREE: USING THE LIBRARY
Library
- Is an excellent place to learn & get information
I. REFERENCES
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The Card Catalog
- Consists of a series of cards listing books by author, title, and subject.
- Contains detailed information
3 KINDS
1. Author Card
- Type of card catalog organized by the last name of the author (LISTED FIRST)
2. Title Card
- Title of the book is LISTED FIRST then the author’s name, publishing information
3. Subject Card
- Organizes all the library holdings by the main subject of the title; LISTED FIRST
II. USING THE INTERNET
Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC)
- Is a computerized listing that is similar to a card catalog
- Faster & more convenient
Computers
- Made it easier for libraries to keep record & for the public to find materials
Electronic Search Engines
- Is a software system that is designed to search for information on the WWW
- Computer program that searches databases and internet sites
III. GENERAL REFERENCES
Dictionaties
- Give information about words
- Electronic pocket version that can be found in any home
- Consists of pages listing A to Z vocabulary
Thesaurus
- Contains synonyms & antonyms of words
Encyclopedia
- Contains detailed articles & stories
- Photos, illustrations are as well
Almanacs
- List up facts, statics, charts, and some unusual information
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- Published by a year
Atlas
- Are a collection of detailed maps and published as a book
Biographical References
- Gives you information about well known people
CHAPTER FOUR: KINDS OF SENTENCES
Sentence
- Group of related words expressing a complete thought
2 CATEGORIES: USE & FORM/ STRUCTURE
FORM/STRUCTURE
1. Simple Sentence
- Consists of only 1 independent clauses containing subject & verb, creating a complete
thought
Ex: You are so cool.
2. Compound Sentence
- Consists of 2 independent clauses (joined by coordinating conjunctions FANBOY)
- It can also be joined by a semicolon.
EX: I asked him but he ignored me/ I asked him; he ignored me
3. Complex Sentence
- Consists of 1 independent clauses and 1 dependent clause joined by subordinating
conjunction and relative pronoun
Relative Pronoun: because, although, since, when, unless,etc.
Ex: You can’t the pass the test UNLESS you study for it
Rules in Complex Sentence
1. If a complex sentence being with an independent clause, a COMMA is not used between
clauses in a complex sentence
Ex: Although he is ill, he is playing well.
2. If a complex sentence begins with a dependent clause than a COMMA
Ex: He is playing although he is ill
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4. Compound - Complex Sentence
- Consists of atleast 2 independent clauses and 2 or more dependent clauses
Ex: I like Math but my brother likes Biology because he wants to be a doctor.
USE
1. Declarative Sentence - ( He needs to grow taller.)
2. Imperative Sentence - (Wash the plates!)
3. Interrogative Sentence - (Do you like anime?)
4. Exclamatory Sentence - (Ah! Help!)
CHAPTER FIVE: FIGURES OF SPEECH
Literal Language
- Means exactly what it says which STRICTLY and CONCISELY adheres to the basic
meaning of a word
Figurative Language
- Language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words
- Uses figures of speech
Simile
- Comparison of 2 unlikely things uses like or as
- Ex: The poster is as pretty as a bouquet of flowers
Metaphor
- Comparison of 2 unlikely things but DOES NOT include as or like
- Ex: This room is an oven.
Personification
- Act of giving human qualities to nonhuman things/ overstatement
- Ex: The sun sings every morning
Hyperbole
- Used to show EXTREME exaggeration
- Ex: I’m so hungry I could eat a horse
Onomatopoeia
- Words that sound like the noise or action it is describing
- Ex: The jet zoomed across the sky
Irony
- Contradictory statement
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- What SHOULD happen & what ACTUALLY happen (situational)
- What you say is different from what you actually mean (Verbal)
Verbal
- Sets forth a contrast (somehow sarcasm)
Situational
- Refers to circumstances that turn to be reverse of what you expected & what actually
happened
Dramatic
- The state of the action that the readers knows next while the character doesn ot
Paradox
- Uses 2 opposites to one another but can be true and makes sense
- Ex: Less is more
Oxymoron
- Greek words “oxus” & “moros” which means “sharp &keen”
- Ex: organized mess - is a figure of speech that connects 2 opposing ideas
Understatement
- Opposite of hyperbole
- The opposite of what is expected
- Ex; I heard she had cancer, but it is not a big deal
Metonymy
- Calls something by a new name that represents a n idea (similar to symbolism)
- Ex: Hollywood is obsessed with fashion
Synecdoche
- A part that represents the whole
- Ex: I need 2 heads for the contests
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