Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
Structural Concrete Design
Chapter One
Introduction and Review
Halabja University
Civil Engineering Department Bedar [Link]
• 1. Overview:
• Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel or crushed rock
held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement
and water.
• Concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low
tensile strength (Brittle material).
• Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting compression
forces (columns).
• The reinforcement, usually round steel rods with
appropriate surface deformations to provide interlocking.
• The resulting combination of two materials, known as
Reinforced Concrete (RC).
• Plain and Reinforced concrete are used in buildings
(Underground structures, Water tanks, offshore oil
exploration and production structures, dams, and
bridges)
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 1
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Advantages of Reinforced Concrete:
• 1. The relatively low cost.
• 2. Fire resistance (1-3 hrs. fire rating without special
fireproofing),while Structural steel or timber buildings
must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings.
• 3. Low-maintenance material.
• 4. Very rigid.
• 5. Formability of concrete (Architectural and structural
function).
• 6. A lower grade of skilled labor.
• 7. Availability of materials.
• Disadvantages:
• 1. Formworks are required
• 2. Heavy members
• 3. Controlling material difficult
• 4. Shrinkage and creep.
• 5. Low tensile strength.
• 2. Materials:
• 1. Concrete: (Review of Concrete Technology-2nd stage).
• Cement
• Aggregate
• Water
• Admixture.
• Concreting process includes:
• Mixing
• Conveying
• Placing
• Compacting
• Curing.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 2
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• 2. Reinforcing Steels for Concrete:
• The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in
tension as well as compression.
• Steel is a high cost material compared with concrete.
• Sometimes, used in compression face for reducing the
concrete section such as (column at lower stories, and
beams).
• Steel is used in two different ways in concrete
structures: as reinforcing steel and as pre-stressing
steel.
• Reinforcing Bars (Rebar):
• The bar size (Nos. 3 to 18 under the inch pound
system and Nos. 10 to 57 under the SI).
• These bars are furnished with surface deformations for
the purpose of increasing bonds as shown.
• Summary of minimum ASTM strength requirements:
• Stress-Strain Curve (Typical as shown):
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 3
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• 3. Main Structural Concrete Elements:
1. Slabs: are horizontal plate elements in building floors and roofs. They may
carry gravity loads as well as lateral loads.
2. Beams: Are long, horizontal or inclined members with limited width and
depth. Their main function is to support loads from slabs.
3. Columns: Are critical members that support loads from beams and slabs, their
may be subjected to axial loads with or without moments.
4. Footings are pads or strips that support columns and spread their loads directly
to the soil.
5. Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as lateral loads as in
the case of basements all.
• Frames: are structural members that consist of a combination of (beams-Slabs-
Columns) or (columns-slab). They may be statically determinate or statically
indeterminate.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 4
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• 4. Structural Forms:
• The figures that follow show some of the
principal structural forms of reinforced
concrete.
A. Monolithically Beam floor or Beam with
Girder floors.
B. Flat Slab.
C. Flat Plate Slab.
D. Banded Slab
E. One-way Joist floors (Ribbed slab) and
Two way joist floor (Waffle slab).
• The choice among these depends upon:
functional requirements, loads, spans, and
permissible member depths, as well as on
cost and esthetic factors.
• A. Monolithically Beam floor or Beam with Girder
floors:
• Suitable for both types of slab (One way and Two
way).
• Consists of series of beams or beams with girders.
• Load path from slab to beam, later may be to girder.
• Beam with Girder floor used at nearly any loads and
any spans, which about (LL 2-20kN/m2) and for (5-
10m) span.
• Beam Floor system used at intermediate load to
heavy loads on spans about 9m or more.
• More man power.
• More frame work.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 5
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• B. Flat slab:
• Usually with Drop panels or column capital or
both of them.
• Both of them for (Punching shear, and flexural
resistance for negative moment at support).
• Generally, used for LL 4.8kN/m2 or more, and
for span less than 9m.
• Less expensive.
• DDM and EQM used for design of this slab.
• Quick construction.
• Widely used for storage houses, parking
garages.
• C. Flat plate slab:
• Without drop panel or column capital.
• DDM and EQM used for design of this slab.
• For light loads and less than 9m span.
• Easy to construction.
• Costly.
• saving height of the structure.
• Very simple frame work.
• Critical: Punching shear.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 6
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• D. Banded slab
• Slab with thick beam in one side of the
column alignment.
• For lighter load than the beam-girder
system
• Sometime beam shallower than the
common beam.
• E. One-way Joist floors (Ribbed
slab) or Two way joist floor (Waffle
slab)
• Consists of series T-beams.
• Saving the weight.
• Economical for building (Apartment,
hotel, and hospital).
• Used (small L.L. and long span
compared to previous system).
• Not suitable for heavy construction.
• ACI 8.13.2: Width of rib 100mm,
and depth not greater than 3.5 times
of web depth, slab thickness must be
greater than 1/12 of span ribs (Min.
50mm).
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 7
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Panel, curtain, and Bearing walls:
• Panel walls: the exterior wall are
supported at each floor by the
skeleton framework, only for enclose
the building.
• Curtain walls: self supporting,
anchorage to the building to provide
lateral support.
• Bearing wall: stone, brick, and block
used in small commercial building.
• Shear walls:
• To provide heavy lateral loads used
R.C shear walls.
• Act as cantilever beams fixed at their
base to carry loads down to the
foundation
• 5. Design Process:
• Design process in general include the
following main steps:
1. The general planning carried out by the
architect to determine the layout of
each floor.
2. Idealizing the building into a structural
model.
3. Estimating the different types of
loading.
4. Performing the structural analysis
(Computer, and manual).
5. Proportioning the different structural
elements and calculation the
reinforcement needed.
6. Detailing and drawing.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 8
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Design Basis:
• There are two types of design philosophies:
• 1. Working Design Method (Elastic design
method) (Reducing Strength of material) A basic
method that is not commonly used.
• 2. The ultimate design method (ADM Alternate
design method, or strength design method) is
based on the strength of structural members
assuming a failure condition (crushing concrete,
or yield of steel bars).
• 4. Loads:
• Loads that act on structures can be divided into three
broad categories: Dead loads, Live loads, and
Environmental loads.
• Dead loads: are those that are constant in magnitude and
fixed in location throughout the lifetime of the structure
(weight of the structure and any permanent material).
• Live loads: consist chiefly of occupancy loads in
buildings and traffic loads on bridges. They may be either
fully or partially in place or not present at all, and may
also change in location.
• Environmental loads: Snow loads, Wind pressure,
Earthquake, Soil pressures, Ponding of rainwater, and
Temperature.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 9
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Types of structural loads:
• Dead Loads:
The average weight For :
Timber Building is (1.9 - 2.4 kN/m 2 ).
Steel Building is (2.9 - 3.6kN/m 2 )
Reinforced concrete is (5.3 - 6.2 kN/m 2 )
• Live Loads:
• The floors of building are assumed to be subject to uniform live loads,
which depend on the purpose for which the building is designed.
• Buildings having very large floor areas, many codes will allow a
reduction in the uniform live load for a floor.
• Influence area (KLLAT )≥ 400𝑓𝑡 2 (37.2𝑚2 )
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 10
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Wind loads
• Earthquake loads
• Impact Loads
• Snow Loads
• Hydrostatic and soil pressure
• Other Natural loads
• 5. Design Codes and Specifications:
• The design engineer is usually guided by specifications called the
codes of practice, Engineering specifications are set up by various
organizations to represent the minimum requirements necessary for the
safety of the public.
1. General Building codes:
• Minimum design loads for building and other structures
( SEI/ASCE 7-02) American Society of Civil Engineers.
• International Building Codes (IBC).
• ASTM American society for testing and materials.
2. Design Codes:
• Building Codes requirements for (reinforced concrete)-(ACI Code).
• Manual of Steel construction (AISC).
• Standard specifications for Highway bridges (AASHTO-LRFD).
• Manual for Railway Engineering (AREA).
• National design specification for wood construction (AFPA)
American Forest and Paper Association.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 11
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• 6. Structural safety:
• A structure must be safe against collapse and serviceable in use.
• Serviceability requires that deflections be adequately small.
• Safety requires that the strength of the structure be adequate for all
the applied loads.
• It is evident that the selection of an appropriate margin of safety is
not a simple matter, because:
• 1. Actual loads may differ from those assumed.
• 2. Actual loads may be distributed in a manner different from that
assumed.
• 3. The assumptions inherent in any analysis different from reality.
• 4. The actual structural behavior may differ from that assumed.
• 5. Actual member dimensions may differ from those specified.
• 6. Reinforcement may not be in its proper position.
• 7. Actual material strength may be different from that specified.
• 7. Pre-stressing Concrete:
• Prestressed concrete is a form of
concrete used in construction. It is
substantially "prestressed"
(Compressed) during production,
in a manner that strengthens it
against tensile forces which will
exist when in service.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 12
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• 8. Another considerations:
• Units of measurement:
• Two units measurements are
commonly used in design of
structural concrete.
• SI units
• US system.
• Accuracy of calculations:
• Calculators and computers can give
an answer to many figures after the
decimal points. For a practical size
should be approximated to the
nearest logical size.
• A (Structure) refers to a system of connected parts
used to support a load, for example ( Building,
Bridges, towers, tanks, .. etc.).
• To design a structure:
1. The structure must meet the performance
requirement.
2. The structure must carry loads safety.
• Structural Engineer must account for its safety,
esthetics, and serviceability, while taking into
consideration economic, and environmental
constraints.
• Design process is both creative and technical.
• Design requires a fundamental knowledge of
material and the laws of mechanics which
govern material response.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 13
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Types of structures:
Each structural system is
constructed of one or more of four
basic types of structures.
1. Trusses
2. Cables and arch
3. Surface structure
4. Frames
• Structural Design:
• Whenever a structure is designed, it is important
to give consideration to both material and load
uncertainties.
• In working-stress design the computed elastic
stress in the material must not exceed the
allowable stress.
• In Ultimate strength design is based on designing
the ultimate strength of critical sections in (R.C.).
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 14
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Idealized structure:
• Support connections:
• The three types of joints most
often specified are the pin
connection, the roller support ,
and the fixed joints.
• Idealized models used in
structural analysis as shown in
figure below.
• Tributary area (Tributary loading):
• The tributary loaded is the loaded area of a particular structure that directly
contributes to the load applied to a particular member in the structure.
• It is necessary to determine how the load on the slab or roof is transmitted to the
various structural elements.
• There are two ways in which this can be done:
1. One-way system
According to ASCE 7 - 05 standard :
L
if L 2 L1 , and The span ratio 2 2
L1
The Slab will behave as a One - Way
[Link] as (L1 ) becomes smaller,
the beams AB, CD, and EF provide
the greater stiffness to carry the load.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 15
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Example:
According to the (ASCE 7 - 05) :
2. Two-way system:
L2
• The tributary area is If 2 (The slab will be Two - way).
L1
determined by
constructing
diagonal (45˚) as
shown.
• Example:
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 16
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Influence area:
• Influence area are those area that
when loaded affect the design forces
in a particular member of a structure.
As shown in figure below.
• Example : For the flat roof of the steel-frame building in figure below, determine
the roof load within region (ABCD) that is transmitted to beam (BC)?
L2 = 5m, and ( L1 = 3m)
4
= 1.33 2m
3
The system is (Two - way slab)
From the figure .Construct tributary by (45) :
For beam BC :
Load = 2(1.5m) = 3kN / m
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 17
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Concrete frame system:
• Introduction
• Most of the books considered on the design of structural elements.
• Create structural system by combined elements with various ways.
• Total responsibility of structural engineer: Type of structure between all
of alternatives.
• Close cooperation with architect in the early stage of a project is
essential.
• Factor affecting choice of type of structure:
1. Suitability of material for Arch and structural function
2. Durability.
3. Cost.
4. Fire resistance.
5. Speed of construction.
6. Availability of labor and materials.
7. Easy maintenance.
Design criteria
There are four general design criteria must be satisfied:
1. Safety, strength, and serviceability.
2. Aesthetics.
3. Functional requirements.
4. Economy.
• Steel reinforcement durability:
• Concrete Cover according to ACI 20.6:
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 18
Halabja University-Civil Engineering 10/8/2024
Department
• Strength reduction factor:
• Purposes:
1. Variations in material strength.
2. Inaccuracies in design equations.
3. Reflect importance of the member.
According to Section 20.2 ACI318-14.
Lecturer: Bedar [Link] 19