CN-NP | Less 3 | Cuizon

CELL STRUCTURE AND TAXONOMY

Nucleoplasm (a type of protoplasm) is the
 Robert Hooke was the first person to gelatinous matrix or base material of the nucleus.
use the term cells. The chromosomes are embedded or suspended in
 Around 1838 to 1839, a German botanist the nucleoplasm.
named Matthias Schleiden and a The membrane that serves as a “skin” around the
German zoologist named Theodor nucleus is called the nuclear membrane; it
Schwann concluded that all plant and contains holes (nuclear pores) through which large
animal tissues were composed of cells; molecules can enter and exit the nucleus.
this later became known as the cell
theory. Genes are located along the DNA molecules.
- sometimes described as “beads on a string,”
Cytology - an organism’s complete collection of genes is
- the study of the structure and referred to as its genotype or genome.
function of cells, has developed during
the past 75 years with the aid of the  Cytoplasm
electron microscope and sophisticated - (a type of protoplasm) is a semifluid, gelatinous,
biochemical research. nutrient matrix
- within the cytoplasm are found insoluble storage
granules and various cytoplasmic organelles,
Eucaryotic Cell Structure including endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi
 more complex cells, containing a true complexes, mitochondria, centrioles, microtubules,
nucleus and many membrane-bound lysosomes, and other membrane-bound vacuoles.
organelles - is where most of the cell’s metabolic reactions
 (eu = true; caryo refers to a nut or occur
nucleus) - the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm, excluding
 are so named because they have a true the granules and organelles, is sometimes referred
nucleus, in that their DNA is enclosed by to as the cytosol
a nuclear membrane
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
- is a highly convoluted system of membranes that
are interconnected and arranged to form a transport
network of tubules and flattened sacs within the
cytoplasm.
- much of the ER has a rough, granular appearance
and is designated as rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER).This rough appearance is caused
by the many ribosomes attached to the outer surface
of the membranes.
- ER to which ribosomes are not attached is called
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

 Ribosomes
 Cell Membrane - consist mainly of rRNA and protein and play an
- the cell is enclosed and held intact by the important part in the synthesis (manufacture) of
cell membrane, which is also referred to as proteins
the plasma, cytoplasmic, or cellular
membrane.  Golgi Complex
- is like a “skin” around the cell - also known as a “Golgi apparatus” or “Golgi body”
- regulates the passage of nutrients, waste - referred to as “packaging plants.”
products, and secretions into and out of the - This stack of flattened, membranous sacs
cell. completes the transformation of newly synthesized
- has the property of selective permeability, proteins into mature, functional ones.
only certain substances may enter and leave
the cell.  Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- originate at the Golgi complex
- contain lysozyme and other digestive enzymes that
 Nucleus break down foreign material taken into the cell by
- controls the functions of the entire cell and phagocytosis
can be thought of as the “command center” - these enzymes also aid in breaking down worn out
of the cell. parts of the cell and may destroy the entire cell by a
- three components: process called autolysis
i. Nucleoplasm - found in all eucaryotic cells.
ii. Chromosomes
iii. Nuclear membrane  Peroxisomes
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-are membrane bound vesicles in which
hydrogen peroxide is both generated and
broken down  Flagella
- contain the enzyme catalase, which - Motile eucaryotic cells possess either flagella or
catalyzes (speeds up) the breakdown of cilia.
hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen - flagellated protozoa are called flagellates
- found in most eucaryotic cells, but are - flagella enables flagellated cells to “swim” through
especially prominent in mammalian liver liquid environments; flagella are said to be whiplike
cells. - referred to as organelles of locomotion

 Mitochondria  Cilia (sing., cilium)

- “power plants” or “energy factories’ of the - shorter (more hairlike), thinner, and more
eucaryotic cell because this is where most of numerous than flagella.
the ATP molecules are formed by cellular
respiration. Procaryotic Cells Structure
 These less complex cells, which include bacteria
- energy necessary for cellular function is and archaea
provided by the formation of high-energy  10 times smaller than eucaryotic cells.
phosphate molecules such as adenosine  do not contain any membrane-bound organelles
triphosphate (ATP). or vesicles.

 Plastids
- the sites of photosynthesis.

 Chloroplasts are found in plant cells

and algae.
 Photosynthesis is the process by which
light energy is used to convert carbon
dioxide and water into carbohydrates
and oxygen.
 Cell Membrane
 Cytoskeleton - controls which substances may enter or leave the
- three types; cell.
i. Microtubules
ii. Microfilaments (actin filaments) Mesosomes—are where cellular respiration takes
iii. Intermediate filaments. place in bacteria.
- all three types serve to strengthen, support,
and stiffen the cell, and give the cell its  Chromosome
shape - consists of a single, long, supercoiled, circular
DNA molecule, which serves as the control center of
Microtubules are slender, hollow tubules the bacterial cell.
composed of spherical protein subunits
called tubulins.
Plasmid
- small, circular molecule of doublestranded DNA.
 Cell Wall - It is referred to as extrachromosomal DNA
- external structures that provide rigidity, because it is not part of the chromosome.
shape, and protection - found in most bacteria.
- a cytoplasmic organelle, found only in certain
The cell walls of fungi contain a eucaryotic cells (e.g., algae and plants).
polysaccharide—chitin—that is not found in - the sites of photosynthesis.
the cell walls of any other microorganisms.
Chitin, which is similar in structure to
cellulose, is also found in the exoskeletons of  Cytoplasm
beetles and crabs. - consists of water, enzymes, dissolved oxygen (in
some bacteria), waste products, essential nutrients,
proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids—a complex
mixture of all the materials required by the cell for
its metabolic functions.

 Bacterial Cell Wall

- rigid exterior cell wall that defines the shape of
bacterial cells is chemically complex.
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- The cell walls of certain bacteria, called structures (such  possess no
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of as ER and Golgi membranes other
peptidoglycan combined with teichoic acid complexes) and than the cell
and lipoteichoic acid molecules. many membrane- membrane that
- The cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria bound organelles encloses the
have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan, (such as cytoplasm
but this layer is covered with a complex layer mitochondria and  referred to as
of lipid macromolecules, usually referred to plastids) 70S ribosomes
as the outer membrane  referred to as are smaller and
80S ribosomes simpler
Some bacteria lose their ability to produce are larger and
cell walls, transforming into tiny variants of denser
the same species, referred to as L-form or
cell wall– deficient (CWD) bacteria

Taxonomy
- consist of three separate but interrelated areas:
 Glycocalyx (Slime Layers and classification, nomenclature, and identification.
Capsules)
- thick layer of material (known as Classification is the arrangement of organisms into
glycocalyx) located outside their cell wall. taxonomic groups (known as taxa [sing., taxon]) on
- a slimy, gelatinous material produced by the basis of similarities or relationships. Taxa
the cell membrane and secreted outside of include kingdoms or domains, divisions or phyla,
the cell wall. classes, orders, families, genera, and species.
- The two types; Closely related organisms (i.e., organisms having
i. Slime layers similar characteristics) are placed into the same
ii. Capsules taxon.

Slime layer - is not highly organized Nomenclature is the assignment of names to the
and is not firmly attached to the cell various taxa according to international rules.
wall. It easily detaches from the cell
wall and drifts away Identification is the process of determining
whether an isolate belongs to one of the established,
Capsule - is highly organized and named taxa or represents a previously unidentified
firmly attached to the cell wall. species.

 Flagella
- are threadlike, protein appendages that Microbial Classification
enable bacteria to move
 In the binomial system of nomenclature, the
 Pili (Fimbriae) first name (e.g., Escherichia) is the genus, and
- are hairlike structures, most often observed the second name (e.g., coli) is the specific
on Gram-negative bacteria. epithet. When used together, the first and
- much thinner than flagella second names (e.g., Escherichia coli) are
- Pili are organelles of attachment. referred to as a species.
- they enable bacteria to adhere to surfaces
Robert H. Whittaker proposed a Five-Kingdom
 Spores (Endospores) System of Classification, in which all organisms are
- Endospores enable bacteria to survive placed into five kingdoms:
adverse conditions, such as temperature
extremes, desiccation, and lack of nutrients.  Bacteria and archaea are in the Kingdom
Procaryotae (or Monera)
Summary Of Structural Differences  Algae and protozoa are in the Kingdom
Between Procaryotic And Eucaryotic Protista (organisms in this kingdom are
Cells referred to as protists)
 Fungi are in the Kingdom Fungi
Eucaryotic Cells Procaryotic Cells  Plants are in the Kingdom Plantae
 contain a true  do not  Animals are in the Kingdom Animalia
nucleus  have complex (Although humans are in the Kingdom Animalia,
 are divided into cell walls in this book, the word “animals” refers to
plant and animal consisting of animals other than humans.)
types of cell proteins, lipids,
 contain and
membranous polysaccharides
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Viruses are not included in the Five-Kingdom
System of Classification because they are not
living cells; they are acellular.

In the late 1970s, Carl R. Woese introduces

the three domains in the Three-Domain
System are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.

Relatedness among organisms is determined

by analysis of genes that code for small
subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA)